사이버 공간상의 표현의 자유에 대한 국가규제의 한계

곽영길(Young Gil Kwak)(郭泳吉) 위기관리 이론과 실천 2011 Crisisonomy Vol.7 No.6

오늘날 인터넷의 발달에 따라 생성된 사이버공간은 쌍방향성, 개방성, 시ㆍ공간적 무제약성 등 그 특성으로 인해 개인의 의사표시의 기회와 방식 등이 획기적으로 확대됨으로써 헌법적 권리인 표현의 자유를 크게 확장시키고 있다. 그러나 한편으로 사이버공간에서의 익명성 등으로 인해 타인의 명예훼손, 저작권침해 등 개인적ㆍ사회적 법익이 침해되는 경우 또한 증대되고 있는 것이 현실이다. 사이버공간과 관련하여 논의되는 명예훼손 등 여러 법적 문제들이 있으나, 본 논문은 최근의 일명 ‘미네르바 사건’과 관련하여 사이버공간에서의 정부나 정부정책에 대한 비판, 정책결정자들에 대한 비판에 대한 규제만으로 그 논의를 한정하여 고찰하였다. 인터넷을 통한 상호작용은 소통의 탈중심성, 양방향성, 시공간 장벽의 극복, 공적인 것과 사적인 것의 탈경계화, 공식성과 비공식성의 뒤섞임, 말하기와 글쓰기의 탈경계화, 동시성과 비동시성의 혼재성, 시청각적·사회적 단서의 희박성 등을 포함하고 있다. 인터넷의 이러한 매체적 속성은 아직은 부족한 것이 많은 것이 현실이나 사이버공간이 민주주의의 발전에 많은 긍정적인 역할을 할 것이라고 전망해 볼 수 있다. 사이버 공간은 개인의 표현의 자유를 만끽하게 해주는 개방된 매체로서 사이버공간에서 표출되고 형성되는 의견은 기존의 매스 미디어에 의해 형성된 의견보다 훨씬 더 다양한 정보와 의견이 교환될 수 있다는 점에서, 사이버공간은 하버마스가 제기하고 있는 ‘공론장(public sphere)’의 기능을 지니고 있다고 할 수 있으며, 민주적 의사결정의 형성에 필수적인 토론문화를 활성화시키고 이전의 방식을 뛰어넘는 새로운 형태의 텔레데모크라시의 장을 제공해 줄 수 있다고 본다. 사이버공간에서의 표현의 자유도 타인의 법익ㆍ사회적 법익을 위해 제한될 수 있다고 보지만, 표현의 자유에 대한 국가의 과도한 제한과 규제는 인류역사가 발전시켜온 헌법적 가치의 실현을 저해하므로 종래 오프라인영역과 관련하여 발전시켜온 표현의 자유에 대한 제한과 규제의 한계에 관하여 확립된 원칙은 원칙적으로 사이버공간에서의 그것에도 준수되어야 하며, 특히 정부정책 등에 비판에 대한 규제는 보다 엄격하고 제한적인 요건 하에서만 허용될 수 있다고 할 것이다. Today, cyberspace generated by the development of internet has greatly expandd the freedom of expression which is a constitutional right by spreading remarkably the opportunity and the method to express individual intention due to its features such as interactivity, openness, time-spatial unrestriction. But, on the other hand, we come to see the fact that due to anonymity individual and social lawful benefits such as defamation, the infringement of copyright are increasingly infringed. Though there are many lawful problems being discussed such as defamations in cyberspace, this paper confines the criticization toward government and governmental policy and policy makers concerning, what is called, Minerva case, in cyberspace. The interactivity through internet includes decentralization in communication, both directions, the removal in barrier of time and space, escaping boundary in the formal and the informal, the blending of the formal and the informal, escaping speaking and writing, the blending of simultaneousness and non-simultaneousness, the scarcity of visual and audio and social clues. These characteristics of internet as media are not sufficient but we can foresee that cyberspace will play a positive part in development of democracy. Cyberspace is a open medium that gives us the freedom of individual expression and the viewpoints represented in syberspace can be more exchanged as various information and viewpoints than the viewpoints made in existing mass media. And cyberspace can be said to have the function of public sphere that Hamabus spoke of and inactivate the discussion atmosphere that is essential to the decision of democratic intentions and give the space as a new teledemocracy that is beyond the existing method. Though the freedom of expression in cyberspace can be said to be confined for others’ lawful and social benefits, the over limits and controls government can block the constitutional value that human history has developed. So the established principles toward the limits and regulations in freedom of expression concerning the offline boundary should be observed as hard as cyberspace. Especially the regulations toward the criticization of governmental policy should be allowed in harder and limited conditions.

