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옥천사 고문서의 종류와 특징 연구 -공문서의 발급 특징과 효력 문제에 대해
전영근 전주대학교 한국고전학연구소 2023 공존의 인간학 Vol.- No.10
T he pu r pose of t h i s a r t icle i s to s t udy t he i s su a nce characteristics of official documents among the Okcheonsa Temple archives. Okcheonsa Temple has a collection of more than 50 official documents, which is rare for a temple. These documents are Jeol-mok[節目], Wan-mun[完文], Jeonlyoung[ 傳令], and Mun-an[文案] issued by various central and local governments since 1784, when Okcheonsa Temple was designated as a temple to offer papers to the king. The government offices that issued the most documents were Jinju- mok[晉州牧] and Gyeongsangwubyongyong[慶尙右兵營]이며, while the highest authorities, Bibyonsa[備邊司] and Uijeongbu[議 政府], issued a total of eight official documents. There are three ways these documents can be issued. The first is when the government takes the initiative to create a law and issue it as a document. Second, it was issued by each government department individually upon the petition of Okcheonsa Temple. Third it was issued by multiple levels of authorities at the same time. The continuous and tiered issuance patterns are further divided into three types of issuance processes. The first is the report of the Okcheonsa Temple and the administrative procedures of the Naesusa[內需司], which shows a downward issuance pattern from the central authority. The second is the continuous issuance of official documents by local officers and barracks under the direction of the province[監營]. The third is the issuance of official documents by the local government according to the instructions of the Amhaingosa[暗行御史:secret royal inspector]. This cascading continuous and layered issuance of official documents demonstrates a form of centralized local control as part of the royal fiscal activity. And This suggests the limitations of the effectiveness of central government documents on local officials and citizens. 이 글은 옥천사 고문서 중 공문서의 발급 양상에 대한 연구를 목적으로 작성되었다. 옥천사는 사찰로서는 드물게 50여 건의 공문서를 소장하고 있다. 이 공문서들은 1784년 옥천사가 종이를 진상하는 사찰로 지정되어 내수사에 소속된 이래 중앙과 지방의 여러 관부에서 발급받은 절목, 완문, 전령, 문안이다. 가장 많은 문서를 발급한관부는 진주목과 경상 우병영이며 최고 의결기관인 비변사와 의정부는 도합 8건의 공문서를 발급하였다. 공문의 발급 경위는 세 종류가 있다. 첫째 관에서 주도적으로 법규를 만들어 문서로 발급한 경우, 둘째 옥천사의 청원에 따라 각 관부에서 개별적으로 발급한 경우, 셋째 동시에 여러 층위의 관서에서 연속적ㆍ중층적으로 발급한 경우이다. 연속적ㆍ중층적 발급 양상은 다시 세 종류의 발급 과정으로 나뉜다. 첫째는 옥천사 승통의 보고와 내수사의 행정 절차에 의한 것으로중앙 상부기관으로부터 하향의 발급 양상을 보인다. 둘째는 감영의지시에 따른 지방관과 병영의 연속적 발급이며, 셋째는 암행어사의 공문 발급과 지시에 따른 지방 관부의 문서 발급이다. 이러한 하향의 연속적ㆍ중층적 공문 발급은 왕실 재정 활동의 일환으로 중앙의 지방 지배 형식을 보여 주고 있으며, 중앙관부의 공문서가 지방의 관속과 민인들에게 미치는 효력의 한계를 시사하고 있다.
전영근 한국고문서학회 2022 古文書硏究 Vol.61 No.-
This paper is a review of King Sejo(世祖)'s Gyemun(契文; bonding document) first released in 2021. In the 10th year of King Sejo's reign, Wongak Temple(圓覺寺) began to be built in the middle of the capital, and in April of the following year, a Gyeongchanhoe(慶讚會; A Buddhist ceremony that is offered to celebrate a temple after completing) was held to celebrate its completion. 128 monks were invited to this ceremony, read the Sutra of Great Right Capacious Consummate Enlightenment of the Ultimate Tenet(大方廣圓覺修多羅了義經) translated into Korean, and about 20,000 monks gathered. The event was held for 5 days, and on the last day, April 11, Gyemun was issued to the participants. This Gyemun was printed on a single sheet of paper with a woodblock, but unlike the characteristics of general printed documents, it was issued to a large number of people only for one time. The typeface is similar to 乙亥字, and the border is decorated with dragons and cloud pattern, and there is a flower rain pattern on the part of King Sejo's signature. These patterns represent the authority of King Sejo and the divine miracle that occurred at Wongaksa Temple. The entire text of this document is included in 『淸權輯遺』 published in the 19th century, and the text is transcribed in 『金剛山乾鳳寺事蹟』. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lee Neung-hwa(李能和) and Takahashi Toru(高橋亨) introduced this document as 誡文 or 發願文 based on the two books. As a result of comparing the texts of these documents, it was confirmed that the earliest records, 『淸權輯遺』 and the this Gyemun were identical, confirming the possibility that this document was the original one. The Seal(印跡) in this Gyemun cannot be regarded as the seal of King(御印). It may be a seal made at a temple in the Joseon Dynasty or it may have been forged in the course of transmission, so further research is required. This document is meaningful in that it has a style and form that was not known until now as a document used by the king for religious events in the early Joseon Dynasty. In addition, value can be found in being able to see Buddhist events at that time.
중국어권 한국어 학습자의 발음교육에 관한 연구 - 자, 모음과 받침 발음교육을 중심으로
전영근 중국한국(조선)어교육연구학회 2005 한국(조선)어교육연구 Vol.3 No.-
本論文總結了筆者多年在發音敎育中的經驗,硏究提示了以漢語爲母語的中國大學生發音敎育的階段式發音方法。本論文提示的發音方法適合運用韓國語的輔音、元音以及收音的發音敎育。本發音方法是以充分的聽取語音階段和正確的發音方法指導爲理論依據,强調幷反映了避免漢語干涉的敎育方法。本方法分五個階段來進行發音敎育,一是聽取階段,二是提示發音方法階段,三是發音實踐階段,四是文字提示階段,五是發音練習階段。本方法以基本語音的聽取和認識以及正確的造音方法敎育爲主要內容,適合運用在大學課堂中的發音敎育。