Distribution of Alloying Elements and Phase Transformation Behavior of Retained Austenite in CMnSiAl TRIP Steels : CMnSiAl TRIP강에서 합금원소 분포와 잔류 오스테나이트의 변태 거동 연구

임남석 포항공과대학교 일반대학원 2012 국내박사

Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have excellent combination of strength and ductility compared to other commercial steels. Thus, TRIP steels have been widely investigated for automotive application by many researchers. However, there have been some difficulties in the expanding industrial applications of the TRIP steels. It is well known that in conventional CMnSi TRIP steels, the silicon stabilizes the retained austenite by inhibiting carbide precipitation. Unfortunately, high silicon content in TRIP steels can result in the formation of a very strong oxide layer, which can prevent hot dip galvanizing coating. Therefore, a reduction in silicon contents and/or a partial substitution of silicon with another alloying element is required. The other challenges faced to date during research on TRIP steel has been to evaluate the quantitative distribution the alloying elements and precisely understand the property of the individual phase, especially retained austenite. The present study is aimed at observation of microstructural evolution depending on aluminum content and quantification of alloying elements in constituent phases of the CMnSiAl TRIP steels. Also, the emphasis has been placed on understanding decomposition and phase transformation behavior of retained austenite as one of the constituents. Especially, in order to characterize individual retained austenite and find out the relationship among their morphology, chemical composition and mechanical properties, various advanced analysis techniques such as TEM, EBSD, APT and nanoindenter were employed. In present study, CMnSiAl TRIP steels with different aluminum content (0.04 wt.%, 1.00 wt.%, and 2.00 wt.% ) were fabricated through thermomechanical process, and the samples were designated as 0.04-Al, 1.00-Al, and 2.00-Al steel, respectively. Experimental results show the microstructure, phase volume fraction and its mechanical properties vary significantly depending on added aluminum, content. Aluminum additions greatly affect the Fe-C phase diagram, expanding the α+γ region and increasing both the Ae1 and Ae3 temperature. Additions of 1.00 wt.% Al increases the Ae3 temperature close to 1000°C. 2.00 wt.%. Al content shifts Ae1 temperatures to significantly higher value (770°C) and completely eliminates fully austenitic region. 0.04-Al steel showed smaller ferrite grain due to newly formed ferrite phases at low temperature (~400°C). In the case of 2.00-Al steels, coarse ferrite bands were observed. It is expected that this unique band structure was resulted from initial microstructure formed before cold rolling. XRD and EBSD results revealed that 1.00-Al steel shows the maximum volume fraction of retained austenite. As a result, the greatest elongation could be obtained in 1.00-Al steels From the APT results, elemental distribution in the constituent phases of CMnSiAl TRIP steels could be quantified successfully. In 0.04-Al steels, fine carbide was observed indicating that low levels of aluminum content cannot completely suppress carbide formation in isothermal bainitic transformation process. Also, it can be concluded that aluminum atoms diffused into ferrite from austenite only during intercritical annealing process. In the case of carbon atoms, they were enriched in retained austenite during isothermal bainitic transformation under para-equilibrium condition. In order to characterize properties of retained austenite intensively, we have investigated the decomposition and phase transformation behavior of retained austenite in 1.00-Al steels, which have optimized microstructure and the greatest elongation. Tempering experimental revealed that retained austenite phases began to decompose at 400°C due to significantly increased diffusivity of carbon in austenite. Also, film type retained austenite containing high carbon content is decomposed more readily compared to blocky type. Retained austenite was decomposed into ferrite and M3C (M: Fe, Mn). In observed carbide, cross diffusion of manganese and silicon across α/θ interface was observed. Especially, manganese atoms were accumulated at the phase boundary due to difference of diffusivity in ferrite and cementite. Based on stepwise straining EBSD and TEM observation, it can be concluded that large retained austenite containing various defects was easily transformed into martensite in relatively low strain region. However, ultrafine austenite particles (<~500 nm) hardly transformed to martensite, even if fracture occurred. Nanoindentation results provided nanohardness values of constitutive phases. Also, the comparison of nanoindenting behavior in various shaped retained austenite phases revealed that film type austenite is more stable than blocky ones against mechanical deformation. These results were related with carbon content of individual retained austenite. APT results supported that film shaped retained austenite contained higher carbon content. Therefore, it is expected that high carbon content in film shaped retained austenite might hinder the phase transformation during the indenting. Ion beam bombarding on the steel promoted phase transformation of retained austenite into martenstie because defects induced by ion implantation can be acted as nuclei for transformation. Results revealed that the degree of transformation was affected by ion dose and orientation of retained austenite. It was found that austenite grains with orientations aligned favorably for channeling were more resistant to transformation.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF LAO TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN LUANGPRABANG, LAO PDR

봉비라이 사야폰 울산대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

The era of globalization has ushered in dramatic changes in the past decade covering a wide range of distinct political, economic and cultural trends whereby people adapt their houses to suit their needs and desires. This study takes place in Luangprabang, an ancient city of Lao PDR, which was designated as a world heritage city in 1995 as it is rich with diverse, tangible and intangible values. The study focus of the influencing factors to Lao traditional house during three periods as the origin of Lao traditional house period, French colonial era, and transformed house in globalization era. The first period of study Lao vernacular dwelling is a comparative study of the physical characteristics of the built environment divided into distinct types such as architecture, culture, and environment. Lao vernacular dwellings are diverse due to the number of tribes. Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) is inhabited by 49 tribes, which can be classified into three different main ethnic groups: lowland Lao (Lao Lum), upland Lao (Lao Theung), and highland Lao (Lao Sung). Lao vernacular dwellings were initially created based on the Lao people’s behavior in terms of beliefs, traditional culture, lifestyle, and local wisdom with regard to the environment, climate, geography, and materials. The main research method used in this study is a comparative case study of three ethnic dwellings. The multiple data collection tools employed included second source data and primary data to analyze the findings of the unique characteristic typology of Lao vernacular dwellings. The objective of this chapter is to compare the cultural and physical contexts, the patterns and origins of settlement, the architecture, the cultures, and the local indigenous knowledge related to the dwellings and settlement of the three main ethnic groups. These three groups are rich in tradition and their documentation is therefore essential for the intellectual history of the society of Lao; this research could therefore aid in enhancing our understanding of the three typologies of Lao vernacular architecture and settlement within the historical and socio-cultural contexts of each ethnicity to convey an understanding of Lao vernacular dwellings by analyzing their different types to help identify the differences and similarities among architectural artifacts by recognizing the invisible connections between them, whereby the figurative ornamentation is based on the relationship between man and nature. This study also provides a glimpse of the living culture and characteristic features of Lao vernacular architecture. The second period of study during the French colonial period in Lao PDR (from 1893-1953), France integrated its architectural elements into traditional Lao architecture and modified them to suit the climate. The French colonial style continues to make a modest impact in most major towns and cities. The harmonious combination of traditional Lao architecture and French colonial influences shows the true values and wealth of a city’s characteristics. These unique architectural styles and motifs are valuable to the area’s heritage; many of these styles are still conserved today, especially in Luangprabang, which was designated as a World Heritage city in 1995. Some historical buildings have been adapted according to social and economic factors. However, as elsewhere in Indochinese countries, the provincial French design was modified to suit the hot and humid tropical climate. The design of colonial villas, in turn, began to influence subtle changes in the design of Lao urban dwellings. This paper discusses the development of traditional Lao architectural styles that have been experienced in Lao PDR, analyzes the process of change, emphasizes the importance of compatibility between traditional house form and the French colonial house, and studies the factors influencing the transformations of traditional housing. The third period of study in globalization era, after Luangprabang became world heritage site, the traditional house has change analytically, emphasizing the importance of understanding the transformation of Lao traditional houses and its impact factors to the transformation and adaptation to suit with globalization trend, and conservation of the characteristics of traditional houses, cases studies of traditional house in Luangprabang are examined to understand their transformation through time, by analyzing the basic spatial formation, components and elements, especially to find out the impact factors to such transformation. The study revealed that the transformation of the traditional house is subject to not just one single factor, but to a number of factors, where globalization, regulation, economy, and social aspect factors play a prime role and are the root for all these changes. The case study also indicates that these changes are connected to the benefits of income generation as a survival strategy for the low and middle-income people in Luangprabang as well as the housing demands. In the transition period a new residential type appeared accordingly, in which living spaces were categorized according to their general functions. There was a harmony between people’s needs and the physical characteristics of the house.