스토킹의 특징에 관한 연구

곽영길(Kwak, Young gil),임유석(Lim, You Seok),송상욱(Song, Sang Wk) 한국범죄심리학회 2011 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.7 No.3

스토킹은 누구에게나 일어날 수 있으며 누구나 할 수도 있는 행위라고 생각되지만 스토킹의 피해자에게 각종 정신적·육체적·물질적 피해를 줌으로써 삶의 질에 중대한 부정적 영향을 미치게 된다. 스토킹으로 인해 피해자에게는 공포감·두려움·불쾌감, 신뢰감 상실 등의 정신적 피해가 나타나게 되며 일부의 경우 스토킹은 주거침입, 기물파손, 상해, 폭행, 강간, 살인 등과 같은 중대한 범죄로까지 진행된다. 본 연구에서는 2차 자료를 기초로 미국과 일본, 한국의 스토킹 현황을 살펴보고 이를 분석하여 스토킹의 특성을 고찰한 후 이를 바탕으로 스토킹에 대한 예방 및 방지방안에 대한 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 스토킹의 특성을 살펴보면 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 피해자의 연령은 주로 젊은 층에서 높게 나타나며, 성별로는 남성보다는 여성이 그리고 이혼이나 별거의 경험이 있는 경우에 피해가 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 스토커와 피해자의 관계를 살펴보면 주로 知人(선·후배, 직장동료, 일로 알게된 사람 등) 이나 친밀한 관계(이성관계 : 애인, 배우자, 동거자 등)에서 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 스토킹의 원인에 있어서는 대부분 호의적인 감정(사랑한다는 착각, 호의 감정, 관심을 끌기 위해, 애정거부에 대한 분노와 보복 등)이 발단이 되는 경우가 높았다. 넷째, 스토킹 유형으로는 전화·문자·편지·컴퓨터를 이용하여 송신하는 유형이 가장 높게 나타났다. 다섯째, 스토킹으로 인한 피해양태는 불안감, 불쾌감, 분노, 두려움 등(전화벨, 혼자 있는 경우, 외출할 경우 등)의 감정을 가지게 되며, 학교·집·직장 등을 바꾸거나 그만두는 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 스토킹으로 인한 피해자의 대응에 있어 경찰에의 신고 비율은 비교적 낮게 나타났는데 그 이유로는 대부분이 스토킹을 사소한 일 또는 스스로가 해결할 수 있는 일이라고 인식하기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 스토킹의 특성은 다음과 같은 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 첫째, 스토킹에 대한 정확한 전국적인 실태조사가 필요하다는 점과 둘째, 관련 법률을 제정하여 스토킹을 규제해야 한다는 것이다. Though stalking may happen to anyone, victims of stalking can be affected in the quality of lives by accompanying mental and physical and material damage. They may have terror, scare, unpleasure, losing in trust and some cases may be linked to grave crimes such as housing evasion, destroying belongings, injure, violence, rape and murder. This study has a goal that by basing the second survey it looks into the states of stalking in United States, Japan, Korea and by analyzing them it considers the characteristics of stalking and by basing them it seeks to suggest the prevention and the preventive ways of stalking. As follow the characteristics of stalking. 1. The age of victims shows it take place in the young and female rather than male have the high percentage in gender, especially female who have got separated or divorced have a higher chance to be stalked. 2. The occurrence of stalking can be seen among acquaintances such as senior, junior, coworkers, lovers, spouses, roommates. 3. The causes of stalking come from largely sympathetic or furious emotions -illusion that one loves her, sympathy toward her, intention which appeals her or fury and revenge toward being refused-. 4. The types of stalking are ones which transmit his intention through a calling, a text message, a letter, a computer. 5. The types of being victimized are ones where women have anxiety, fury, sacre (when they are telephoned, are alone, go out) or when stalked they tend to quit or change their work and houses.). 6. In responding to stalking they seldom tell police that they are stalked. This is because they think of the cases insignificant and they think that they can solve the problems on their own. Even if they call police they think the situation will not be better. These stalking phenomenon shows that there are a lot of suggestions. First, there is need to investigate the states across the country. Second, there is need to make a law concerning stalking and enforce stalking.

