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곽동기 新羅大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.42 No.1
The prosodic structure is hierarchically constructed of prosodic units(syllable, foot, prosodic word, phonological phrase, intonational phrase) which obey the strict layer hypothesis. But the analyses of many natural languages challenge the justification of the hypothesis. It says (1) the upper prosodic units dominate lower units; (2) the lower prosodic units never dominate the upper ones; (3) the two prosodic units must not have a overlapping dominance for a lower prosodic unit; (4) the prosodic units must not dominate the same level of prosodic units. Selkirk(1993) proposed the four primitive component constraints(Headedness, Layeredness, Exhaustivity, and Nonrecursivity) rather than a monolithic hypothesis according as many counterexamples for the hypothesis can be found. Each constraint can be violable in Optimality Theory. But her four constraints cannot solve the problem of overlapping. So one needs one more constraint, that is, Nonoverlapping. Ito & Mester(1992) divided the four component constraints into two parts; the invariant properties of headedness and layeredness built into the Gen., whereas the varible properties of exhausitivity and nonrecursivity belong to the evaluation where the optimal form among candiadtes is selected by the ranking of violable constraints. But this method makes the four primitive constraints of strict layer hypothesis divided into two parts, so only two constraints participate in selecting an optimal form with other phonological constraints. In addition, headedness and exhausitivity belong to different parts respectively, though they refer to the dominance relation of upper prosodic unit to the lower ones. This paper assumes that all the constraints of the strict layer hypothesis belong to the same levels, and that the constraints headedness and exhausitivity are combined into a single constraints, and that the highest constraint in the ranking is layeredness, so the candidate violating that constraint is filtered out. The strict layer hypothesis is not so strict, since it decomposed into the four vioable constraints. They are shown as follows: Headedness : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must dominate only a constituent of level ??, and must not dominate any constituent of two and more level down. Layeredness : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must not dominate a upper constituent ??(n≥1). Nonecursivity : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must not dominate a constituent of the same level ??. Nonoverlapping : A constituent of level Ci in the Prosodic Structure must not be dominate simultaneously by two different constituents of the level ??.
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곽동기 新羅大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.36 No.1
The rules n-lateralization and aspiration in Korean are traditionally described as mirror image rules which are designed to simply the rule description connected with the linguistically significant generallzations. But the simplified n-lateralization can cause the Ordeing Paradox with l-nasalization and the simplified aspiration with syllable-final neutralization by violating asymmetry condition in the linear rule ordering. This paper intends to solve the above problem in terms of prosodic phonology. In the prosodic phonology prosodic structure which are hierarchically constructed of prosodic units such as syllable. phonological word. phonological phrase. and intonational phrase is formed on the basis of morphological word. phonological phrase. and intonational phrase is formed on the basis of morphological. semantic. pragmatic informations including syntactic ones. The prosodic units provide the domains where the phonological rules apply. The rule n-lateralization should be divided into two different rules since they have different domains in the rule applications. And the rule aspiration should. too. N-nasalization should also be divided into two separate rules which can be called as domain limit rule and domain span rule. The rule syllable-final neutralization should be revised as the rule h-neutralization rule because of the special behavior of /h/. The natural rule ordeing can be given between the divided n-lateralization and the revised l-nasalization. And the same thing happens between the divided aspiration and the revised h-neutralization. too. Therefore. the ordering paradoxes can be eliminated in the prosodic phonology.
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곽동기 신라대학교 교육과학연구소 2000 교육과학연구 Vol.- No.5
The stresses in English play important roles such as grammatical and emphatic functions, but in Korean vowel length(standard speech) or tones(Kyeongsang dialect) have distinctive functions instead of stress. So Korean students have difficulty in recognizing English stresses by misplacing English stress in the given words or phrases when they are reading or speaking in English. Middle school students(the informants in the experiment carried out in this paper) make lots of mistakes in the word stress assignment when the first syllable which has a primary stress is light as in the case of Canada, immigrant, on the other hand, the mistakes are lessened when the first syllable of the given words is heavy. This fact reveals that the Korean accent rule interferes in the assignment of English word stress when the students are not sure of the stress assignment. In addition to the word stress, the students hardly know the exact placemet of compound stress, phrasal stress, and sentence stress. To solve these problems, the teachers should sort out many examples which make the students get confused in the location of word stress because of the Korean accent rule and let the students make repeated practices for the exact location of word stress. Moreover, the teachers should show the students many kinds of compound stress, including phrasal stress and sentence stress, which takes an crucial function in the given phrases or sentences and let them realize the importance of stress.