Engineering of elastic cloaking in thin plates by using transformation elasticity and its practical application for stress shielding

이민경 서울대학교 대학원 2014 국내박사

This work is concerned with the realization of an elastic cloaking by transformation elasticity and its applications to stress shielding. Transformation methods have been widely used as new tools to manipulate electromagnetic or acoustic waves, but its use for elastic waves is very limited. The main reason for limited development in elastic problems is that an elastic medium has two characteristic stiffness parameters such as bulk and shear moduli. In particular, the shear modulus has no counterpart in electromagnetic/acoustic media and its existence makes it difficult to use transformation methods in elastic media because it results in form-variance under coordinate transformation. In other words, the coordinate transformation in elasticity produces extra coupling terms not existing in the original un-transformed coordinate systems. Therefore, it is impossible to realize devices with the exact material properties by using transformation elasticity. As a means to relieve this difficulty or weaken the effects of the extra terms on wave behavior under the coordinate transformation, we first examine if the extra terms can become sufficiently small for practical applications if transformation equations are properly selected. Here, our focus mainly lies in stress shielding around a cracked or stress-concentrated region without significantly altering the original elastic wave propagation pattern around the target region. Towards these efforts, we first show that the transformation by conformal mapping can diminish the effects of the extra terms because the extra terms related to one of the stiffness parameters identically disappear. This finding is confirmed both numerically and experimentally through a cloaking example. We propose to realize the cloaking by engineering gradient-index phononic crystals. Then, we extend the elastic cloaking as a tool for stress mitigation in a zone of stress concentration. We call this unprecedented development “stress bandage” or “stress meta-bandage” because reinforcement with a finite ring of which property is designed by transformation elasticity works as if it were a “stress-relieving” bandage. We show that the idea of stress bandage indeed works and reduces stress concentration by guiding elastic waves around a crack or a hole. At the same time, the original stress wave flow nearby is only slightly affected. Our simulation results are supported by actual experimental results, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed stress bandage idea based on the transformation elasticity method. 본 연구는 변환 기법을 이용한 탄성 클로킹의 설계와 이를 이용한 응력 차폐를 다루었다. 탄성 기법은 전자기파나 음향파를 조절하는 도구로서 널리 사용되어 왔으나 탄성파에 대해서는 그 응용이 아직 미미한데, 이는 탄성체가 체적탄성률과 전단탄성률을 가지고 있다는 점에서 기인한다. 특히 이 중에서 전단탄성률은 전자기파나 음파의 매질에서는 찾아볼 수 없는 특성이기 때문에, 변환 탄성 과정에서 파동의 지배방정식이 그 형태를 유지하지 못한다. 결과적으로, 변환된 탄성파의 지배방정식에서는 실재하는 물질에서는 찾아볼 수 없는 커플링 항들이 매질의 물성치로서 나타난다. 커플링 항들의 영향을 줄이기 위하여 우리는 이 항들이 실제로 장치를 구현, 응용하는 과정에서 어느 정도의 비중을 차지하는지 확인하고, 비중을 줄일 수 있는 변형식을 찾아보았다. 먼저 우리는 공형 변환식을 이용하여 탄성체를 변형시키면 커플링 항에 포함된 원소들을 구성하는 요소의 일부가 서로 상쇄시킴으로써 커플링 항의 크기를 줄일 수 있음을 수식으로 보였다. 그리고 공형 변환으로 설계된 클로킹 장치 내에서 커플링 항들의 영향이 적으며, 이 항들이 탈락되어도 장치의 성능이 우수함을 시뮬레이션 및 실험으로 증명하였다. 클로킹 장치를 구현하기 위해서 다양한 포노닉 크리스탈을 복합적으로 사용하였다. 다음으로는 이 결과의 연장선상에서, 구현된 클로킹을 응력 분산에 응용하였다. 일반적으로 평판에 인장 응력이 가해지면 평판 내에 위치한 구멍이나 결함 끝부분에 큰 응력이 집중되어 구조물의 파괴를 일으킨다. 그리고 탄성파 또한 구멍 또는 결함에 반복적으로 응력을 가할 수 있다. 이 때, 구멍 또는 결함을 클로킹 내부에 위치하도록 하여 클로킹을 구조물 표면에 부착하면 탄성파의 일부가 클로킹의 영향을 받아 그 경로가 바뀌며, 결과적으로 구멍 또는 결함에 가해지는 응력의 크기가 줄어든다. 이를 시뮬레이션 및 실험으로 증명함으로써, 탄성 변환 기법을 이용하여 설계된 클로킹이 구조물의 안정성을 도모할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

