구강 편평세포암종에서 $P16^{ink4}$ 유전자의 Methylation에 대한 연구

강진원,김경욱,류진우,김창진,Kang, Gin-Won,Kim, Kyung-Wook,Lyu, Jin-Woo,Kim, Chang-Jin 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2000 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.22 No.2

The p16 protein is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that inhibits cell cycle progression from $G_1$ phase to S phase in cell cycle. Many p16 gene mutations have been noted in many cancer-cell lines and in some primary cancers, and alterations of p16 gene function by DNA methylation have been noticed in various kinds of cancer tissues and cell-lines. There have been a large body of literature has accumulated indicating that abnormal patterns of DNA methylation (both hypomethylation and hypermethylation) occur in a wide variety of human neoplasma and that these aberrations of DNA methylation may play an important epigenetic role in the development and progression of neoplasia. DNA methylation is a part of the inheritable epigenetic system that influences expression or silencing of genes necessary for normal differentiation and proliferation. Gene activity may be silenced by methylation of up steream regulatory regions. Reactivation is associated with demethylation. Although evidence or a high incidence of p16 alterations in a variety of cell lines and primary tumors has been reported, that has been contested by other investigators. The precise mechanisms by which abnormal methylation might contribute to carcinogenesis are still not fully elucidated, but conceivably could involve the modulation of oncogene and other important regulatory gene expression, in addition to creating areas of genetic instability, thus predisposing to mutational events causing neoplasia. There have been many variable results of studies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC). This investigation was studied on 13 primary HNSCC for p16 gene status by protein expression in immunohistochemistry, and DNA genetic/epigenetic analyzed to determine the incidence, the mechanisms, and the potential biological significance of its Inactivation. As methylation detection method of p16 gene, the methylation specific PCR(MSP) is sensitive and specific for methylation of any block of CpG sites in a CpG islands using bisulfite-modified DNA. The genomic DNA is modified by treatment with sodium bisulfate, which converts all unmethylated cytosines to uracil(thymidine). The primers designed for MSP were chosen for regions containing frequent cytosines (to distinguish unmodified from modified DNA), and CpG pairs near the 5' end of the primers (to provide maximal discrimination in the PCR between methylated and unmethylated DNA). The two strands of DNA are no longer complementary after bisulfite treatment, primers can be designed for either modified strand. In this study, 13 paraffin embedded block tissues were used, so the fragment of DNA to be amplified was intentionally small, to allow the assessment of methylation pattern in a limited region and to facilitate the application of this technique to samlples. In this 13 primary HNSCC tissues, there was no methylation of p16 promoter gene (detected by MSP and automatic sequencing). The p16 protein-specific immunohistochemical staining was performed on 13 paraffin embedded primary HNSCC tissue samples. Twelve cases among the 13 showed altered expression of p16 proteins (negative expression). In this study, The author suggested that low expression of p16 protein may play an important role in human HNSCC, and this study suggested that many kinds of genetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may play the role in carcinogenesis.

아두이노를 이용한 식물 관리 시스템

강진원(Jin Won Kang),김진성(Jin Seong Kim),전유빈(Yoo Bin Jeon) 한국정보과학회 2014 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2014 No.6

「집안고구려비문(集安高句麗碑文)」건국신화의 성립과 변천

강진원 ( Kang Jin-won ) 수선사학회 2017 史林 Vol.0 No.61

The birth myth of Goguryeo dynasty appears in the preface of JianGoguryeo Bi. Although it generally overlaps what is inscribed on King Gwang`gaeto`s memorial stone, it accepts the Confucian idea of Han period such as Dong Zhongshu`s theory. This type of myth was established in the late fourth century. It was possible because Goguryeo people didn`t feel repulsion toward adoption of the culture of Han period. However, this change was not essential but rather superficial. Since Goguryeo people had different concept about heaven from Chinese, it was soon excluded from their birth myth. This is why we can`t find the trace of the Confucian idea of Han period from the birth myth inscribed on King Gwang`gaeto`s memorial stone.

