고교 남자 체조선수의 에너지 섭취량과 철분 영양섭취 실태조사

강형숙 ( Hyung Sook Kang ) 숭실대학교 국민생활체육연구소 2002 생활체육연구소논문집 Vol.2 No.-

Inadequate nutritional status of iron could interfere with normal growth and might impair physical performance among the physically active athletes. We examined the dietary intake and iron intake profiles in male high school gymnasts. Age of the subjects ranged from 15 to 17y at the time of the experiment. Most of subjects consumed nutrients at levels less than 2/3 of the RDA for the Korean adolescent, except for vitamin C and phosphous. The mean value of energy and iron intake were 1919.6±468.58 kcal(75.4±25.91% of the RDA) and 11.8±4.98 mg(64.7±28.1 7.8% of the RDA). Thus, it seems clear that maintaining good iron nutritional status could protect iron-deficiency anemia and improve the exercise performance ability and athletic power. We suggest that adequate food and nutrient intakes, especially iron, might help to maintain exercise ability in female gymnasts.

여자 축구선수의 혈액철분지표와 면역 글로블린 상태에 관한 연구

강형숙(Hyung Sook Kang) 한국사회체육학회 2002 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.18 No.2

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status, iron deficiency related blood parameters and immunoglobulin status of female soccer players. Twenty nine Korean national soccer players participated in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 22.1±2.6 years old. Their mean carrier as soccer player was 12.0±2.9 years. They were exercising regularly for 7.0±1.3 hr/day. Their mean height was 164.9±5.61 cm and mean weight was 53.5±4.81 kg. Mean iron intakes of the subjects was low (13.1±2.5 mg/d) and was 72.4% of Korean RDA. Most hematological iron indices were within normal range, except total iron binding capacity(TIBC) that was in the iron deficient range. When iron deficient group and normal group were separated by serum ferritin level(<10㎍/l or ≥10㎍/l), low ferritin group(n=8) had significantly lower hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume(MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), serum iron and ferritin levels and significantly higher TIBC than normal group(n=21). Immunoglobulin levels were within a normal range, and those values were not affected by low ferritin concentration.

트레드밀 운동이 당뇨 쥐의 골격근 TNF-α. mRNA, 갈색지방조직 UCP-3 mRNA 빌현 및 간 지질과산화에 미치는 영향

강형숙(Hyung-Sook Kang),오봉석(Bong-Seok Oh),지용석(Yong-Seok Jee),조기찬(Ki-Chan Cho),윤진환(Jin-Hwan Yoon) 한국생활환경학회 2010 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.17 No.5

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) mRNA on brown adipose tissue, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) mRNA on skeletal muscle, malondialdehyde (MDA) level on liver tissue in diabetic rats. Subjects were 24 diabetic rats. Experimental animals were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n=12) and non-exercise group (n=12). Moderate treadmill running (14~16 m/min on a 0% treadmill) applied for 30 minutes per session, 5 sessions per week, for 4 weeks. moderate treadmill exercise stimulus to diabetic experimental rats triggered significant group difference in the expression of UCP-3 mRNA on brown adipose tissue (p<.001) and TNF-α mRNA on skeletal muscle (p<.001). In spite of this kinds of group difference, there was no significant group difference in the level of MDA on liver tissue (p>.05). Therefore, this study suggests that the moderate exercise plays a critical role to regulate specific gene expression levels in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

체중조절 종목에 따른 선수들의 식이행동 패턴에 대한 연구

강형숙 ( Hyung Sook Kang ) 한국운동영양학회 2002 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.6 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating patterns and weight control experience of Athletes. Subjects were 205 athletes of university (n = 77) and high school (n = 128) players whose age were average 17.4 years old and exercise experience were about 6 years. They were assigned to one of two conditions: (1) weight control group (Judo, Taekwondo etc.) and (2) weight non-control group (table tennis, tennis, badminton, and etc.). Results indicate that there were significant differences in the degree of training, fear of becoming obese, others` perception of their weight, coach`s order of weight control, coach`s weight record, thinking of weight, small amount of eating, and self-induced vomiting between the weight control and non-control group. However, there were no significant differences away the weight and performance, self-evaluation of weight, the change of weight, professional diagnose, and thinking of eating disorder, according to the group of weight control. These results might be useful in establish a basic database for determining the eating patterns and weight control status in some Korean athletes.

