Analysis on Factors in Recycling Behavior

Rafidah, Aflaha Fairuz 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2022 국내석사

이번 체계적인 문헌검토 연구는 시립고체폐기물(MSW) 재활용 요인을 분석하고, 개인의 재활용 행태에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고, 재활용 요인을 바탕으로 간단한 재활용 캠페인 전략을 설계하는 것이 목적이었다. 이전의 연구들은 개인과 상황적 요인이 모두 재활용 행동과 관련이 있다는 것을 밝혀냈다. 본 연구에 사용된 방법은 209개의 이전 연구 결과로 메타 분석을 통해 정량적으로 뒷받침된다. 이번 연구는 개인의 재활용 행태에 대한 재활용 요인 19개 항목 중 주관적 규범(16.74%)이 주요 요인으로 꼽혔으며, 대인관계 영향(13.87%), 재활용 자기 정체성(11%), 맥락적 요인(8.13%), 미디어(5.74%) 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과에 따르면 재활용 캠페인은 대상 고객의 주관적 규범, 대인관계 영향, 재활용 자기 정체성, 상황적 요인 및 미디어 노력의 개입을 고려해야 한다. This systematic literature review study aimed to analyze the factors of municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling, to analyze which factor has the biggest influence on individual’s recycling behavior, and to design simple recycling campaign strategy based on factors of recycling. Previous studies revealed that both individual and contextual factors are related to recycling behavior. Method used in this research is quantitative supported by meta-analysis with 209 previous study results. This research revealed that, among 19 categories of recycling factors on individual’s recycling behavior, the main factors are subjective norms (16.74%), followed by interpersonal influences (13.87%), recycling self-identity (11%), contextual factors (8.13%), and media (5.74%). According to these findings, recycling campaign should consider the involvement of target audience’s subjective norms, interpersonal influences, recycling self-identity, contextual factors, and media effort.

Cellulase recycling for high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and isobutanol production from the hydrolysate by engineered escherichia coli

김재균 Graduate School, Korea University 2018 국내석사

Empty fruit bunches (EFBs) is one of the potential biomass to produce biofuels due to its abundant supply and high carbohydrate contents. Biofuel production from lignocellulose require multi-step process including pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial fermenatation. However, high processing costs hinder their commercialization. In the first part, in order to increase economic feasibility of lignocellulose-based processes, cellulase recycling for high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis (i.e., 20%) was evaluated using hydrothermally pretreated empty fruit bunches (EFBs). The limiting factors for cellulase recycling were identified and methods overcome identified factors were studied. Consequently, glucose yield in the second round of hydrolysis increased from 19.3% to 68.0%, representing 252.3% increased efficiency of cellulase recycling. In the second part, I produced isobutanol from the EFBs as a real application. To produce isobutanol, three major processes were conducted. Firstly, EFBs was hydrothermally pretreated. Then, the pretreated EFBs was hydrolyzed by commercial cellulase. Lastly, the hydrolysate was fermented by engineered E. coli. Based on the results of processes, it was calculated that 80 g of isobutanol can be obtained from the 1 kg dry weight of raw EFBs. Up to my knowledge, this is the first report to use the hydrolysate of hydrothermally pretreated EFBs as carbon source for isobutanol production. In Conclusion, this study suggests a simple and practical cellulase recycling strategy and provides useful information for whom plan to produce isobutanol from lignocellulose.

Measuring the effectiveness of waste recycling in reducing municipal solid waste : a comparative studies between Brunei and Singapore

Dullah Muhammad Adi Safwan 영남대학교 박정희새마을대학원 2017 국내석사

As a developing country with high GDP in one of ASEAN region, Brunei Darussalam is currently facing an increase of municipal solid waste generations. With the lack of available land space for another landfill and to be in-line with its national development pan for 2035 to have a sustainable development, the waste management agency needs to address this issue. Waste generation need to be reduced or divert its output flow from going to the landfill, using the recycling approach. The purpose of this research is to provide a thorough study regarding the effectiveness of recycling in reducing municipal solid waste by making a comparative studies between Brunei and Singapore. Unlike Brunei, Singapore has a high rate of waste recycling, an indication of their successful attempt at increasing the recycling rate. This is one of the main issues in Brunei, as it has a very low recycling rate of only 5%. This research will mainly gather quantitative data for its comparative analysis, whereas a qualitative approach will be used to support the quantitative data gathered through various government agencies and waste management companies. In conclusion, the right policy and instrument from the government can improve and increase the recycling rate in Brunei with municipal solid waste being reduce sustainably as well as reducing overall waste output.