고구려 守墓碑 건립의 연혁과 배경

강진원(Kang, Jin-won) 한국고대사학회 2016 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.83

4세기 중엽 전연의 침공으로 고구려의 수묘제는 이완되기 시작하였고, 그 결과 수묘비가 건립되었다. 그러나 당시의 대책은 실효성이 떨어졌다. 그렇기에 문제가 지속되었고, 결국 4세기 말 몇몇 왕의 신주가 위험에 처하는 상황까지 발생한다. 이때는 무덤 중시 풍조가 약화된 반면, 종묘가 부상하던 시기였다. 이에 왕권은 종묘 개편과 아울러 각 왕릉에는 烟戶頭를 새긴 묘상비를, 왕릉 밀집 구역에는 수묘인을 대상으로 한 권역비를 세워 수묘제를 정비하였다. 집안고구려비는 권역비의 하나이다. 장수왕 집권 초에는 다시 한 번 수묘제가 개편되었는데, 관련 사항은 광개토왕비에 새겨졌다. 묘상비와 권역비가 하던 역할을 광개토왕비의 수묘인연호조가 대신하게 된 것이다. 그 배경에는 광개토왕비가 지니는 공시적 효과와 함께 무덤 중시 풍조의 쇠퇴가 자리하고 있었다. In the early fourth century Qian Yan’s invasion caused damage to the tombguarding system of Goguryeo, which led to the erection of the tomb-guarding monument. Since this countermeasure was inefficient, in the late fourth century some kings’ spirit tablets were in danger of damage. By that time the culture of tomb worship got weakened with the emergence of royal ancestor’s shrine. As a result, the ancestor’s shrine ritual was reformed, tomb monuments were built near royal tombs, with the names of the heads of dwelling units inscribed on them, and monuments-in-area were built in royal tomb density areas for the tomb guards. Jian Goguryeo Bi is one of the monuments-in-area. The tomb-gurading system was reformed for the second time in King Jangsu’s early reign ; details were inscribed on King Gwanggaeto’s memorial stone. King Gwanggaeto’s memorial stone came to replace both tomb monuments and monuments-in-area. This is because the message of King Gwanggaeto’s memorial stone addressed to the public and because the culture of tomb worship got weakened.

고구려 평양도읍기 王城의 추이와 왕권

강진원(Kang, Jin-Won) 한국고대사학회 2021 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.101

평양 천도 이후 상당 기간 왕성은 존재하지 않았다. 대성산성이 있었으나, 실제적인 왕성으로 기능하였다고 보기 힘들다. 이전의 왕성이 외부로부터의 위협에 대응하고자 조성되었기에, 그 부재는 군사적 우위를 확보한 고구려 왕권의 자존감을 보여주는 현상이다. 즉 이 무렵 도읍의 경관은 강고해진 왕권을 반영한다. 이후 장안성이 축조되었고, 성곽이 대대적으로 증축되며 왕성으로 거듭났다. 이는 정세 변동으로 왕권이 일정한 자기 영역을 확보하고자 하였기 때문이다. 이로써 고구려에서는 왕성과 중심지가 분리되었다. 그러한 공간적 변화로 왕의 사적 영역이 지닌 독립성이 강화되어 중리계 관등이 대두하였다. 인간과 공간은 역사 이해의 중요한 화두이다. 이상의 논의를 통하여 고구려에서 양자가 유기적인 관계에 있었음을 확인할 수 있다. After Goguryeo’s capital moved to Pyeongyang, Goguryeo had no royal castle for a while. Although there was a walled mountain fortress named Daeseong in Pyeongyang, it did not serve as a royal castle. In the past, Goguryeo’s royal castle was built to guard against threats from outside. Thus, the absence of royal castle demonstrates Goguryeo’s regal authority, which was strengthened by its military power. That is, the landscape of Pyeongyang at this time reflects the reinforcement of regal power. After that, the Castle of Jangan was built, and through the large-scale expansion of the rampart, it emerged as a royal castle. This is because the king tried to secure his domain to some extent due to various political changes. It led to the separation of the royal castle and the central area of the capital. And due to such spatial changes, the independence of the king’s private realm was established, resulting in the appearance of the official ranks of the Joongli line. People and space are important topics in understanding history. Through the above discussion, we can see that the two were closely interrelated in Goguryeo.

