우리나라 인사말과 이름에 대한 小考

박현순 경기대학교국어국문학회 1969 京大文學 Vol.4 No.-

불안과 공포의 심리학

박현순 한국상담선교연구원 2012 상담과 선교 Vol.73 No.-

16~17세기 貢納制 운영의 변화

박현순 서울대학교 인문대학 국사학과 1997 韓國史論 Vol.38 No.-

Cu-Sb-S 계 Matte 와 Speiss 중 금, 백금분포에 미치는 Ni, Co 및 Fe 의 영향

박현순 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1985 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Quaternary systems Cu-Sb-Ni(Co, Fe)-S and ternary system Cu-Sn-S with Au or Pt were studied at 1200℃ for Au and Pt distribution between matte and speiss. The results of this study are as following: 1) Au or Pt is soluble in speiss, because the Cu content except Cu included as Cu₂S in speiss is higher than that in matte. 2) Distribution coefficients of Au and Pt(K_(Au) and K_(Pt)) in the quaternary systems have similar trends, and the ratio of K_(Au) : K_(Pt) is about 10:1. 3) K_(Au) and K_(Pt) in Cu-Sb-S system are decreased with the addition of Ni, Co and Fe. 4) The effect of Ni on Au solubility in speiss is not same as that of Co or Fe, because Ni forms solid solution with Au in all composition range. 5) K_(Au) or K_(Pt) in Cu-Sn-S system is not nearly changed with the decreasing of Cu content in speiss. And the value of K_(Au) is less than 10 times of K_(Pt).

정조의 日次殿講 운영

박현순 조선시대사학회 2019 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.- No.89

The Regular Palace Oral Examination(Ilchajeon’gang) was an oral examination by the king at the palace to test students from National Confucian Academy and Four National Affiliated Schools. Since 17th century it was regularized to hold the exam 6 times a year, but in reality it was barely operated. Having adopted the Chogyemunsin system, king Jeongjo restored the Regular Palace Oral Examination and newly introduced the palace oral examination for student representatives and a writing test for students from National Confucian Academy. The Regular Palace Oral Examination was the exam he most devoted himself to among various exams of the National Confucian Academy. Then what particularly did he expect from this examination? The Regular Palace Oral Examination during the reign of King Jeongjo was in appearance a restoration of the previous system, but actually it was none other than a creation of a new system. While the palace oral examination in the past was for irregular students of National Confucian Academy and students from Four National Affiliated Schools, King Jeongjo held the exam mainly for students who passed the Classics and Literary Licentiate Examination and student representatives of Four National Affiliated Schools. During the period when students for oral test and students for literary composition were largely separated, this Regular Palace Oral Examination was implemented as an oral test for capital elites who were students for literary composition. Through this examination, King Jeongjo aimed to cultivate those capital elites as talented people who possess the ability of both oral and writing and appoint them in office. The Regular Palace Oral Examination during King Jeongjo’s reign was an exam that went hand in hand with the Chogyemunsin system. 日次殿講은 국왕이 성균관과 사학의 유생들을 궁궐로 불러 시행하던 講經 시험이다. 17세기부터 연 6차례 시행이 정례화되었지만 실제로는 그 명맥만을 유지해 왔을 뿐이다. 정조는 抄啓文臣制를 도입한 후 일차전강을 복구하는 한편 새로 齋任殿講과 上齋生應製를 도입하며 운영의 변화를 꾀하였다. 일차전강은 성균관 課試 중에서도 정조가 특별히 심혈을 기울인 시험이기도 하였다. 그렇다면 정조는 이 시험을 통해 어떤 효과를 기대하였던 것일까? 정조대 일차전강은 외형상 이전의 제도를 복구한 것이지만 실제로는 새로운 제도를 창안한 것이나 다름없었다. 이전에는 성균관 下齋生과 사학의 齋生을 주대상으로 하였지만 정조는 上齋生과 사학의 齋任을 주대상으로 삼았다. 정조대 일차전강은 講經生과 製述生이 이원화된 가운데, 제술생인 경화 엘리트를 대상으로 시행한 강경시험이었다. 정조는 이 시험을 통해 경화 엘리트들을 강경과 제술을 겸비한 인재로 배양하여 등용하고자 하였다. 정조대 일차전강은 초계문신제와 짝을 이루는 시험이었다.