장기간의 태권도 수련이 유산소성 능력 및 심근산소소비량, 심전도 ST slope, QRS간격에 미치는 영향

강형숙(Hyung-Sook Kang),신창호(Chang-Ho Shin),정락희(Rak-Hee Chung) 대한체질인류학회 2009 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.22 No.1

이 연구는 장기간의 태권도 수련이 최대산소섭취능력(maximal O₂ uptake, VO₂max)과 무산소성역치(anaerobic threshold, AT), 심근산소소비량(myocardial oxygen uptake, MVO₂), 심전도상 V? ST분절 및 QRS간격에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 규명하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 태권도를 5년 이상 규칙적으로 수련해 온 대학교 여자태권도선수(11명)와 체육학과 여자 비선수(10명)를 대상으로 운동부하 검사(balke protocol)를 실시하여 이들 두 집단 간 최대산소섭취량과 무산소성역치수준, 심전도를 통한 ST분절과 QRS간격을 동시에 분석하였다. 측정된 자료는 평균과 표준편차로 나타냈으며 또한 대응표본 t -test로 유의성 검사를 하였다. 그 결과 최대산소섭취량은 태권도선수집단이 대조집단에 비해 높게 나타났으며(p<0.01), 무산소성역치수준도 태권도선수집단이 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 안정시 및 최대운동시 심근산소소비량은 두 집단 간 통계적인 차이가 없었다. 심전도 ST분절의 경우는 두 집단 간 차이가 발견되지 않았으나, 안정시 QRS간격은 태권도선수집단에서 유의하게 길게 나타났다(p<0.01). 결론적으로, 규칙적인 태권도 수련은 유산소성 능력을 강화시켜주고 안정시 심박수의 감소를 가져오는 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of taekwondo training on VO₂max, MVO₂ and electrocardiogram ST slope, QRS duration in college woman. Subject were divided into two groups, one is taekwondo group (n=11) and the other is control group (n=10). They participated in graded exercise test (Balke protocol) and measured aerobic capacity and electrocardiogram. The aerobic capacity (VO₂max and AT) was measured by autogas analyser. The resting and exercise rate-pressure product (RPP) could be measured with HR and systolic BP for MVO₂ measurement. The electrocardiogram ST slope, QRS duration was calculated using automated software program (QMC). The measured data were analyzed by using paired t -test. The results of this study were as follows : There was a significant difference of VO₂max and AT between taekwondo group and control group. VO₂max of taekwondo group was 4~5 mL/㎏/min higher than control group (p<0.01) and AT also taekwondo group was 3.4% higher than control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference of maximal exercise MVO₂ between taekwondo and control group. There was no significant difference of electrocardiogram ST slope between group but rest QRS duration in taekwondo group was longer than the control group (p<0.01). Conclusively, these data suggest that regular taekwondo training will strengthen on aerobic capacity and resting slow heart beats.

엘리트 여자 축구선수의 철분보충이 체내 철분상태와 면역 및 항산화에 미치는 영향

강형숙(Kang Hyung Sook),김혜영(Kim Hye-Young),조여원(Choue Ryowon) 韓國營養學會 2003 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.36 No.7