중국 문헌 소재 백제 건국 전승의 실체와 배경 - 仇台의 사적과 國號 기원을 중심으로 -

강진원(Kang, Jin-Won) 계명대학교 인문과학연구소 2020 동서인문학 Vol.0 No.58

중국 문헌에 전하는 백제 건국 전승 가운데 仇台의 선대를 부여 시조 東明이고 그가 요동의 公孫度과 통혼하였으며, ‘百家濟海’하여 건국하였던 까닭에 백제라 불렀다는 부분은 7세기 초 · 중반 이후 편찬된 사서에서 새롭게 등장하고 있다. 이들은 백제에서 통용되었던 전승이 아니고, 중국 측 찬자가 백제 왕실이 부여에서 출원하였다는 인식 아래 빚어낸 부회의 결과이다. 즉 부여와의 혈연적 연관성을 구하여 왕실의 조상을 동명으로 보았고, 부여왕 尉仇台를 구태로 오인하였다. 아울러 지배 집단이 부여에서 나왔다고 전해짐에도 불구하고, 실제 백제가 한반도 서남부에 위치하였다는 점을 설명하기 위하여 대규모 세력의 해상 이주를 상정하였다. 중국 문헌에 전하는 한국 고대 관련 기록은 타자의 손에서 작성되었기 때문에, 사실에 부합하지 않는 경우가 존재한다. 백제 건국 전승 역시 다르지 않다. 따라서 사료 활용에 있어 신중을 기할 필요가 있다. The birth-tale of Baekje dynasty is recorded in ancient Chinese documents. Some birth-tales are newly stated in the Chinese history books written after the early and mid 7th century; for example, it is recorded that Gutae’s ancestor is Dongmyong the progenitor of Buyeo dynasty, that Gutae was married to Kongsun Du’s daughter, and that the name of county was called Baekje because many people sailed across the sea and found a state. Yet these tales were not told in Beakje, but in fact they were produced by the Chinese writer who added and distortded the stories under the notion that Byyeo was the origin-place of Baekje’s royal family. That is to say, because Chinese people considered that Baekje’s royal family had blood relationship with Buyeo’s royal family, they regarded Dongmyong as the ancestor of Baekje’s royal family and mistook Gutae for Wi Gutae, the king of Buyeo. Also, they presumed that many people migrated across the sea in order to explain the reason why Baekje was located in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula even though their royal family originated from Buyeo. The hisrorical records of ancient Korea are often incorrect for they were written by foreigners. Some part of Baekje Dynasty’ birth-tale is an example. Therefore, it is important to be cautious and level-headed when interpreting foreign records.

고령 운전자의 안전운전행동과 인지 능력 간의 상관 연구: 시공간적 작업기억 능력과 운동 제어 능력을 중심으로

강진원(Jin-Won Kang),김상엽(Sang-Yub Kim),김준우(Joon-Woo Kim),이솔빈(Sol-Bin Lee),남기춘(Ki-Chun Nam) 대한고령친화산업학회 2023 대한고령친화산업학회지 Vol.15 No.2

연구목적 본 연구의 목적은 고령 운전자의 안전한 운전을 위해 필요한 시공간적 작업기억 능력 및 운동 제어능력에 대한 주관적 평가와 객관적 평가 사이의 상관관계를 밝히는 것이다. 연구방법 본 연구는 만 60세 이상의 고령 운전자를 대상으로 한국형 자기보고식 노인 안전운전행동 측정도구(Korean Safe Driving Behavior Measure, K-SDBM), 시공간폭 검사(Spatial Span Test, SST) 및 손가락 두드리기 검사(Finger Tapping Test, FTT)를 실시하고, 피어슨 상관관계 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 연구결과에서는 시공간 작업기억의 폭이 한국형 자기보고식 노인 안전운전행동 측정도구의 세부 항목 중 ‘집중이 요구되는 운전 상황’ 요인의 점수와 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 한편, 손가락 두드리기 검사는 오른손 두드리기 총횟수와 한국형 자기보고식 노인 안전운전행동 측정도구의 세부 항목 중, ‘일반적 운전 기술’과 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 이는 고령 운전자가 생각하는 주관적 인지 능력과 객관적인 인지 능력의 차이가 있음을 보여준다. 결론 본 연구는 고령 운전자의 안전 운전 가능 여부 판단 시 주관적 운전행동 측정 뿐만 아니라 객관적 인지 검사도 함께 병행되어야 함을 시사한다. Objective : This study aimed to investigate the correlation between subjective and objective evaluations of visuo-spatial working memory and motor control abilities for safe driving among elderly drivers. Methods : This study evaluated safe driving behavior among Korean elderly drivers aged 60 and above using the Korean safe driving behavior measure (K-SDBM), Spatial Span Test(SST), and Finger Tapping Test(FTT), and conducted a pearson correlation analysis. Results : The results showed that visuo-spatial working memory span in spatial span test was negatively correlated with the score of the ‘driving situations that require concentration’ factor in the K-SDBM. In addition, the finger tapping test showed a positive correlation between the total number of right hand taps and the ‘general driving skills’ factor in the K-SDBM. This indicates a discrepancy between the subjective cognitive abilities perceived by elder drivers and their objective cognitive abilities. Conclusion : This study suggests that both subjective driving behavior measures and objective cognitive tests should be used together to assess the safety of elder drivers.