(A) study on the non-isotropic behavior in dilatometry of steel

조이길 서울대학교 대학원 2012 국내박사

Dilatometry has been used over the last few decades for the study of solid state phase transformations in ferrous alloys. Although one of its important assumptions is isotropic volume change of specimen, it is generally known that non-isotropic volume changes in dilatometry have been observed during the phase transformation in steel. Some of recent studies reported that this non-isotropy could cause significant errors in the dilatometry. However, up to now, there have been no studies which attempted to pinpoint the cause of the non-isotropic dilatation in a dilatometric specimen and to predict the non-isotropic dilatation. In this thesis, a finite element model incorporating the transformation plasticity is adopted to describe the non-isotropic dilatometric behavior during the phase transformation in steel. In addition, validation of models for the transformation plasticity was also attempted by using finite element model and phase field model. First, the dilatometric experiments with homogeneous specimen are analyzed. The non-isotropic dilatometric behavior could be successfully reproduced by using the finite element simulation considering the transformation plasticity. The transformation plasticity is caused by the small amount of stress which naturally developed in the specimen during the dilatometric experiment. In conventional low carbon steel, the stress in the specimen mainly forms due to the very small external force supplied to support it during the dilatometric experiment. For ultra-low carbon steel, whose phase transformation occurs within an extraordinarily narrow temperature range, the inhomogeneous phase transformation due to the temperature deviation in the specimen is mainly responsible for the stress field in the specimen during the dilatometric experiment. Second, the dilatometric experiments with inhomogeneous specimen are analyzed. Steels with microstructural bands show dissimilar dilatometric behavior depending on the monitored direction. This behavior is simulated using finite element analysis combining thermal, elasticity, conventional plasticity and transformation plasticity. The results suggest that the transformation plasticity plays a major role in generating the characteristic dilatometric behavior derived from dimensional non-isotropy during transformation. Lastly, an hierarchical multi-scale model is developed to analyze the deformation behavior of low carbon steel during phase transformation. A finite element model is coupled hierarchically with a phase field model that could simulate the kinetics and micro-structural evolution during the austenite-to-ferrite transformation of low carbon steel. Thermo-elastic-plastic constitutive equations for each phase are adopted to confirm the transformation plasticity due to the weaker phase yielding that was proposed by Greenwood and Johnson. From the simulations under various possible plastic properties of each phase, a more quantitative understanding of the origin of transformation plasticity is attempted by a comparison with the experimental observation. From this study, cause of the non-isotropic behavior in dilatometry, which has not been undiscovered up to now, is described as the role of transformation plasticity. The suggested model is validated by analyses on the various specimens and comparisons with experimental observation. Furthermore, more quantitative understanding on the transformation plasticity is attempted by using multi-scale modeling. 선팽창분석법은 수 십 년간 철강의 고상변태에 대한 연구에 사용되어왔다. 선팽창분석법의 중요한 전제 중의 하나는 측정 도중 시편의 부피변화가 등방적이어야 한다는 것이다. 하지만 실제 측정되는 시편의 부피변화는 상변태 도중에 비등방적이라는 사실이 보고되어왔다. 최근의 몇몇 연구에서는 이러한 비등방적인 시편의 부피변화거동이 선팽창분석에 있어 상당한 오차를 발생시킬 수 있음을 지적하였다. 하지만 현재까지 선팽창분석법에서 시편이 보이는 비등방적인 거동의 원인을 분석하거나, 혹은 비등방적 거동을 예측해보려는 시도는 없었다. 본 고에서는 유한요소모델을 변태소성모델과 결합하여 선팽창분석 시 나타나는 시편의 비등방적인 거동을 기술하였다. 이에 더하여 유한요소모델과 상장모델을 결합하여 변태소성을 기술하는 모델들을 검증하려는 시도를 하였다. 먼저, 등방적인 미세조직을 갖는 시편에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 변태소성이 고려된 유한요소모델을 이용하여 선팽창분석 시의 비등방적인 부피변화 거동을 성공적으로 재현하였다. 변태소성은 선팽창분석 시에 시편에서 자연적으로 발생되는 작은 응력에 의해 나타남을 확인하였다. 상대적으로 느린 열처리속도와 넓은 상변태 구간을 갖는 시편의 경우, 변태소성을 일으키는 주된 응력은 시편을 지지하기 위해 가해지는 작은 응력임을 알 수 있었다. 상대적으로 매우 좁은 상변태 구간을 갖는 시편을 열처리속도를 달리하여 실험하였을 경우에는, 시편 내의 온도 편차에 의한 응력장이 변태소성을 유발함을 확인하였다. 다음으로, 비등방적인 미세조직(띠 조직)을 갖는 시편에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 띠 조직을 갖는 시편은 일반적으로 시편 방향에 따라 서로 다른 길이변화거동을 보이게 된다. 열-탄-소성-변태소성 유한요소모델을 이용하여 이러한 특징적인 길이변화거동을 전산모사하였다. 전산모사결과는 시편 방향에 따른 특징적인 길이변화거동이 변태소성에서 비롯되었음을 보여주었다. 끝으로, 상변태 중에 저탄소강에서 나타나는 마이크로 변형 거동을 해석하기 위해 계층적인 멀티스케일 모델을 개발하였다. 오스테나이트-페라이트 상변태 시의 미세조직 변화를 예측할 수 있는 상장모델을 유한요소모델에 결합하여 저탄소강의 상변태 시에 나타나는 변형거동을 해석하였다. 이 해석을 통해 기존에 널리 받아들여지고 있는 변태소성 모델인 내부응력모델을 검증해보려고 시도하였다. 각 상에 대해 가능한 물성치 범위 내에서 다양한 해석을 수행한 결과, 변태소성 현상의 근원에 대한 보다 정량적인 접근방법을 제안할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해, 아직까지 그 원인이 밝혀지지 않았던 선팽창분석 시의 비등방적 거동이 변태소성에서 기인한 현상임을 밝혀내었고, 다양한 종류의 시편에 대한 해석을 수행함으로써 제안된 모델의 적절성을 입증하였다. 나아가 멀티스케일 모델링 기법을 도입하여 변태소성이 발생하는 원인에 대해 보다 정량적으로 이해해보려는 시도를 하였다.

(A) study on digital transformation awareness and maturity level of small and medium manufacturing enterprise