16세기 禮安縣 士族層과 士族社會의 구성

박현순 진단학회 2006 진단학보 Vol.- No.102

The Composition of Sajok Figures(士族層) and Sajok Community(士族社會) of the Yaean-hyeon(禮安縣) Region in the 16th Century

조선후기 文科 親臨試의 채점·선발법

박현순 한국사학회 2023 史學硏究 Vol.- No.152

This paper explores the grading and selection methods employed in chillimsi, such as alseongsi, chundangdaesi, chillimjeongsi, which was one of the biggest variables in the late Joseon period’s civil service examination. Chillimsi exhibited characteristics of jeugilbangbang, and with a rising number of applicants, the likelihood of poor grading also escalated. This paper examines how grading and selection were actually carried out, considering the issue of grading effectiveness. A stringent customary practice governed the appointment of chillimsi exam supervisors. The dokgwongwan primarily comprised the director and deputy director of the Office of Special Counselors and Bureau of Arts and Letters, while the daedokgwan was mainly staffed by officials from the Office of Special Counselors. The composition of invigilators was outlined to ensure the optimal conditions for grading. The scoring of chillimsi was conducted in two stages: bungo and hapgo. During bungo, outstanding responses were swiftly identified, while hapgo involved a meticulous examination to select the final works. However, the state ritual aspect of chillimsi, characterized by the form of jeugilbangbang, posed a challenge to the grading process. This resulted in the need to assess tens of thousands of answer sheets within an exceedingly brief timeframe of a single afternoon. With the increasing number of applicants, the burden of bungo also intensified. In an effort to address this challenge, examiners sought to expedite the grading process by evaluating only the introduction part of the answers and minimizing the number of submitted responses. Ultimately, a system prioritizing the assessment of first-submitted answers was established, deemed the safest and most efficient approach in the face of widespread plagiarism and the practice to appreciate writing talent within tight time constraints. While the bungo examiners proceeded with confidence, the practice of perfunctorily grading answers without reviewing the entire text remained a concerning aspect of the system.

17~18세기 향약의 班常間 부조에 대한 고찰

박현순 조선시대사학회 2017 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.- No.82

In the Chosŏn society, the community compact (鄕約, hyangyak) was a yangban-centric organization. Although associations (契, kye) of yangban kinship or the upper class of a village had been changed into the form of integration including both yangban and commoners through the seventeenth century, organizing the community compact was the preserve of yangban only. Thus, the yangban-dominated status order was strongly reflected on the community compact. This was a consistent characteristic of it throughout the Chosŏn period. The relationship between yangban and commoners, however, had not been fixed in the community compact. This paper reveals the combination principle of both classes through categorizing mutual assistance codes in the community compact. The community compact was containing dualized mutual assistance clauses in the case of funeral or ceremony for each social class in the early seventeenth century, right after the Japanese invasion in 1592. It was an extension of circumstances in the sixteenth century when kinship associations (族契, chokkye) of the yangban class and other associations for commoners had coexisted. However, following community compacts claimed to be equal in mutual assistance duties between yangban and commoners. Through interchanges of goods with labor forces, both classes had been combined to a local community. As decrease of the number of slaves (奴婢, nobi) owned by the yangban class since the late seventeenth century, the mutual assistance had been turned into the form of exchange economic help of the upper class for labors of the commoners. Yangban tried to secure actual goods by making budgets of village associations (洞契, tonggye) with pieces of land and crops. As the result, new mutual assistance method emerged as a direct exchange workforces of the common class for funds of village associations. This way was adopted not only to assist ceremonies, but to arrange taxation of a village. Thus, village associations became tax payment communities. 조선시대 향약은 사족층이 중심이 된 조직이었다. 비록 17세기를 거치며 사족층의 族契나 洞契가 上下合契 형태로 전환하였지만 여전히 향약을 조직하는 것은 사족층이었다. 따라서 향약에는 사족층 중심의 신분질서가 강하게 반영되어 있다. 이런 점에서 조선시대 향약은 일관성을 유지하였다. 그러나 향약 내에서 사족층과 하인층의 관계가 고정되어 있었던 것은 아니다. 이 글에서는 향약에 명시된 부조의 내용을 유형별로 나누어 사족층과 하인층의 결합 원리를 추적해 보았다. 임진왜란 직후인 17세기 초반의 향약에서는 사족층과 하인층의 부조가 이원화되어 있었다. 이 방식은 사족층의 족계와 하인층의 香徒․村契가 병립하던 16세기적 상황의 연장이었다. 그러나 뒤이어 등장한 향약들은 상하간의 균등한 부조를 표방하였다. 현물과 노동력의 상호 교환을 통해 사족층과 하인층은 지역공동체로 결속되었다. 17세기 후반 이후 사족층의 노비가 감소함에 따라 상하간의 부조는 사족층의 현물과 하인층의 노동력을 교환하는 방식으로 전환하였다. 그리고, 사족층이 洞畓․洞穀 등 동계의 기금을 마련하면서 동계의 기금과 하인층의 노동력을 교환하는 방식이 등장하였다. 이 방식이 喪葬禮의 부조를 넘어 부세 부담에 적용되며, 동계는 납세공동체로 기능하게 되었다.