自動車 플라스틱 材料의 再活用 System에 관한 硏究

윤배근 漢陽大學校 環境科學大學院 1995 국내석사

Improved impact resistance of recycling plastics : injection molded parts analysis using mechanical recycling method

김동휘 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2022 국내석사

In the era of carbon neutrality, companies are making efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and strengthen ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) management, and they are seeking ways to make plastics, one of the main sources of carbon emissions, eco-friendly. The reason for this is that plastic production is increasing year by year, and plastic does not decay; it is either buried or incinerated, which emits a huge amount of greenhouse gases. Eco-friendly plastics are largely divided into recycled plastics, bioplastics, and biodegradable plastics. Since more than 85% of the world's plastics are not recycled, many studies are being conducted. Plastic recycling technology is further divided into physical recycling, thermal recycling, and chemical recycling. Among these, physical recycling has the advantage of having the lowest facility investment cost and easy handling. This study utilized a mechanical recycling technology that makes use of an injection molding process and a grinding process. After recycling using six typical plastics, various mechanical strengths were confirmed, and additional experiments were conducted on materials of Polypropylene (PP) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which had increased impact strength. The additional experiment relates to the number of recycling repetitions; in the case of PP, impact strength increased by 30.4% when recycled four times, and in the case of HDPE, impact strength increased by 56.2% when recycled twice. In addition, when the two materials were mixed by 50% each, the impact strength value increased by 71.5% when recycled twice. In addition, it was confirmed that the decrease in tensile strength and flexural modulus of the material compared with the improved impact strength was insignificant. This was determined to be due to the degree of crystallinity due to continued deterioration, and this was confirmed by performing differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis. The results of this study suggest ways for the loss of mechanical strength during recycling to be improved, and based on these results we can suggest the optimal number of recycling repetitions. If the proposed process is utilized, it will contribute to the automobile industry, the pallet logistics industry, and the construction industry, all of which are sensitive to environmental and energy changes and require impact properties.