오승원 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2023 국내박사

국문 초록 중소제조기업의 디지털 전환 인식 및 성숙도에 관한 연구 오승원 기술정책협동과정 연세대학교 대학원 디지털 기술의 발전은 기업 경영 방식에 큰 변화를 가져오고 있으며, 이에 대한 기업의 인식과 성숙수준은 기업의 경쟁력에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 이에 최근 기업들은 급변하는 외부환경에 대응하기 위해 디지털 기술을 활용한 새로운 경영체제로 전환하는 디지털 전환을 추진하고 있다. 하지만 중소제조기업은 그 특성상 생산 과정의 복잡성으로 인한 디지털 전환 설계의 어려움, 디지털 전환 관련 인력과 자금 부족, 오랫동안 사용되어 온 레거시 시스템(legacy system) 등으로 인해 디지털 전환에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이에 정부도 다양한 지원정책을 수립하여 지원하고 있지만 중소제조기업의 현실과 상황을 반영하는 데에는 한계가 있어 보인다. 실제 중소기업중앙회가 2021년에 조사한 결과에 의하면 중소기업의 디지털 성숙도는 100점 만점에 41.9점으로 나타나 실제 디지털 전환에 대한 성숙수준은 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 시점에서 중소제조기업들을 대상으로 실증조사를 통해 디지털 전환 인식 및 성숙도 수준을 진단하고 이러한 중소제조기업들의 디지털 전환에 필요한 정책적 제언과 개선방안을 제시하는 연구는 그 의미가 매우 클 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 중소제조기업들을 대상으로 디지털 전환의 주관적 인식 및 성숙도 수준을 진단하고, 중소제조기업에 특화된 디지털 전환 도입을 통해 디지털 전환의 투자로 인한 불확실성과 불안 요인을 제거하여, 성공적 디지털 전환의 도입 및 성장을 위한 방향성을 제시하고, 이를 바탕으로 디지털 전환에 필요한 정책적 제언과 개선방안을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 전국 소재 중소제조기업 종사자들을 대상으로 각각 인식도 및 성숙수준을 조사하였다. 먼저 디지털 전환에 대한 인식을 분석하기 위해 조사대상자 490명의 기초통계량 분석(빈도분석, 평균분석), 일원배치 분산분석 및 사후분석 등을 실시하였고 디지털 전환의 중요도 차원 및 영역을 분석하기 위하여 AHP 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 디지털 전환에 대한 성숙 및 성과를 분석하기 위해 조사대상자 331명의 기초통계량 분석(빈도분석, 평균분석)을 실시하고 응답자 및 기업특성에 따른 성숙도, 경영층 역량 및 성과 평가의 차이를 살펴보기 위해 리커트 문항은 일원배치 분산분석 후 Bonferroni사후분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 중소제조기업의 디지털 전환에 대한 낮은 인식 및 성숙도 수준을 확인하였으며, 조사 결과를 토대로 중소제조기업의 디지털전환 지원 정책의 개선방안을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 첫째, 중소제조기업과 정부 정책 간의 괴리가 존재하는 한계점은 정부의 디지털 전환 정책이 중소제조기업들의 현실적인 요구와 맞지 않아, 중소제조기업들이 디지털 전환을 어렵게 진행하는 주요 문제로 인식되고 있었다. 중소제조기업들의 현실적인 요구에 맞는 디지털 전환을 할 수 있도록 정부의 디지털 전환 지원 정책을 보완해야 한다. 이를 위해 정부와 중소제조기업들 간의 소통을 강화하고, 중소제조기업들의 요구사항을 정확히 파악하여 그에 맞는 정책을 수립하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 중소제조기업의 역량 부족은 기술적 역량뿐만 아니라, 조직문화와 구조를 디지털 전환에 적응시키는 능력의 부족을 의미한다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 정부 및 관련 기관은 중소제조기업들의 유연한 능력을 강화하는 교육 및 훈련 프로그램을 제공하고, 기업들이 디지털 전환을 원활히 진행할 수 있도록 지원해야 한다. 셋째, 중소제조기업에 적합한 디지털 전환 진단 체계의 미흡은 현재의 진단 체계가 중소제조기업들의 특성과 요구에 맞지 않아, 기업들이 디지털 전환의 현재 상황을 정확하게 파악하고 효과적인 전략을 수립하기 어렵게 만든다. 이를 개선하기 위해서는 중소제조기업의 특성을 고려한 맞춤형 진단 체계를 개발해야 한다. 넷째, 포괄적인 지원 정책은 디지털 전환을 확산하기 위한 다양한 지원 요소들이 통합적으로 고려되지 않아 중소제조기업들의 디지털 전환을 제한한다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 정부는 교육, 금융 지원, 기술 개발 및 협력 네트워크 구축 등 다양한 지원 방안을 중소제조기업에 맞춰 설계하여 중소제조기업 형태로 제공하는 정책을 수립해야 한다. 이를 통해 중소제조기업들이 디지털 전환 과정에서 발생하는 다양한 문제들을 효과적으로 해결하고, 디지털 전환을 원활하게 이루어낼 수 있도록 지원할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 확인된 현장의 문제점과 제시한 실질적인 개선사항은 정부와 관련 기관들이 중소제조기업들이 성공적인 디지털 전환을 위한 정책을 마련하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 이를 통해, 기업들이 디지털 전환 과정에서의 어려움을 극복하고, 효율성과 경쟁력을 높일 수 있는 정책이 실현될 수 있으며, 이로 인해 중소제조기업들의 전반적인 성장과 발전을 촉진할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 본 연구는 현재의 산업 트렌드에서 갈수록 중요해지는 디지털 전환에 대한 중소제조기업들의 인식과 성숙수준을 체계적으로 살펴보고 이들의 디지털 전환을 지원하는 현 지원정책의 한계점과 개선방안을 모색해 보았다는 점에서 실무적, 학술적 의의가 있다. 따라서 이러한 결과는 중소제조기업들의 디지털 전환 정책 수립에 필요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 특히 정부와 관련 기관은 본 연구에서 도출된 지원정책 한계점들을 극복하기 위해 중소제조기업들과의 소통 및 협력을 강화하고, 이들 기업들의 특성과 요구사항을 충분히 고려한 맞춤형 정책을 수립해야 할 것이다. 하지만 위에서 논의한 학술적, 실무적 의의에도 불구하고 본 연구의 표본은 모든 중소제조기업을 대표하는 것이 아닐 수 있기 때문에, 결과를 일반화하여 해석하는 데 주의가 요구된다. 또한, 지역이나 업종에 따른 차이를 완전히 반영하지 못하는 경우도 있을 수 있으므로, 연구 결과 해석에 주의를 기울여야 한다. 이러한 한계 극복을 위해 향후 연구에서는 보다 광범위한 지역 및 업종별 중소제조기업의 데이터를 활용하여, 보다 정확한 패턴과 경향성을 도출할 필요가 있을 것이다. Abstract Study on the Perception and Maturity of Digital Transformation in Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Enterprise Seung Won, Oh Graduate Program in Technology Policy Yonsei University The advancement of digital technologies has brought significant changes to business operations, and companies' perception and maturity level regarding these technologies directly impact their competitiveness. Consequently, many companies have initiated digital transformation to adopt new management systems that can effectively respond to rapidly changing external environments. However, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises face difficulties in digital transformation due to the complexities associated with their production processes, lack of expertise and financial resources in digital transformation, and reliance on legacy systems that have been in use for an extended period. Although the government has implemented various support policies, there are limitations in addressing the realities and circumstances specific to small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. According to a survey conducted by the Korea Federation of Small and Medium Business(KBIZ) in 2021, the digital maturity score of small and medium-sized enterprises was only 41.9 out of 100, indicating a very low level of maturity in actual digital transformation. In the current context, conducting empirical research to diagnose the perception and maturity level of digital transformation in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, and providing policy recommendations and improvement measures specific to these enterprises, holds great significance. Therefore, this study aims to diagnose the subjective perception and maturity level of digital transformation in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, suggest a direction for successful implementation and growth through specialized digital transformation tailored to these enterprises, and provide policy recommendations and improvement measures for effective digital transformation. To achieve this, a survey was conducted targeting employees of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises nationwide to assess their perception and maturity levels. Firstly, for the analysis of perception towards digital transformation, basic statistical analysis (frequency analysis, mean analysis), one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc analysis were performed on 490 survey respondents. Additionally, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis was conducted to analyze the importance dimensions and areas of digital transformation. Furthermore, to analyze the maturity and performance of digital transformation, basic statistical analysis (frequency analysis, mean analysis) was conducted on 331 survey respondents. The differences in maturity level, management capabilities, and performance evaluation according to respondents and company characteristics were examined using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc analysis for Likert scale items. Analysis results revealed low perception and maturity levels of digital transformation in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Based on the survey findings, the following improvement measures for digital transformation support policies for these enterprises were derived. Firstly, there exists a discrepancy between small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises and government policies. It was recognized as a significant problem that government policies for digital transformation do not align with the practical needs of these enterprises, making it difficult for them to undergo digital transformation. It is necessary to enhance communication between the government and small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, accurately understand their requirements, and formulate policies accordingly to enable digital transformation that meets their practical needs. Secondly, the lack of capabilities in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises refers to technical competence and the ability to adapt organizational culture and structure to digital transformation. To address this issue, the government and relevant organizations should provide education and training programs that strengthen the flexible capabilities of these enterprises and support their smooth implementation of digital transformation. Thirdly, the inadequacy of a digital transformation diagnostic system tailored to small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises implies that the current diagnostic system does not align with the characteristics and requirements of these enterprises, making it difficult for them to accurately assess the current state of digital transformation and formulate effective strategies. To improve this, a customized diagnostic system should be developed considering the characteristics of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Fourthly, comprehensive support policies limit the digital transformation of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises as various support elements for promoting digital transformation are not integrated. To address this issue, the government should design policies that provide various forms of support, such as education, financial assistance, technology development, and collaborative network establishment, specifically tailored to small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. This will enable effective resolution of the diverse problems that arise during the digital transformation process and provide support for a smooth transition to digital transformation. The identified on-site issues and proposed practical improvements from this study will assist the government and relevant organizations in formulating policies to support successful digital transformation in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. This will enable companies to overcome challenges during the digital transformation process and enhance efficiency and competitiveness. It is expected that the realization of such policies will contribute to the overall growth and development of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Furthermore, this study holds practical and academic significance as it systematically examines the perception and maturity levels of digital transformation in these enterprises, which are increasingly important in current industrial trends, and explores the limitations and improvement measures of existing support policies. Therefore, these results can be utilized as foundational data for policymaking regarding the digital transformation of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Particularly, the government and relevant organizations should enhance communication and collaboration with small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises to overcome the identified limitations in support policies derived from this study. They should formulate tailored policies that adequately consider the characteristics and requirements of these enterprises. However, despite the academic and practical significance discussed above, it is important to exercise caution when generalizing and interpreting the results since the sample of this study may not represent all small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Additionally, there may be limitations in fully reflecting regional and industry-specific differences, requiring careful interpretation of the research findings. Future research should utilize data from a more diverse range of regions and industries to address these limitations to derive more accurate patterns and trends.