탄성저항운동과 단백질 보충제 섭취가 고령 여성의 기능적 체력과 노화관련 호르몬에 미치는 영향

김영숙(Young-sook Kim),정찬교(Chankyo Jeong),강형숙(Hyung-sook Kang) 한국체육교육학회 2016 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.21 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 고령여성들에게 탄성저항운동과 단백질 보충제 섭취가 체구성, 기능적 체력, 노화과련 호르몬에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위함이다. 65∼74세 노인여성 23명을 3집단으로 구분하였다(탄성저항운동+단백질보충제 섭취군, 탄성저항운동군, 대조군). 12주간의 탄성저항 운동은 주3회, 1회 60분으로 구성되었으며, 운동강도는 운동자각도 기준으로 12∼14 수준이었다. 단백질 보충제 섭취는 탄성저항 운동이 끝난 직후에 섭취하게 하였다. 모든 피험자는 12주간의 운동 전과 후에 체구성, 기능적 체력, 노화관련호르몬을 검사 받았고, 그 결과를 비교하였다. 통계분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 얻었다. 골격근량은 탄성저항운동군+단백질보충제 섭취군에서만 통계적 유의하게 증가하였다. 기능적 체력검사 항목인 하체 근력, 상체 근력, 유산소 지구력, 하체 유연성, 상체 유연성, 민첩성과 동적 균형은 탄성저항운동군+단백질 섭취군과 탄성저항운동군에서 유의하게 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, 노화관련 호르몬인 에스트로겐과 성장호르몬은 2 집단(탄성저항운동+단백질보충제 섭취군, 탄성저항운동군에서만 통계적 유의차를 나타내었다. 또 다른 노화관련 호르몬인 DHEA-S의 변화에서는 탄성저항운동과 단백질 섭취군과 탄성저항운동군에서 12주간의 운동 후 통계적으로 증가하였다. 하지만 대조군에서는 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 고령여성들에게 규칙적인 근력운동과 단백질섭취는 노인여성의 기능적 체력 개선과 노화관련 호르몬기능에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 노인을 위한 맞춤형 근력운동이 반드시 적용되어져야 할 것이다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of elastic resistance exercise and protein intake on functional fitness and aging hormones in elderly women. Methods: This study was objected to elder women who are in between 65 to 74 years old. We splitted twenty three participants into three different groups; RIP Training Protein intake group(RTP), RIP Training group(RT), and Control group(CG). And then measured their functional fitness and aging hormones first hand for latter comparison. Exercise program was for 12 weeks, three times a week and 60minutes of exercise each. Protein intake happened right after the exercise. Results and Conclusion: The results follow. Skeletal muscle mass increase significantly in RTP group. Other groups, however, did not show much significant different. While all of the groups shows increment of weight, only RT group shows loss of body fat. In fact, body weight in the RT group increased caused by increment of skeletal muscle mass increase. To find the functional fitness, we tested lower body strength, upper body flexibility, agility, and dynamic balance. As results, RTP and RT showed improvement. Among the improvement, RTP"s lower body flexibility improved significantly. Significant increase of estrogen, growth hormones, and DHEA-S, which are aging hormones, was shown in RTP and RT. CG"s aging hormones, however, decreased. DHEA-S rate showed significant difference between RTP and RT, and CG. As a result, 12 weeks of exercise and protein intake not only improve muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, agility and dynamic balance, but also decrease body fat. Moreover, it arouse secretion of aging hormone. Thus, this study can conclude that exercise and protein intake is helpful to improve elder women"s functional strength.

태권도 자유품새 장년부 채점방안에 관한 연구

하명진(Ha, Myeong-Jin),강형숙(Kang, Hyung-Sook) 한국무예학회 2022 무예연구 Vol.16 No.4

본 연구는 자유품새 장년부 도입시 채점방안에 관한 연구로 장년부 선수들이 가장 멋지게 태권도 품새를 표현하고 구성할 수 있도록 채점항목의 개정과 기술력 항목의 수정에 기초적인 자료를 제시하고자 태권도 품새종목(선수, 지도자, 심판) 전문가 9명을 연구참여자로 선정하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 태권도 자유품새 장년부 도입시 채점항목 개정에 대한 심층면담 결과, 연구참여자 9명 중 8명이 찬성하였으며 반대한 1명의 참여자도 60대 이상의 선수들에게는 필요하다는 찬성의 의견을 나타내었다. 둘째, 태권도 자유품새 장년부 도입시 변화가 필요한 채점항목에 대한 심층면담 결과, 모든 참가자가 기술력 채점항목의 개정이 필요하다는 의견을 나타내었다. 셋째, 태권도 자유품새에 장년부가 도입될 경우, 기술력 채점항목에 들어갈 필수동작에 대한 심층면담 결과, 먼저 현재 시행되고 있는 발차기 동작의 항목 축소와 난이도 조절이 필요하다는 의견이 대다수를 차지하였고 태권도 기술을 표현할 수 있는 손기술과 고단자 품새에 나오는 특수 동작의 삽입과 강하고 부드러운 연합동작이 필요하다는 의견을 나타내었다. 따라서 추후 태권도 자유품새의 발전과 장년부 종목의 성공적인 대회를 위해서 태권도 고유 동작들의 계승과 화려함만 추구하는 품새가 아닌 태권도 기술의 장이 될 수 있는 동작표현에 대한 다각적인 연구를 통해 장년부 선수에 맞는 채점기준과 필수동작에 대한 지속적인 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. This study is a study on the scoring method when the free poomsae senior team is introduced, and it is intended to present basic data on the revision of the scoring items so that the senior players can express and compose the taekwondo poomsae in the most stylish way. Nine experts in Taekwondo poomsae events (athletes, coaches, referees) were selected as the study participants and the following conclusions were obtained. First, as a result of an in-depth interview on the revision of scoring items when Taekwondo Free Poomsae was introduced, 8 out of 9 study participants agreed. However, one participant who objected also expressed an opinion in favor of the need for players over 60. Second, as a result of an in-depth interview on the scoring items that need to be changed when introducing the Taekwondo Free Poomsae Senior Club, all participants expressed the opinion that the technical scoring items need to be revised. Third, when the Taekwondo Free Poomsae Division is introduced, as a result of the in-depth interview on the essential movements to be included in the skill scoring items, the majority of opinions were that it is necessary to reduce the items and adjust the difficulty of the kicking movements that are currently being implemented. Therefore, for the future development of Taekwondo free poomsae and successful competitions in adult sports, multifaceted research on movement expression that can be a place for Taekwondo technique, not poomsae, which pursues only splendor and succession of Taekwondos unique movements, should be continuously conducted.

