Non-L-cell Immunophenotype and Large Tumor Size in Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Are Associated With Aggressive Clinical Behavior and Worse Prognosis

Kim, Joo Young,Kim, Ki-Suk,Kim, Kyung-Jo,Park, In Ja,Lee, Jong Lyul,Myung, Seung-Jae,Park, Yangsoon,Park, Young Soo,Yu, Chang Sik,Kim, Jin Cheon,Yu, Eunsil,Jang, Hyeung-Jin,Hong, Seung-Mo Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. 2015 The American journal of surgical pathology Vol.39 No.5

According to the 2010 World Health Organization classification, all gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are classified as malignant except for L-cell-type (glucagon-like peptide [GLP] and peptide YY [PYY]-producing) NETs. However, L-cell immunophenotype in rectal NETs has not been widely studied previously. Immunohistochemical labeling of L-cell markers with GLP1 and PYY was performed in 208 surgically or endoscopically resected rectal NET cases with tissue microarrays and was compared with clinicopathologic features and patient survival. Rectal NETs with non-L-cell immunophenotype and large tumor size (>1 cm) were associated with increased tumor grading, advanced T category, lymphovascular and perineural invasions, and lymph node and distant metastases (P<0.001, each). Rectal NET patients with non-L-cell phenotype and measuring >1 cm had significantly worse survival outcome than other groups by univariate (P<0.001) and multivariate (P<0.001) analyses. In summary, non-L-cell immunophenotype and large tumor size are associated with increased tumor grading and staging, concurrently indicating that they are independently poor prognostic indicators in rectal NET patients. Therefore, combining L-cell phenotype and tumor size can demonstrate the clinical behavior of rectal NETs more precisely than use of L-cell immunophenotype alone.

Three Types of the Infinitive: Diachronic Change and Synchronic Variation

( Yangsoon Kim ) 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.31 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to present a diachronic study for the synchronic variation of the infinitive in English. The rise of the to-infinitive is mainly due to the diachronic shift from the synthetic to the analytic language in Old and Middle English. By discussing the rise of the to-infinitive marker from the perspective of diachronic change, I argue for the emergence of three different types of the infinitive in the analytic Middle English: the root infinitive, the raising infinitive and the control infinitive. The syntactic variation found in current English infinitives can be explained well in a diachronic study since the current synchronic variation reflects the diachronic change in Old English and Middle English. I propose that the structures of the infinitive have been expanded from a light verb phrase vP (of the root infinitive) to a defective TP (of the raising Infinitive) and then finally to a full phrase CP (of the control Infinitive). In this paper, the affix analysis of the to-infinitive marker in Old English explains the lack of split infinitives, the lack of P-stranding and the lack of the ECM structures in Old English more explicitly. The diachronic analysis for the synchronic variation found in the infinitive in Modern English provides a quite simple and economical explanation with the proposed three types of vP, TP and CP structures. (Hanbat National University)

Grammaticalization and the Syntactic Status of English to-Infinitive Particle

Yangsoon Kim 한국언어연구학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.20 No.3

This paper attempts to account for synchronic and diachronic aspects of the syntactic status of the to-infinitive particle in English. From the perspective of grammaticalization, the to-infinitive particle is discussed to be an inseparable affix in the inflected infinitive PP which changes into a head of TP by P-to-T movement after the inflectional reduction. I show that the to-infinitive particle exhibits tense/modal/aspectual distinctions. The proved paths of grammaticalization from the lexical/semantic features to the functional/formal features, and from the concrete features to the abstract features are in support of the current syntactic structure of the split TP {MP-TP-AspP} where MP is selected by C, TP by M and AspP by T.

The Complementizer That-Deletion in English

Kim, Yangsoon The International Promotion Agency of Culture Tech 2021 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.9 No.3

The aim of this study is to analyze the complementizer that-deletion in embedded complement clauses in English. This paper is concerned with the alternation between the overt that-complementizer and the zero complementizer by the complementizer deletion (C-deletion or that-deletion) in constructions with a nominal complement that-clause, i.e. [VP Verb [CP that-TP]]. In this paper, we compare that-complementation and zero-complementation in a diachronic grammaticalization and corpus, and show that the complementizer that has its origin in pronouns diachronically and finally becomes to form a C-head of the functional category CP. We provide the syntactic and semantic explanation on the optionality of that-deletion while answering the question why and how that-deletion is getting increasing in use especially with the verb, think, in the informal contexts. With the major causes for the currently increasing use of that-deletion, we are concerned with the contexts in which the overt complementizers or the covert complementizers are preferred.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF), a novel up-regulated secretory protein in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Kim, Sun A,Lee, Yangsoon,Jung, Dawoon E,Park, Kyung Hwa,Park, Jeong Youp,Gang, Jingu,Jeon, Sun Bok,Park, Eui Chul,Kim, Young-Gun,Lee, Bogman,Liu, Qing,Zeng, Wen,Yeramilli, Subramanyam,Lee, Soojin,Koh, Japanese Cancer Association 2009 CANCER SCIENCE Vol.100 No.5

<P>The identification of novel tumor-specific proteins or antigens is of great importance for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pancreatic cancer. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we identified a broad spectrum of differentially expressed pancreatic cancer-related genes. Of these, we selected an overexpressed expressed sequence taq and cloned a 721-bp full-length cDNA with an open reading frame of 196 amino acids. This novel gene was localized on the Homo sapiens 16p13.3 chromosomal locus, and its nucleotide sequence matched the Homo sapiens similar to common salivary protein 1 (LOC124220). We named the gene pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor. The pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor was secreted into the culture medium of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells, had an apparent molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa, and was N-glycosylated. The induction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor in Chinese hamster ovary cells increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of mice with Chinese hamster ovary/pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor cells resulted in 3.8-fold greater tumor sizes compared to Chinese hamster ovary/mock cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting with antirecombinant human pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor antibodies confirmed that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor was highly expressed in six of eight pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of human pancreatic cancer tissues also showed pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor overexpression in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Transfection with pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor-specific small-interfering RNA reduced cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Treatment with antirecombinant human pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor in vitro and in vivo reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenic ability. Collectively, our results suggest that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor is a novel secretory protein involved in pancreatic cancer progression and might be a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.</P>