Marker-Free Transformation System using Agrobacterium-Mediated Co-Transformation with argE Gene as a Negative Selectable Marker : 음성선발마커로 argE 유전자를 이용한 Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation에 따른 마커-프리 형질전환 시스템 확립

Byeon, Ji-Hui 동국대학교 2014 국내박사

본 연구는 상용화되고 있는 DL-phosphinothricin (DL-PPT)으로부터 argE 형질전환 벼의 음성선발을 위한 N-acetyl-L-phosphinothricin (N-AcPt)의 효과적인 생산방법과 마커-프리 형질전환체 개발을 위해 argE유전자의 음성선발마커로서의 이용성을 확립하고자 수행되었다. DL-PPT에 tetrahydrofuran (THF)과 acetic anhydride (Ac2O)를 1:1 비율로 혼합하여 acetylation 반응을 통해 N-AcPt를 생산하였으며, NMR과 FTIR-ATR 분석에 의해 DL-PPT의 아민기가 N-AcPt의 아세틸기로 효과적으로 치환되었음을 확인하였다. 비형질전환 벼 (wild-type rice)의 leaf disc assay 및 종자발아 실험에서 DL-PPT는 세포독성을 보이지만 N-AcPt는 세포독성을 보이지 않았다. 반대로, argE-hpt 형질전환 벼에 있어서는 N-AcPt가 leaf discs 세포사멸의 유도 및 종자발아 억제 등 음성선발효과를 나타내었다. N-AcPt를 이용한 음성선발을 위해 leaf disc assay의 경우 0.1 mg∙ml-1 이상에서, 종자발아시험에 대해서는 0.5 mg∙ml-1 이상의 농도에서 효과적인 것으로 각각 확인되었다. 또한 음성선발효과가 종자발아시험에서보다 leaf disc assay에서 더 빠르게 나타남에 따라 argE 형질전환 벼의 음성선발을 위해서는 leaf disc assay가 종자발아시험보다 더 효율적인 방법으로 제시되었다. 또한 본 연구는 음성선발마커로서 argE 유전자를 이용하여 마커-프리 형질전환체 생산을 위한 동시형질전환 (co-transformation) 시스템 확립을 목적으로 수행되었다. 일미벼와 동진벼 현미로부터 유기된 캘러스에 목적유전자인 환경스트레스 저항성 유전자 SOD-APX 또는 NDPK2가 탑재된 pNL벡터와 양성-음성 선발마커인 hpt-argE가 탑재된 pCAMBIA1300벡터를 포함하는 두 개의 독립적인 Agrobactreium AGL1을 사용하여 동시형질전환 하였다. 총 32개의 hygromycin 저항성 재분화 식물체 중 목적유전자 (NDPK2 또는 SOD-APX)와 양성-음성 선발마커유전자 (hpt-argE)가 모두 확인된 것은 16개로 50%의 동시형질전환 효율을 나타냈다. 또한 그들의 후대분리양상을 확인한 결과, 선발마커 제거 효율은 동진라인 (NDPK2 expressing transgenic Dongjinbyeo)의 경우 24.27%, 일미라인 (SOD-APX expressing transgenic Ilmibyeo)의 경우 8.33%로 확인되었다. 이 중 목적유전자가 확인된 마커-프리 개체는 스크리닝한 전 개체를 기준으로 동진라인에서 약 5.32%, 일미라인에서 4.17%로 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 타 선행연구들과 비교하여 유사하거나 약간 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 N-AcPt 처리에 의한 종자발아시험을 수행한 결과, N-AcPt 저항성 및 감수성비율은 1:3 (p value: 0.96)으로 나타났으며, 결과적 N-AcPt에 의한 음성선발은 효과적이었다. 음성선발효과의 재 확인을 위한 leaf disc 실험결과, wide-type 및 마커-프리 개체에서는 잎의 변화가 없었던 반면 argE 유전자가 확인된 형질전환 식물체의 경우 처리한 잎 부분이 노란색으로 변하거나 고사하는 음성선발효과가 나타났다. 본 연구에서 음성선발마커로서 argE 유전자의 이용성과 이를 이용한 효과적인 공동형질전환 시스템을 확립하였다. 본 연구결과는 향후 마커-프리 형질전환 식물을 생산하기 위한 다양한 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. 또한 이러한 음성선발전략은 경제적으로 중요한 단자엽 식물에서의 선발마커-프리 형질전환 식물체의 개발 및 상용화를 위해 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. This research presents an efficient method for the production of N-acetyl-L-phosphinothricin (N-AcPt) from commercial DL-phosphinothricin (DL-PPT) by organic acetylation for use as a negative selection agent that induces cell death in argE transgenic rice. DL-PPT was efficiently converted into N-AcPt with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetic anhydride (Ac2O). Chemical changes were confirmed using NMR and FTIR-ATR analyses. DL-PPT was toxic but N-AcPt did not show cytotoxic effects on leaf discs or seed germination of wild-type rice. Conversely, in argE–hpt transgenic rice, non-toxic N-AcPt showed the negative selection effect by inducing cell destruction in leaf discs and restricting seed germination. For inducing negative selection, ≥0.1 mg∙ml-1 and ≥0.5 mg∙ml-1 of N-AcPt were effective in leaf and seed assays, respectively. Further, the negative selection effect occurred faster in the leaf assay compared with the seed germination assay, again indicating the leaf assay was a more sensitive indicator of N-AcPt as a negative selection agent to argE transgenic rice than the seed germination assay. Also, another aim of this research is to establish the co-transformation system using argE gene as a negative selectable marker. Callus induced form de-husked rice seeds (Oryza sativa L. cv. Ilmibyeo or Dongjinbyeo) were transformed with two independent Agrobacterium strain AGL1 carring the pNL vector, in which harbored the superoxide dismutase-ascorbate peroxidase (SOD-APX) or nucleoside dephosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) known as environmental stress resistant gene as the gene of interest (target gene), and carrying pCAMBIA1300 vector with hpt-argE gene as a positive-negative selectable markers, respectively. Among the total 32 hygromycin resistance-regenerated plants were secured 16 co-transgenic lines (50%) which confirmed the target and selectable marker genes, and then the segregation test for those progenies were performed. Both target gene and positive-negative selectable marker gene were identified in total 16 out of 32 transgenic lines which regenerated on the medium containing 50 ug∙ml-1 of hygromycin indicating that the co-transformation efficiency was 50%. In the segregation test for those progenies, elimination efficiencies of the selectable marker genes were 24.27% in DN (NDPK2 expressing transgenic Dongjinbyeo) line and 8.33% in ISA (SOD-APX expressing transgenic Ilmibyeo) line, respectively. Further, 5.32% (5/94 plants) in Dongjinbyeo and 4.17% (1/24 plants) in Ilmibyeo were identified as the marker-free events which only contained the target gene. Also, in seed germination assay based on the treatment of N-AcPt, the ratio of N-AcPt resistant and sensitive was confirmed with 1:3 (p value: 0.96) resulted in negative selection with N-AcPt was effective. To be reconfirmed a negative selection effect against them, it was performed to leaf disc assay along with wild type plants. As a result, leaf changes were not observed in wild type and marker-free plant leaves. In leaf disc assay for negative selection effect, no responses was observed in leaf discs of the wild-type plants and marker-free transgenic plants, however the color of them turn to yellow and finally death in transgenic plants which contained the argE gene. In this study, efficient co-transformation system in combination with negative selection system using argE gene was established. These results could be available for the researches aiming for producing the marker-free transgenic plants. Furthermore, this negative selection approach could be useful for the development of selectable marker free transgenic plants in the economically important monocot species and its commercialization.