현행 즉결심판제도의 활용실태와 쟁점분석을 통한 운영 개선방안

곽영길 ( Young Gil Kwak ) 한국경찰학회 2015 한국경찰학회보 Vol.17 No.2

Summary judgement procedure is the special system that evident and minor crimes are conducted through the rapid and proper procedure and that has a main goal to devise economical lawsuits by sparing unnecessary cost and time. Also, it has a important aim that frees suspects and the accused from criminal proceedings and protects their rights. However, if focused on rapid judgement and economical lawsuits, the substantial truth and the pertinence of procedures is treated relatively in insignificance, as a result, the original goal that is supposed to protect the rights of suspects and the accused can be damaged. Therefore, the perception on present summary judgement should be focused on as to the revelation of substantial truth and guarantee of proper procedures and the way of achieving rapid judgement harmoniously. The analysis of the actual condition in summary judgement from 2004 to 2013 (for 10 years) shows that the number of persons who are transmitted to summary judgement is on the increase and since 2010, it has been on the constant level and it amounts to 55,081 in 2013. And the number of persons who are transmitted to summary judgement in kinds of crimes is on the increase due to the increase of criminals who committed minor crimes and holds 63.3% of all crimes most. And the results of summary judgement shows that monetary penalty is on the constant increase and amounts to 88.2% in 2013. On the other hand, a fine for default and the sentence of detention are on the constant decrease, showing 3.9% and 0.3% each in 2013. Also, innocence and rejection of claim hold constant levels and shows 1.1% and 1.2% each in 2013. The main issues surrounding summary judgement are uncertainty of the subjects of summary judgement, exclusive indictment of prosecutors for claim, possibility of the abuse of claim, introduction of objection of the suspect and the accused, validity of exclusion of evidence rules, problems of not being present trial, abolition of custody, furthermore, abolition of summary judgement, however, the system of summary judgement has more merits, so it is necessary to keep the system as at present and to get various institutional supplementation about mentioned problems through legislation.

노인복지관의 정보화 교육만족도가 노인의 정보활용 및 생활만족도에 미치는 영향

곽미정(Mi-Jung Kwak),노상은(Sang-Eun Roh),곽영길(Young-Gil Kwak) 한국콘텐츠학회 2017 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.17 No.3

본 연구는 노인복지관의 정보화 교육만족도가 노인의 정보활용만족도 및 생활만족도에 미치는 영향에 관하여 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 2015년 09월 02일부터 09월 24일까지 서울 및 수도권의 노인복지관에 등록하여 활동하고 있는 노인을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 노인의 정보인지 영역의 향상에 있어서는 정보화 교육만족도의 교육내용, 교육강사, 교육환경의 요인이 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 노인의 정보경험 영역의 향상에 있어서는 정보화 교육만족도의 교육내용, 교육방법, 교육강사, 교육환경의 요인이 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 노인의 개인요인 만족도 향상에 있어서는 정보화 교육만족도의 교육내용, 교육강사의 요인이 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통하여 노인의 정보활용만족 및 생활만족도를 함양하기 위해서는 노인의 정보화 교육만족도의 함양이 중요하며 이를 위해서 노인복지관 등의 기관을 통하여 실시하고 있는 노인의 정보화 교육을 구성하는 하위요인의 점검이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of information education satisfaction of the elderly welfare center on information utilization satisfaction and life satisfaction of the elderly. For this purpose, we surveyed the elderly who were enrolled in the elderly welfare center from September 02 to September 24, 2015. First, in the information cognition improvement of the elderly, it was found that the content of education of information, education instructor, and educational environment are important. And in the improvement of the information experience of the elderly, it was found that the education contents, the education method, the instructor and the educational environment factors of the satisfaction of information education were important factors. Second, in the improvement of personal factors satisfaction of the elderly, it was found that the content of education of information and education and the factors of education instructor were important factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between information literacy and satisfaction of the elderly.

