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Welfare-Enhancing Import Subsidies
( John Dutton ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1994 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.9 No.4
The concept of "comparative preference" is developed. It is shown using this concept in a model analogous to that of Itoh and Kiyono that a subsidy on imports of a good may be beneficial to the importing country. Two sets of models are developed to demonstrate when and why import subsidies may be welfare-enhancing to the importer. One set includes three goods and two countries and the other includes two goods and three countries. For each set, propositions are illustrated for a simple model with specific functional forms using the phenomenon of comparative preference. Propositions are also presented in more detail with general models. The roles of key parameters are explained and optimal subsidy expressions are derived. Relationships with alternative tariff policies are explained.
Kim, Sang-Woo,Yoon, Soon-Chang,Jefferson, Anne,Ogren, John A.,Dutton, Ellsworth G.,Won, Jae-Gwang,Ghim, Young Sung,Lee, Byung-Il,Han, Jin-Seok Elsevier 2005 Atmospheric environment Vol.39 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In order to understand the influence of dust and anthropogenic pollution aerosols on regional climate in East Asia, we analyzed the aerosol optical, chemical and physical properties for two cases with high aerosol loading and assessed the radiative forcing of these cases. The 1st case study is a heavy dust episode (DE) in April (during ACE-Asia) 2001 and the 2nd case is a regional-scale pollution event in November 2001. The Ångström exponent (Å) for DE was 0.38 from sunphotometer measurements. The mean single scattering albedo (550nm) at the surface reported during the pollution episode (PE, 0.88) was lower than that of DE (0.91). The concentrations of organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measured during the PE were about 90% and 30% higher than DE. The aerosol mass scattering efficiency (<I>α</I><SUB>s</SUB>) of PE is a factor of about 2 higher than that of the DE. The difference in the mass absorption efficiency (<I>α</I><SUB>a</SUB>) of EC during DE and PE is small and within the measurement uncertainty. The diurnally averaged aerosol radiative forcing efficiency (ΔDFE, Wm<SUP>−2</SUP><I>τ<SUP>−</SUP></I><SUP>1</SUP>) during DE is similar to results of other studies at Gosan.</P>