태권도 지도자 유형에 따른 여가만족 및 여가활동 제약에 대한 탐색적 분석 연구

하명진(Myeong-Jin Ha),강형숙(Hyung-Sook Kang) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.4

Objectives This study was intended to provide basic data for improving work and QOL of Taekwondo leaders through an exploratory analysis of leisure satisfaction and leisure activity restrictions according to the types of Taekwondo instructors. Methods This study is a study on the leisure satisfaction and leisure activity constraints of Taekwondo instructors. Research subjects were selected through intentional sampling and 128 copies of data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to measure validity and reliability, and t-test, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis were conducted for data processing. Results This study is a study on leisure satisfaction and leisure activity restrictions according to the type of Taekwondo instructor, and the results of the difference verification and correlation analysis between groups are as follows. First, as a result of verifying the difference according to the Taekwondo instruction target, the life sports group was found to be statistically (.05) higher than the group that combined life sports and elite sports in the personal restriction factor among the leisure activity constraints. Second, as a result of verifying the difference according to the Taekwondo instructor's career, there were statistically significant differences in social satisfaction, psychological satisfaction, and environmental satisfaction factors in leisure satisfaction factors, and personal constraints, facility and program constraints in leisure activity constraint factors. there was a statistically significant (.05) difference in the time constraint factor. Third, as a result of verifying the difference according to the teaching experience of Taekwondo instructors, there was no statistically significant difference (.05) only in the environmental satisfaction factor among leisure satisfaction factors. Fourth, as a result of correlation analysis of the influence of taekwondo instructors' leisure activity constraints on leisure satisfaction, personal constraints among leisure activity constraints were found in all factors of leisure satisfaction, and facility and program constraints were psychological factors and In the environmental factors, time constraints had a statistically significant (.05) effect on the physical satisfaction factors of leisure satisfaction, and social constraint factors on the psychological satisfaction factors of leisure satisfaction. Conclusions Based on this study, it is judged that there will be a continuous need for analysis and research on leisure types and leisure satisfaction according to age, player experience, teaching experience, and teaching subject of taekwondo instructors. It is also expected to have a positive impact psychologically, physically, and socially. 목적 태권도 지도자의 유형에 따른 여가만족 및 여가활동 제약에 대한 탐색적 분석을 통해서 태권도 지도자들의 업무 및 QOL 향상을 위한 기초적인 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법 본 연구는 남자 태권도 지도자를 연구대상자를 선정하여 의도적 표집을 통해 128부의 자료를 SPSS 27.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 타당도와 신뢰도 측정을 위해 탐색적요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석을 실시하였으며, 집단간의 차이를 알아보기 위해 t검정과 일원변량분석을 여가만족과 여가활동 제약 요인간의 관계를 알아보기 위해 상관분석을 실시하였다. 결과 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지도대상에 따른 차이검증 결과, 여가활동 제약요인 중 개인적제약 요인에서 생활체육 집단이 생활체육과 엘리트체육을 병행하는 집단보다 통계적으로(.05) 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 선수경력에 따른 차이검증 결과, 여가만족 요인에서는 사회적만족, 심리적만족, 환경적만족 요인에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 여가활동 제약요인에서는 개인적제약, 시설 및 프로그램제약, 시간적제약 요인에서 통계적으로(.05) 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 셋째, 지도경력에 따른 차이검증 결과, 여가만족 요인 중 환경적만족 요인에서만 통계적으로(.05) 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 여가활동 제약요인이 여가만족에 미치는 영향을 상관관계 분석한 결과, 여가활동 제약요인 중 개인적제약은 여가만족의 모든 요인에서, 시설 및 프로그램의 제약요인은 여가만족의 심리적만족 요인과 환경적만족 요인에서, 시간적제약은 여가만족의 신체적만족 요인에서, 사회적제약 요인은 여가만족의 심리적만족 요인에서 통계적으로(.05) 유의한 영향이 나타났다. 결론 본 연구를 바탕으로 추후, 태권도 지도자의 연령, 선수경력, 지도경력, 지도대상에 따른 여가유형과 여가만족에 관한 분석 연구가 지속적으로 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 지도자의 여가활동은 지도자의 도장경영 및 관리뿐만 아니라 심리적, 신체적, 사회적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다.