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곽동기 新羅大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.44 No.2
The Intonational Phrase(IP) is the highest prosodic unit in the hierarchical prosodic structure which consists of the several prosodic units such as syllables, phonological words, phonological phrases and intonational phrases, IP has many functions to the extent that it provides the domains for the application of phonological rules, and that the pause of utterance can be given at the ends of the IP. The ambiguity of a sentence can disappear through the proper demarcation of intonational phrases. The phrasing of IPs is based on the syntactic, prosodic, semantic and nonlinguistic bases. To begin with, the root sentence can form the whole IP on the basis of syntactic information, but the phrases or sentences such as vocatives, tag questions, nonrestrictive relative sentences and parentheticals also make their own IPs. The demarcations of IPs are also represented through the boundary tones of the intonational contours in terms of the Pierrehumbert's analysis. The boundary tones H% and L% can be inserted in the middle of sentence according to the given contexts. Then the sentence is divided into more than two intonational phrases. In addition, the semantic basis such as Selkirk's Sense Unit Condition supports the formations of IPs, but there are many limitations in the semantic informations. Finally the nonlinguistic factors such as length, tempo can influence the phrasing of IPs. The pragmatic information, moreover, should be provided to explain the complex phrasings of IPs, but this field is beyond this paper, since it should consider the complex variables such as speaker, hearer, contexts or situations.
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곽동기 부산여자대학교 교육과학연구소 1997 교육과학연구 Vol.- No.2
AbstractThe English inotonational patterns which take the complex aspects due to their linguistic and nonlinguistic variables have been descrihbed in many ways. But Pierrehumnbert's generative analysis for the intonational patterns is more comprehensive approach which explains the intonation contours in terms of pitch accent, phrase accent, and boundary tone. The pitch accent is the most prominent element in the given scope. The phrase accent is realized at the end of phrase including the pitch accent, and it is the sign for intenmediate phrase boundary. The boundary tone is located at the ends of intonatioanl phrases. The three components of intonation contour theoretically make up the 24 pattern, `vhich is, the basis for the vaIious intonational patterns.Even the intonation contours in tenns of Pierrehumnbert's analysis, however, cannot be fu1ly explaine1 without the help of semantic and pragmatic information . So the focus structure can be one way to provide the broader explanation for the intonation contours. The topic and focus relation can be a good guide to define the meaning of intonation contours, The pitch accent allocated to the focus in the given phrase or sentence is related to new information. And the pragmatlc bases are needed to explain the various intonation contours, so the Pierrehumnbert& Hirschberg's explanation can be a good example of such cases, In addidion, the nonlinguistic factors such as length, tempo, the malfuntions of utterance can affect the intonation contours. Therefore the further research should be carried out to explain the intonatlon contours.
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곽동기 新羅大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.45 No.-
Phrase accent, which is one of the three tones in the intonational contours, is realized after the pitch accent. It is helpful to describe the various types of intonational contours, and to allocate the prosodic unit such as intermediate phrase. In addition, the downdrift of English can be explained in the domain of intermediate phrase of which boundary is located in the position of phrase accent. Phrase accent is realized in a certain time. In a sense, it spreads to the end of the intonational contour, then the exact position of pitch accent cannot be shown in the contours. But this kind of analysis cannot be accepted in the perspective of prosodic phonology which requires the domains provided by the several kinds of prosodic units which obey the strict layer hypothesis. So the demarcation of domains is required in the prosodic units. The upper prosodic unit of intermediate phrase, intonational phrase(IP), should dominate the intermediate phrase exhaustively. But there is a case that intonational phrase(IP) dominates the phonological words without the intervention of intermediate phrase. This kind of example threatens the basic framework of prosodic phonology, strict layer hypothesis, but the subcomponent constraints of that hypothesis in the view of Optimality Theory can solve the problem of exhaustivity through the different ranking of constraint. Conclusively, phrase accent can be a critical cue to define a intermediate phrase which provides the necessary environment for the application of phonological rules or the realization of intonational contours.
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