Study on the Business Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Banks in the Digital Era : Digital Transformation as a Moderating Variable

Hanwen Guo 경기대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

The artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, blockchain, the Internet and the Internet of Things are being vigorously developed, heralding the era of global digitalization. Digitalization, which continues to further affect the internal environment of enterprises, has gradually become a new direction of technological changes in global enterprises. In terms of global economy, as predicted once by the International Data Corporation (IDC), a world-renowned institute, more than 60% of global GDP will be digitized by 2022, and all industries will be driven by digitalization-related products and operations, and the development of world economy will be accelerated by digitalization as well. When viewed at the micro level, the realization of digital transformation is also the basic prerequisite for enterprises to improve their production capacity and promote development. In a context that the competition in both international market and domestic market is becoming increasingly fierce, it is an inevitable choice for enterprises to increase investments in transformation and innovation and quicken their realization of digital transformation so as to enhance market competitiveness. From a dialectic point of view, the digital transformation is importantly correlated with the enhancement of strategic learning in the enterprises. Digital transformation and enhancement of strategic learning are mutually causal and complementary. Strategic learning is an important way for an enterprise to make great progress. Strategic learning is an impetus for enterprises to acquire new knowledge and capability, quickly expand business in new areas, and better adapt to the increasingly complex and changing competitive environment in order to maintain a long-term competitive advantage in the industry. Through strategic learning, the enterprises introduce new technologies to optimize future production and operation costs, achieve optimal allocation of elements, and ultimately achieve new growth in business performance. In the current digital era, the enterprises should keep up with the pace of the times to carry out strategic learning and realize digital transformation, which are two important aspects of long-term development of enterprises. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the study of digital transformation in all walks of life in the world. There are a large quantity of studies in many articles on the causes and consequences, key points and misunderstandings of corporate digital transformation from both macro and micro perspectives. Also, from the perspectives of corporate strategic learning, strategic change and dynamic capability, many scholars have proposed that enterprises should pay close attention to the characteristics of each era and carry out the reform and transformation at an appropriate time. Although some scholars occasionally study the relationship between digital transformation and dynamic capability or strategic learning and strategic change of enterprises, few scholars directly study the relationship between digital transformation and business performance of enterprises. In reality, the digital transformation is an irreversible trend for enterprises, which will inevitably lead to changes in the internal productivity of enterprises, and change the overall strategic structure of enterprises, thereby imposing a vital impact on the future business performance of enterprises. It is worthwhile to study what kind of resistance is likely to occur in the process of transformation. The bank is an enterprise working on currency, an important hub of national economic operation, and an enforcement tool for a country to adjust and control the economy. If the digital transformation can significantly improve the business performance of banks, it will become an exemplary case for the digital transformation of other industries. Therefore, it is very important to study the digital transformation and performance improvement of banks. This paper mainly studies the business performance of banks in the digital era, and adds the digital transformation as a moderating variable to conduct the in-depth study that is significantly in line with the background of the era. Robert K. Yin, an American scholar, believes that it is necessary to adopt appropriate cases to study unknown and complex issues. On such basis, this paper follows the study process of case analysis and proposes the following steps: firstly, a theoretical perspective on the impact mechanism of digital transformation on business performance is constructed based on the theory of innovation and organizational change; secondly, the study cases and questionnaires are designed and displayed according to the above theoretical basis, providing strong support for the theory of this paper; thirdly, the small and medium-sized banks are taken as the study cases, and the case data are collected through interviews, on-site verification and other study methods; and fourthly, the structural equation model is constructed based on the previously summarized theories, the final conclusion is drawn through the calculation by statistical software, and the viewpoints and study conclusions of this paper are formulated through relevant expounding and analysis. On the basis of study, this paper proposes an innovative theoretical model involving digital transformation, corporate dynamic capability, corporate strategic change and strategic learning, which may impact the business performance, with main study conclusions as follows: (1) entrepreneurial orientation and strategic learning capability of commercial banks have a significantly positive impact on their dynamic capability; (2) entrepreneurial orientation and strategic learning capability of commercial banks have a significantly positive impact on their strategic change; (3) dynamic capability and strategic change of commercial banks have a significantly positive impact on their business performance; (4) dynamic capability and strategic change play an intermediary role in the study on business performance of commercial banks; and (5) digital transformation of commercial banks at higher level can significantly and positively regulate the impact of dynamic capability and strategic change on their business performance. Based on the study conclusion of this paper, the good entrepreneurial orientation and the continued strategic learning in the operation can support the banks in the improvement of the dynamic capability to cope with the changes in the business environment, and are also conducive to the banks to make the correct strategic changes. Only when the good dynamic capability is kept and the strategic change is conducted in a timely manner, the business performance of banks will be able to be much improved. In the current digital era, a timely and appropriate digital transformation with improvement on degree of digital transformation can further promote the positive effect of dynamic capability and strategic change on business performance of banks. 인공지능, 빅데이터, 클라우드 컴퓨팅, 블록체인, 인터넷, IoT이 활발히 발전함에 따라 글로벌 디지털 시대가 도래하고 있다. 디지털화는 기업의 내부 환경에 깊은 영향을 끼치는 동시에 글로벌 기업의 기술 혁신의 새 방향이 되고 있다. 전세계 유명 분석 기관인 IDC(International Data Corporation)는 2022년까지 디지털화가 세계 GDP의 60% 이상을 차지할 것으로 전망한 바 있고 디디지털화 제품이나 운영은 모든 산업을 선도할 것이므로 전세계 경제의 발전을 이끌어갈 것이다. 미시적 측면으로 볼 때 기업의 디지털화 전환은 생산성 향상과 장기 발전의 기본적 조건이 되고 있어 국제 시장이나 각 나라의 국내 시장의 경쟁이 날로 치열해지는 환경에서 적극적으로 혁신을 전개하고 디지털 전환이 하루 빨리 이루어지는 것은 기업들이 살아남아 시장 경쟁력을 높이기 위한 필요적 선택이다. 변증법적 관점에서 볼 때 디지털 전환과 기업의 전략 습득력 강화 간에 중요한 관련성이 있어 서로 인과 관계를 이루고 완성해 나가는 것이다. 전략 습득은 기업의 장기적 발전의 중요한 수단으로써 기업이 새 지식과 능력을 얻어 신속히 새로운 분야에서 업무를 개시하고 점점 복잡해지는 경쟁 환경을 적응 후 지속적으로 경쟁 우위를 유지할 수 있도록 한다. 전략 습득을 통해 기업은 새 기술을 도입하고 미래 생산 경영의 최적화 구현과 요소의 최적 분배 달성을 통해 최종적으로 실적 향상을 기대할 수 있다. 디지털화 시대인 오늘날에 시대에 발맞추어 전략 습득과 디지털화를 추진하는 것은 기업이 장지적으로 발전할 수 있는 2가지 중요한 수단이다. 근래 국제적으로 각종 산업의 디지털 전환에 대한 연구를 중요시함에 따라 수많은 저술을 통해 거시적 및 미시적 측면에서 기업의 디지털 전환의 원인과 결과, 추진 관건 및 추진 중의 착오에 대한 연구가 이루었다. 또한 많은 학자들은 기업의 전략 습득, 전략 혁신 및 동적 역량에 의거해 기업들이 시대 특징을 파악하고 적시에 혁신 전환을 추진해야 한다는 소견을 제시했다. 때로 기업의 디지털 전환과 동적 역량 혹은 전략 습득과 전략 혁신을 연결시켜 연구하는 학자는 있지만 디지털 전환과 기업의 경영 실적 간의 관계에 대한 연구를 하는 학자는 드물다. 실제로 기업의 디지털 전환은 거를 수 없는 대세이며 결국 기업 내부의 생산성 변화를 가져올 것이고 전체 전략 구조를 바꿈으로써 기업의 미래 경영 실적에 중대한 영향을 끼칠 것이다. 그렇지만 전환 추진 과정에 어떠한 장애를 극복해야 할지는 연구할 만한 부분이다. 은행은 화폐를 취급하는 기업으로 국가 경제 발전에 중요한 중추 역할을 하고 있으며 국가에서 경제를 조정 통제하는 수단이기도 하다. 디지털 전환은 은행 경영 실적에 현저한 향상 효과를 나타내면 다른 산업이 디지털 전환 추진하는 데 귀감 될 것으로 전망된다. 그러므로 은행의 디지털 전환과 경영 실적에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하다. 본 논문은 디지털 전환을 조절 변수로 하여 주로 디지털화 시대에 은행 경영 실적에 대해 시대 배경에 맞게 깊이 연구한다. 미국 학자 Robert K. Yin에 의하면 적절한 사례를 통해 복잡한 미지의 문제를 연구하는 것은 중요하다. 이에 본 논문은 사례 분석의 연구 절차를 토대로 다음과 같이 구성되었다. 첫째, 혁신 이론과 구조 혁신을 기반으로 하여 디지털 전환이 기업 경영 실적에 영향을 주는 메커니즘을 규명하는 이론을 구축한다. 둘째, 그런 이론을 토대로 하여 연구 사례와 설문 조사를 설계· 제시하여 본 논문의 이론에 뒤받침해 준다. 셋째, 중소형 은행을 연구 사례를 하여 인터뷰과 현장 검증 등 연구 방법을 통해 사례 자료를 수집한다. 넷째, 앞에 수립한 이론으로 구조방정식 모형을 구축하고 통계 프로그램을 활요하여 계산하고 결론을 도출 후 글로 정리하여 본 논문의 입장과 연구 결론을 완성한다. 연구를 통해 본 논문은 디지털 전환, 동적 역량, 전략 혁신과 습득이 기업의 경영 실적에 영향을 주는 혁신 이론 모형을 제시하였고 그 결론은 다음과 같다. (1)상업 은행의 창업 지향과 전략 습득력은 동적 역량에 상향 조절 효과가 있다. (2)상업 은행의 창업 지향과 전략 습득력은 전략 혁신에 상향 조절 효과가 있다. (3)상업 은행의 동적 역량과 전략 혁신은 경영 실적에 상향 조절 효과가 있다. (4)동적 역량과 전략 혁신은 상업 은행의 경영 실적에 대한 연구에 매개 역할을 하고 있다. (5)상업 은행의 고도화된 디지털 전환은 동적 역량과 전략 혁신이 경영 실적에 대한 영향에 상향 조절 효과가 있다. 본 논문의 연구 결론을 통해 알 수 있는 것은 은행 경영 시 우수한 창업 방향과 지속적인 전략 습득은 은행이 경영 환경 변화에 대응하는 동적 역량을 향상시키는 데 도움이 될 수 있고 전략 혁신을 올바르게 추진하는 데 유리하다는 것이다. 디지털화 시대인 현재, 디지털 전환을 적시적기 추진하고 고도화시키는 것은 동적 역량과 전략 혁신이 은행 경영 실적에 대한 영향을 더욱더 강화할 수 있을 것이다.