조선후기 文科에 나타난 京鄕 간의 불균형 문제 검토

박현순 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2012 한국문화 Vol.58 No.-

Since the 17th century, a certain imbalance, between the number of successful passers for the National Civil examination system(Mun-gwa, 文科) who were living in the Capital city, and the number of such people who were living in the local regions, started to form. It became a serious issue to be discussed with, in this period. Examined in this article is why such imbalance happened in the first place, and how it progressed. In the early half of the Joseon period, passers of the civil examination were mostly from the Capital city, or from the Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do regions. But such tendency did not show up in different forms, according to the type of test they applied to. Then, in the 17th century, the biennial “Shik’nyeon-shi” exam, which usually tested the applicants’ knowledge and understanding of the Classic texts(講經), became a test that mostly selected Confucian students living and studying in local regions, while the “Gyeong-gwa/慶科” exam(exams held to celebrate happy occasions), which tested the applicants’ skill in literary writing(製述), became a test that mostly selected Confucian students from the Capital. This ‘imbalance,’ or to be said as a separation in the selection process, in terms of the capital applicants and local ones, became a problem. The Shik’nyeon-shi exam was originally an exam that was designed to select high-ranking governmental officials, yet since the 17th century it lost such status and became a test only to select Confucian students from local regions. However, as the Court changed the examination subject of “Chin’rim-shi/親臨試” exam to make students from local regions apply to the exam more easily, the number of successful passers from them continuously increased. As a result, the imbalance was moderated. This chagne was brought about by the application strategy adopted by the student from local regions who wanted to pass the exam. Since the 17th century, a certain imbalance, between the number of successful passers for the National Civil examination system(Mun-gwa, 文科) who were living in the Capital city, and the number of such people who were living in the local regions, started to form. It became a serious issue to be discussed with, in this period. Examined in this article is why such imbalance happened in the first place, and how it progressed. In the early half of the Joseon period, passers of the civil examination were mostly from the Capital city, or from the Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do regions. But such tendency did not show up in different forms, according to the type of test they applied to. Then, in the 17th century, the biennial “Shik’nyeon-shi” exam, which usually tested the applicants’ knowledge and understanding of the Classic texts(講經), became a test that mostly selected Confucian students living and studying in local regions, while the “Gyeong-gwa/慶科” exam(exams held to celebrate happy occasions), which tested the applicants’ skill in literary writing(製述), became a test that mostly selected Confucian students from the Capital. This ‘imbalance,’ or to be said as a separation in the selection process, in terms of the capital applicants and local ones, became a problem. The Shik’nyeon-shi exam was originally an exam that was designed to select high-ranking governmental officials, yet since the 17th century it lost such status and became a test only to select Confucian students from local regions. However, as the Court changed the examination subject of “Chin’rim-shi/親臨試” exam to make students from local regions apply to the exam more easily, the number of successful passers from them continuously increased. As a result, the imbalance was moderated. This chagne was brought about by the application strategy adopted by the student from local regions who wanted to pass the exam.

『奎章閣書目』을 통해 본 규장각 장서

박현순 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2015 한국문화 Vol.70 No.-

Gyujanggak Seomok(奎章閣書目) is a full list of the books from Gyujanggak(奎章閣, Royal Library) written during the reign of Gojong and Sunjo. It is a compilation of the list of books from three places; Yeolgogwan(閱古觀) where books of China were collected, Seogo(西庫) where books of Joseon were collected, and Yimunwon(摛文院) which was an associated office of the Royal Library. Existing three kinds of Gyujanggak Seomok which were written with some time differences provide clues to restore the collections of the Royal Library. This article examines the situation and changes of the collections from the Royal Library during the reign of Gojong and Sunjo through the Gyujanggak Seomok. This article mainly focuses on two issues. First, it explores the current condition, written period, and characteristics of each book lists as a basic investigation of three kinds of the Gyujanggak Seomok. Second, it examines the transfer and changes that occurred to the collection through the Gyujanggak Seomok. From this, we can better understand the management of the books by the state with the Royal Library at the center, and the feature of the pre-modern culture of the book collections.