경영효율성 분석을 위한 메타-프론티어법 이용에 관한 실증적 연구

강진원(Jin-Won Kang),한욱상(Uk-Sang Han) 한국무역연구원 2018 무역연구 Vol.14 No.3

This study evaluates efficiency from the viewpoint of the short-term and long-term of general construction companies. In general, people think that the higher the rating, the higher the efficiency. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to analyze the significance of these hypotheses, and the meta-frontier was used to evaluate the hypotheses. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is non-parametric analysis method which is commonly used in efficiency analysis. DEA is a methodology for identifying the relative efficiency of DMUs. It is introduced by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR). As a result of the analysis, the overall construction industry showed very high operating efficiency, and most of the inefficiency of the technical efficiency is the result of low scale efficiency. Only 2 out of 2,595 firms with an increase in size (IRS) in economies of scale were found to have 47, and the rest were downsized. The same results were obtained when applied to individual groups. The lower the rating, the lower the efficiency, which is also the cause of economies of scale. And there is no difference in efficiency between regions.

『삼국사기』제사지 고구려조의 전거자료와 기술 태도

강진원(Kang, Jin-won) 한국역사연구회 2015 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.98

Contents of the Goguryeo chapter of the “Rituals” section of Samguk Sagi contain records that came from two major sources, Chinese historical texts and the Gogi(Ancient Records). It seems like the compiler’s intention was to use Chinese sources for references as much as possible, while avoiding documentation of rituals that were not related to Confucian philosophy. We can see that from many obvious choices of references: Description of the ‘Major Gathering to Honor the Sky’ was based upon descriptions of Huhan-seo(Later Han History). Memorial services for various deities were recorded both in Gu-Dangseo and Shin-Dangseo, yet only the latter was consulted. Services for the Dynastic Shrine and the Sajik Alter of Bi’ryu’nabu (recorded in Samguk-ji) and the Shrine of Jumong (recorded in Shin-Dangseo were not recorded in Samguk Sagi at all. Kim Bu-shik and other compilers were very much interested in determining whether or not ancient rituals were worth mentioning in a Confucian historical text, so certain cases that were deemed worthy were inserted, and elements that were not were eventually excluded. Interestingly enough, things that did not exactly match Confucian conventions, but to which similar practices were still observed in the Goryeo period, were chosen and recorded. Stories that came ‘from within,’ transmitted inside the Korean peninsula (supposedly) from the ancient days, were referenced to be originally from texts that had been used in compiling the Goguryeo Chronicles and the Ondal Biography. There are still discrepancies between the Goguryeo Chronicles and the “Rituals” section, but it seems like a result of a compiler mistake or its general discretion. In other words, contents of the Goguryeo chapter of the “Rituals” section do not go beyond what was written in the Goguryeo Chronicles and the Ondal Biography. This means that when the former(“Rituals”) was written, other textual sources (which were used in creating the latter) were already gone. This also informs us of the meaning of those references in Samguk Sagi.

고구려 석비문화의 전개와 변천

강진원(Kang, Jin-won) 한국역사연구회 2017 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.103

It was after Jo Wi invaded Goguryeo in the mid-3<SUP>rd</SUP> century when a stone monument culture started to blossom in Goguryeo. At the time, the dynasty’s leadership was trying to strengthen its own power, and therefore was in need of methods to display symbolic advertisements of its own power. That was why Goguryeo imported Chinese stone monument culture in the first place. However, unlike China which saw the decline of such culture since the Wei & Jin periods, Goguryeo continued to support such culture, probably because Goguryeo did not see the needs to ban wide-spread erections of such monument. The Gyu-shaped monuments, which prevailed favorably during the Later Han and Wei & Jin periods, was the one usually erected by the Goguryeo people. Then later in the early 5<SUP>th</SUP> century, new ‘stone pillar’-shaped monuments emerged as the new archetype of Goguryeo stone monuments. It must have been difficult to create large stone monuments such as the King Gwang’gaeto’s memorial stone, which would need huge stone blocks to be produced in the first place, as a Gyu-shaped one. So the dynasty’s leadership seemingly created newly styled, ‘stone pillar’-shaped monuments, modeled after menhirs with similar forms. Of course the change proceeded slowly, but as time went on stone pillar-shaped monuments became the mainstream trend. We can see that the Goguryeo leadership remained independent in both their embracement of the stone monument culture and their own reinvention of it. They embraced it because they needed it, and they did not follow the Chinese model in their retooling of it.