Study on Dgital Transformation Decision-making Logic, Business Model Innovation, and Enterprise Performance

LIU YAN 가천대학교 글로벌캠퍼스 일반대학원 2024 국내박사

Digital transformation has become the prevailing trend in the development of enterprises. Digital transformation is a process where businesses, with data as the core driving element, use digital technologies to empower their operational processes, management strategies, organizational structures, and business models. It involves the construction of a new value creation system and, at the same time, the realization of value sharing and co-creation with customers, partners, and other stakeholders. For enterprises to ensure they gain core competitiveness and sustainable growth capabilities and enjoy the benefits of digital transformation in an increasingly competitive market environment, it is crucial to seize the opportunity to lead in digital transformation. However, many enterprises are currently grappling with the paradox of digital transformation. Despite investing substantial resources in digital transformation, they often fail to achieve the expected performance growth, sometimes leading to operational challenges. Addressing this issue has become a key aspect of enterprise digital transformation. While past scholarly research on the relationship between decision-making logic and enterprise performance has primarily focused on the fields of innovation, entrepreneurship, and new product development, the impact mechanisms of decision-making logic on Enterprise performance manifest differently in various contexts. Hence, it is necessary to further explore how decision-making logic influence business performance in the context of digital transformation. This study further explores, in the context of digital transformation, the types of decision-making logic that enterprises adopt to drive business model innovation and enhance performance when facing different types of uncertainties. This paper, based on the perspective of decision-making logic, explores how enterprises can guide their actions through appropriate decision-making logic to maximize the value of digital transformation, thereby resolving the perplexities of the digital transformation paradox. Specifically, the paper addresses the following questions: In terms of outcomes, which type of digital transformation decision-making logic should enterprises adopt to enhance performance? In terms of pathways, how does the decision-making logic of digital transformation affect corporate performance for performance improvement? In terms of conditions, how does the decision-making logic of digital transformation impact enterprise performance under uncertain conditions for performance enhancement? To address the aforementioned issues, this paper conducted a survey using a questionnaire method targeting enterprises undergoing digital transformation. Based on data from 300 collected questionnaires, statistical analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using SPSS and AMOS. The following conclusions were drawn: Both the causal logic and the effect logic of digital transformation positively impact enterprise performance; Both the causal logic and the effect logic of digital transformation can positively influence enterprise performance through business model innovation; Employee cognitive uncertainty positively moderates the relationship between the causal logic of digital transformation and business model innovation; Digital technology uncertainty negatively moderates the relationship between the causal logic of digital transformation and business model innovation, and positively moderates the relationship between the effect logic of digital transformation and business model innovation. This paper introduces decision logic into the field of digital transformation, proposing the characteristics and content of the decision logic for digital transformation. It expands the research on decision logic and enterprise performance, revealing the path mechanism through which the decision logic of digital transformation influences corporate performance. The paper also provides insights for managerial practices: companies should pay full attention to the role of decision logic in digital transformation, guide enterprises in business model innovation, and thereby achieve an improvement in corporate performance, breaking through the paradox of digital transformation.