데이트폭력의 실태와 대응방안에 관한 연구 -사례분석을 중심으로-

오세연 ( Sei Youen Oh ),곽영길 ( Young Gil Kwak ) 한국경찰학회 2011 한국경찰학회보 Vol.13 No.5

Dating violence came to rise on the surface as not individual but social problem, suggesting the insistence that dating violence with domestic violence have habitual and continual characteristic of violence. We can say that these violent cases are grave and dangerous problems which have become usual and which we should not ignore. The statistics of sexual violence from 2007 to 2008 show that the relationships of offenders and victims are dating relationships, which shows that dating relationships amount to the highest rate of 28.9% and the victims are twenties and they amount to 49.1% of all victims. Also Korea Women Telephone Association tells that 75.2% of women have experienced at least dating violence once and among them mental violence, the highest, amounts to 77.8% of them. Because dating violence take place in intimate relationships it is not easy for victims to solve the problems with a law and even though victims ask help, there is not only insufficient social acknowledge of dating violence but also legal restrictive actions and even though there they are, because they are slight ,so it is hard to punish offenders and protect victims in reality. Accordingly, we intended to see through the seriousness of dating violence which can be linked to domestic violence and crimes in the future and know the practical responding actions. Also we intended to analyze the degree of the situations and through cases and causes we intended to seek to offer the effective responding actions on dating violence.

안전도시 구축을 위한 세종특별자치시의 외국인 범죄 대책방안에 관한 연구

오세연 ( Oh Sei-youen ),곽영길 ( Kwak Young-gil ) 한국자치행정학회 2017 한국자치행정학보 Vol.31 No.2

Since Sejong city`s departure in 2012, as many population influxed and the employment of foreigners was increased by construction company, foreigner crimes like illegal staying foreigner worker`s being employed, violence, theft, sexual dealing has increased and they have been social problems of Sejong city. This study compared foreigner crimes in Choongchungnamdo, Daejeon city, the whole country with those in Sejong city and surveyed the degree of seriousness of foreigner crimes and then examined the reasons of crimes through the analysis of examples concerned. As we see the result of the analysis, the system of security administration that Sejong has is not enough to prevent and treat foreigner crimes. Thus we suggest following effective corresponding measures to construct a safe city. First, Foreigner crimes of Sejong city are caused by the discrimination and prejudice against foreigner workers, which can give rise to their rage and be the cause of crimes. So it is necessary to design the legal and institutional apparatus which can prohibit discrimination including the introduction of foreigner civil night security and recognition transition. Second, there is need to analyze crimes by professional institutions that can perform a constant survey about foreigner crimes of Sejong city and work out a strategy of preventing crimes through community cooperation and technical strategy and civil night security. At the same time, it is necessary to construct a safety model against foreigner crimes that Sejong city has to prevent foreigners` repetition of an offense. Third, Sejong city has to develop and operate various programs to prevent crimes for foreign students and foreign workers in Sejong city. Also, Sejong city has to minimize damage by performing prevention education against unlicensed driving and drinking driving and crimes related to getting jobs to foreign workers and foreign students. As foreigners crime is not limited only in Sejong city but social problems which spread across the society, it is necessary that a nation prepare the systematic support policy through the cooperation with authority concerned, seeking the change of attitude in prejudice and discrimination for foreigners to get a stable adaptation in the community and prevent foreigner crimes and respond against them quickly.