The Problem/Project-Based Learning (PBL/PjBL) at Online Classes

Kim, Yangsoon The International Promotion Agency of Culture Tech 2021 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.9 No.1

The aim of this paper is to analyze the development of effective online Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL). The collaborative PBL/PjBL become one of the hot issues with the rapid growth of online learning in the era of COVID-19. Educators try to get innovative to continue instruction without sacrificing student engagement, thus adopting an instructional model of PBL/PjBL. The PBL process involves clarifying terms, defining complex problems, brainstorming, structuring and hypothesis while PjBL includes project-planning, implementation, communicating the results of a project in a presentation and evaluations with immediate individually tailored feedback within a predetermined period. Despite the differences between online and offline learning, the benefits of learning online or offline are practically the same if enough bidirectional interactions between instructors and students are possible. We argue that online qualifications are just the same as those of offline ones in PBL/PjBL models, therefore, the standards of online/offline learning are identical since education is a two-way communication.

Virulence Factors Associated With Escherichia coli Bacteremia and Urinary Tract Infection

Kim Bongyoung,Kim Jin-Hong,Lee Yangsoon 대한진단검사의학회 2022 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.42 No.2

Background: Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causes various infections, including urinary tract infection (UTI), sepsis, and neonatal meningitis. ExPEC strains have virulence factors (VFs) that facilitate infection by allowing bacterial cells to migrate into and multiply within the host. We compared the microbiological characteristics of ExPEC isolates from blood and urine specimens from UTI patients. Methods: We conducted a single-center, prospective study in an 855-bed tertiary-care hospital in Korea. We consecutively recruited 80 hospitalized UTI patients with E. coli isolates, which were isolated from blood and/or urine, and urine alone between March 2019 and May 2020. We evaluated the 80 E. coli isolates for the presence of bacterial genes encoding the sequence types (STs), antimicrobial resistance, and VFs using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: We found no significant differences in STs, antimicrobial resistance patterns, or VFs between isolates from blood and urine specimens. ST131, a pandemic multidrug-resistant clone present in both blood and urine, was the most frequent ST (N=19/80, 24%), and ST131 isolates carried more virulence genes, especially, tsh and espC, than non-ST131 isolates. The virulence scores of the ST131 group and the ST69, ST95, and ST1193 groups differed significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions: We found no STs and VFs associated with bacteremia in WGS data of E. coli isolates from UTI patients. ST131 was the most frequent ST among UTI causing isolates and carried more VF genes than non-ST131 isolates.

The Corpus-Based Synchro-Diachronic Approach to the Split Infinitives in English

Yangsoon Kim 한국중원언어학회 2020 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.54

This paper aims to provide the corpus-based syntactic analysis of the prevalence of to + AdvP + Verb split infinitives in English. For this purpose, this paper has two interrelated goals: (i) to justify the grammaticality of the split infinitives with the corpus data; (ii) to provide synchro-diachronic analysis on the rise of the split infinitives in English. For the empirical basis of split infinitives as being grammatical in both formal and informal contexts, the corpus-based legitimacy of the split infinitive is used. The corpus data shows that the split infinitives are definitely standard and grammatical in English in both formal and informal contexts: “To split or not to split, that is not the question.” Concerning the synchro-diachronic causes of the emergence of split infinitives, the split infinitives are assumed to be the result of a combination of syntactic factors which occur sequentially in the history of English. These factors include the grammaticalization of to-infinitive particle, P-to-T movement and the loss of V-to-T movement.

The Lightness of English Copula Be

Yangsoon Kim 한국언어연구학회 2020 언어학연구 Vol.25 No.3

The purpose of this research is twofold: firstly, it is to clarify the syntactic and semantic status of the copula be; secondly, it is to see how much light the copula be and argue that the copula be is light enough to be a null copula at the position of a light verb v of vP without a specifier. I argue that the copula be is an impoverished category and the lightness of copula be is a pure instantiation of a functional head v, in which a little v introduces verbal predicates as well as external arguments. The proposal in this paper is supported by synchronic and diachronic data. The optional existence of the null copula in synchronic grammatical diversities like child acquisition, standard English casual speech, journal headlines, rhetoric, and African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is discussed to prove the lightness of copula be. Diachronically, the grammaticalization shows that the null copula can be a by-product of copularization in the unidirectionality of grammaticalization in English.

The Syntax of Quantifier All

Yangsoon Kim 한국중원언어학회 2019 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.50

The quantifier all appears at various distances from the DP it quantifies over. This paper is to discuss how the quantifier all as a functional head Q of QP can be separated from the associated nominal DP since the distribution of the floated quantifier all in English shows the agreement between the floated quantifier Q and the associated nominal DP. In addition, the distribution of the quantifier all shows the subject-object asymmetry (SOA) in the possible positions of the quantifier all. The agreement and the SOA can be clearly and explicitly accounted for by Q-Stranding in which the floating quantifier all can be stranded by the movement of the associated nominal DP. The quantifier Q may be left behind or stranded in any of those intermediate specifier positions of functional projections [Spec-vP], [Spec-TP] and [Spec-QP] through DP-Move, resulting in Q-Stranding. Providing strong empirical evidences, I propose that Q-Stranding is the more convincing approach than the other competing analyses.