기업 디지털 전환의 수용 의도에 영향을 미치는 결정요인 : 중국 중소 제조업을 중심으로

왕역선 중앙대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

Digital transformation has become the new norm and is perceived as an important component to transform the firms' businesses. It has revolutionized the way in which firms conduct their businesses. According to the data, a company's digital transformation is a coexistence of high returns and high failure rates. It is urgent to increase the success rate of digital transformation. Nevertheless, the literature has not widely examined the holistic impact of determinants of digital transformation acceptance intention on manufacturing. The study taking China's small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises as the research object aims at identify the determinants of digital transformation acceptance intention in the manufacturing industry. Specifically, the relationship between competitive pressure, human readiness, IT readiness, Business-IT alignment and digital transformation acceptance intention were tested. Through various social network platforms (WeChat, Weibo, Douban, Survey Star, etc.) questionnaires were administered to the professionals who are involved in the digital transformation process in manufacturing industry. Using the empirical research method reveals that there is a considerable impact of competitive pressure and Business-IT alignment on digital transformation acceptance intention. The positive impact of Human readiness or IT readiness on the digital transformation acceptance intention of manufacturing enterprises is not significant. The research empirically verified the deterninants of digital transformation acceptance intention based on TOE framwork. Utilizing IT capabilities, combining internal information technology with the enterprise strategy, and paying attention to dynamic changes and competition in the external environment provides strategic significance that can promote digital transformation acceptance intention. To assess changing customer preferences and avoid unexpected impacts on the business, firms can identify threats or opportunities to implement the first-mover's advantages. In addition, shared vision of managers, IT experts, marketing teams, and HR functions in an organization will contribute to digital transformation acceptance intention. 디지털 전환은 새로운 표준이 되었고 기업의 경영 활동을 변화시키는 중요한 구성 요소로 인식되고 있다. 이는 기업의 사업 수행 방식을 경영 활동의 디지털화로 완전히 전환시킨다. 데이터에 따르면 기업 디지털 전환에는 높은 수익률과 높은 실패율이 공존한다. 그런 만큼 디지털 전환의 성공률을 높이는 것이 시급하다. 그러나 기존 연구에서는 제조업 분야의 디지털 전환의 수용 의도에 대한 결정요인에 관한 광범위한 조사가 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 중국의 중소 제조 기업을 대상으로 제조업에서 디지털 전환의 수용 의도에 관한 결정요인을 조사하고자 했다. 구체적으로 ‘경쟁압력’, ‘구성원의 준비성’, ‘IT 준비성’, ‘전략적 일치성’이 디지털 전환의 수용 의도에 어떤 영향을 끼치는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 제조업 디지털 전환 과정에 참여하는 전문가를 대상으로 각종 소셜 네트워크 플랫폼(위챗, 웨이보, 더우반, 설문 스타 등)을 통해 온라인 설문 조사를 시행했다. 연구 결과에 따르면 경쟁압력과 전략적 일치성은 디지털 전환의 수용 의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지만, 구성원의 준비성과 IT 준비성은 디지털 전환의 수용 의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 기술-조직-환경 이론을 통해 기업 내·외부 차원에서 디지털 전환의 수용 의도의 결정요인을 실증적으로 검증했다. IT 역량을 사용하고, 내부 정보기술과 기업 전략을 통합하며, 외부 환경의 역동적인 변화와 경쟁에 유의하는 것은 기업의 디지털 전환의 수용 의도를 촉진하는 전략적 시사점을 제공한다. 이를 통해 기업은 변화하는 고객 선호도를 평가하고, 예기치 않은 비즈니스 영향을 피하기 위해 위협 또는 기회를 식별하는 선점자의 이점을 구현할 수 있다. 조직 관리자, IT 전문가, 마케팅 및 HR 기능 간의 전략적 일치성을 유지하는 것은 기업의 디지털 전환을 구현하게 할 것이다.

Two Essays on the Impact of Digital Transformation on Corporate Performance : The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Customer Values, Dynamic Capabilities and Uncertainty

김창근 강원대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

This study examines the impact of corporate strategy attributes, digital transformation, and dynamic capabilities on corporate performance through customer value, and provides information that can be used in future studies on the relationship between digital transformation and dynamic capabilities and corporate performance. The aim is to provide an academic opportunity for parameter factors, and in particular, it focuses on the function of digital transformation that affects market performance such as corporate image and brand awareness, unlike traditional financial performance. In the considered corporate strategy attributes, customer orientation and technology orientation were confirmed to have a relationship with emotional value and social value in addition to traditional customer values such as symbolic, functional, and experiential values, and digital transformation was studied based on digital quality components, referring to previous studies that the quality of service that perceived by customer is more important. Digital quality was subdivided into system quality, information quality, and service quality, and indicators for these were calculated, and the impact of each quality on corporate performance through five factors of customer value was studied. The dynamic capabilities of sensing, seizing, and reconfiguration, which have been covered in traditional strategic management research, were put into leading variables that affect market performance through customer value parameters at the same level as corporate strategy attributes and digital transformation. The analysis method was divided into domestic and overseas. In domestic, online surveys were conducted on office workers working in domestic manufacturing, services, and IT-related companies in Korea to secure survey data for the final 114 respondents. In overseas, an online survey was conducted on employees of companies that handle products and services centered on global companies located in China, and the final 504 respondents were collected. This data is analyzed as a PLS structural equation model. As a result of the analysis, in the case of Korea, 1) only customer orientation in corporate strategy attributes affects social value, 2) System quality and information quality, which are components of digital transformation, affect different types of customer value, and service quality affect all factors of customer value. In addition, 3) dynamic capabilities show meaningful results for the remaining four customer values, excluding social values, 4) The rest of the customer value, excluding social value, affect corporate performance, 5) Uncertainty has no effect on corporate performance. In the case of overseas countries, 1) only customer orientation among corporate strategic attributes affects experimental and social values, 2) Among the digital quality factors, system quality has a sifinificant effect on functional and symbolic values, information quality on functional and emotional values, and service quality on functional, empirical, emotional, and social values. 3) Dynamic capabilities affect all five factors of customer value, and 4) customer value and 5) uncertainty have a significant effect on corporate performance. Based on the results of this analysis, in order to enhance digital transformation capabilities and dynamic capabilities as a corporate strategy attribute based on customer orientation, it is necessary to establish a strategy to help each member of the organization grow their ability to utilize digital technology. Also, it will need to formulate and implement strategies to control the uncertainty and increase the customer value of our products and services. □ Key Words Digital Transformation, Dynamic Capability, Customer Value, Corporate Performance, Uncertainty, Corporate Strategy Attributes