육상 선수의 영양소섭취상태에 관한 연구

손두옥 ( Du Ok Son ),강형숙 ( Hyung Sook Kang ) 숭실대학교 국민생활체육연구소 2001 생활체육연구소논문집 Vol.1 No.-

본 연구는 유·부산소성 지구력을 필요로 하는 단·장거리 육상선수의 영양소 섭취상태와 체내 혈액성분을 조사, 분석하여 육상선수의 경기력 향상을 위한 과학적인 영양처방의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하는 것으로서, 남자 대학 단거리 선수 13명, 장거리 선수 13명, 총 26명을 선정하였으며, 주당 운동량은 주 5일, 오전 2시간, 오후 3시간의 운동을 실행하였으며, 주 당 운동량은 단거리 선수군은 25~30km, 장거리 선수군은 150~200km정도로 훈련을 실시 하였으며 운동실시 후 단·장거리 육상선수의 영양소 섭취상태와 체내 혈액성분을 조사 분석한 결과는 총 열량 섭취량과 무기질, 비타민, 동물성 단백질, 지질, 칼슘의 섭취비율은 두 그룹 간에 차이가 나타났으며 ICF, ECF, %Fat, Lean Body Mass, T1BC에서도 유의한 차이가 나타났다. Analyses of nutritional intake and blood constituents in the sprinters (SR) and the long distance runners (LR) showed that: 1. ICE was 29.5±2.9ℓ and 25.7±2.4ℓ, and ECF was 13.4±1.4ℓ and 11.6±1.1ℓ for SR and LR, respectively. These were statistically significant between groups. %BF was 15.2±3.0% and 15.9±2.1%, but lean body mass was significantly different as it was 61.7±6.1 kg and 53,7±4,9 kg in SR and LR, respectively. 2. No difference was found in serum Fei++ as it was 125.6±49.6 and 120.62±45.28 μg/dl in SR and LR, respectively. TERC was different between groups as it was 369.5±47.4 and 428.1±79.8 μg/dl, in SR and LR, respectively. RBC was 5.1±0.4 and 5.0±0.2 106/dl, Hb was 15.3±2,0 and 15.4±0.8 g/dl, Hct was 46.7±5.0 and 45.5±2.2 %, MCV was 91.3±4.9 and 90.4±3.1 μm1, MCH was 30.0±2.3 and 30.5±0.9 pg, MCHC was 32.8±1.4 and 33.8±0.6%, %TS was 33.9 and 28.1%, GLU was 125.6±49.6 and 120.62±45.28 mg/dl, and TG was 80.1±9.9 and 73.83±16.7 mg/dl in SR and ER, respectively. These parameters were not statistically different. 3. The average total caloric intake was significantly different between groups as it was 2731.1±863,8 and 3310.0±1148.5 kcal in SR and LR, respectively. Caloric intake per kg was 38.0 and 53.0 kcal, caloric intake by carbohydrate per kg was 5.1 and 7.9 kcal caloric intake by protein per kg was 1.8 and 2.0 kcal, and caloric intake by fat per kg was 1.3 and 1.7 kcal, in SR and LR, respectively. Na was 5317.0±2066.0 and 7590.5±4310.0 mg, K was 2809.0±836.0 and 3715.0±1159.0 mg, Fe was 132±5.9 and 18.2±8.5 mg, and Ca was 34.9±262.9, 997.2±317.2 mg in SR and LR, respectively. These were statistically significant. Vitamin D was 579.9±212.0 and 1109.0±618.4 IU and vitamin B2 was 19.3±9.0 and 1.95±0.8 mg in SR and LR, respectively. These were statistically significant. Vitamin B1 was 1.8±1.5 and 2.0±1.0 mg, niacin was 19.3±9.0 and 22.7±8.7 mg, and vitamin C was 80.7±50.4 and 116.8±61.5 mg in SR and LR, respectively. 4. Proportional intake of animal protein was 56.6 and 56.6%, and animal lipid intake was 53.6 and 55.9% in SR and LR, respectively. Calcium intake from animal source was 63.3 and 61.3%, and iron intake from animal source was 33.6 and 31.5% in SR and LR, respectively. 5. Ratio of total caloric intake relative to the RDA was 109.2% in SR and 131.8% in LR. Sprinters consumed high in protein and phosphorus while LR did in vitamin C and phosphorus.