디자인 씽킹을 활용한 리사이클링 공예품 제작 프로그램 개발 연구 : 고등학교 미술교육을 중심으로

장진영 경희대학교 교육대학원 2022 국내석사

본 논문은 고등학생을 대상으로 한 ‘디자인 씽킹을 활용한 리사이클링 공예품 제작 프로그램 개발’에 관한 것으로 본 논문을 통하여 학습자가 디자인 씽킹을 이해하고 적용할 수 있다. 이를 통하여 환경 개선을 위하여 리사이클링을 계획적이고 창의적으로 작품을 제작해 봄으로써 창의적 문제 해결 능력과 삶의 밀접하게 연결되어있는 문제를 해결하고 실용미술 표현능력을 함양하여 융합인재를 양성하는 것에 연구 목적을 두었다. 현재 우리 사회는 제4차 산업혁명의 시대로 첨단기술과 다양한 매체의 발달로 소통의 범위가 넓어지게 됨으로서 더욱 올바른 소통을 위해 필요한 능력인 공감능력이 중요시되고 있다. 이러한 공감능력은 2015 개정 교육과정에서 미래 사회가 요구하는 핵심역량으로 뽑았으며 이를 함양하여 공감과 소통으로 서로를 이해하고 존중하는 바른 인성을 갖춘 창의·융합형 인재상을 제시하고 있다. 따라서 연구자는 이를 바탕으로 디자인 씽킹과 리사이클링을 활용하여 학습자로 하여금 니즈 파악을 통하여 공감능력을 기르고, 리사이클링 제작을 통하여 리사이클링 인식 변화와 환경 개선 의식을 증대할 수 있도록 프로그램을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 제2장에서는 디자인 씽킹의 개념과 다양한 프로세스에 대해 제시하고 프로그램 개발의 필요성에 대하여 알아보고 교육 현황에 대하여 살펴보기 위하여 고등학교 미술 교과서 분석과 설문을 실시하였다. 디자인 씽킹은 공감을 통하여 문제를 해결하는 창의적 문제 해결 방법으로서 리사이클링을 접목하여 환경 문제를 해결하는 방법을 도출하였다. 이러한 프로그램의 필요성으로는 공예품 제작을 통한 리사이클링 인식 변화 및 환경 개선 의식 증대시킬 수 있으며, 공예품 디자인 표현능력 및 문제해결능력 함양시키고 니즈 파악을 통한 타인과의 공감능력 향상시킬 수 있을 것이라고 제시하였다. 고등학교 교육 현황에서는 교과서 15종 미술 교과서에서 ‘리사이클링’ 및 ‘환경교육’ 에 관한 영역을 조사하고, 디자인 씽킹과 관한 영역들의 단원 내용 및 학습목표를 분석한다. 또한 리사이클링과 디자인 씽킹에 관련된 설문지를 통하여 실제 수업 현황을 확인하였다. 제3장에서는 2장을 바탕으로 2015 개정 미술과 교육과정에 의해 디자인 씽킹 프로세스 단계에 따라 두 가지 프로그램을 개발 및 적용하였다. 프로그램의 큰 주제는 ‘디자인 씽킹을 활용한 리사이클링 공예품 제작’으로 첫째, ‘아이디오(IDEO) 디자인사고에 의한 양말목 리사이클링 공예품 제작 프로그램’이다. 이는 스탠포드 디스쿨(D.School) 프로세스를 활용하였고 프로세스는 공감하기단계에서는 페르소나를 활용하였고 - 문제정의단계에서는 문제 정의문 POV(Ponit of View)를 사용하였다. - 아이디어 도출단계에서는 브레인스토밍을 사용하였고 - 프로토타입 - 발전하기의 단계로 진행되었다. 둘째, ‘비즈니스 전략에 의한 비닐 리사이클링 공예품 제작 프로그램’이다. 이를 적용한 수업 결과에서는 준비하기 - 관점 - 이해하기 - 아이디어내기단계에서는 스캠퍼를 활용하였고 - 시제품화하기 - 검증하기 - 현실화하기의 단계로 진행되었다. 프로그램 적용 분석 결과 학습자들은 공감능력을 통하여 문제해결을 하려는 태도를 보였다. 제4장에서는 디자인 씽킹을 활용한 리사이클링 제작 프로그램을 적용 후 교육적 효과를 도출하고 활성화 방안을 제시하였다. 도출한 교육적 효과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공예품 제작을 통한 디자인 분석 및 표현 능력이 향상할 수 있었다. 둘째, 지속 가능성 의식 확대 및 리사이클링 제품 인식 변화를 가질 수 있다. 셋째, 니즈 파악을 통한 타인에 대한 공감 능력 향상되었다. 하지만 이러한 교육적 효과를 가지지만 학교 현장에서 프로그램을 적용하기에 어려움이 있었다. 그에 대한 활성화 방안을 제시한다. 첫째, 창의력을 위한 다양한 디자인 프로그램 수업 확대가 필요하다. 둘째, 다양한 제작소와 연계한 리사이클링 문화 확산 수업이 필요하다. 셋째, 환경 개선 의식 변화를 위한 다양한 기회를 제공해야 한다. 결론적으로 본 프로그램은 학생들이 공감능력과 환경 개선 의식을 함양하고 미술을 통하여 삶과 연결되어있는 다양한 사회문제를 해결하는 창의적 문제 해결 프로그램이다. 본 연구자는 디자인 씽킹과 리사이클링을 활용하여 공감능력과 환경 개선 의식을 함양할 수 있는 프로그램이 활성화되어 본 논문의 연구가 미술교육의 발전에 보탬이 되기를 기대한다. This thesis is about the ‘development of a recycling craft production program using design thinking’ for high school students. Through this thesis, learners can understand and apply design thinking. The purpose of this study is to nurture convergence talents who creatively solve problems closely connected to life and cultivate practical art expression skills by planning and creatively producing works through recycling for environmental improvement. Currently, our society is in the era of the 4th industrial revolution, and as the scope of communication is broadened with the development of advanced technology and various media, empathy, the ability necessary for more correct communication, is being emphasized. The 2015 revised curriculum selects empathy as a core competency required by the future society, and presents a creative and convergence-type talent with the right personality to understand and respect each other through empathy and communication. Therefore, based on this, the researcher developed a program that can utilize design thinking and recycling to help learners develop empathy by identifying needs, and to increase awareness of recycling and environmental improvement through recycling production. To this end, in Chapter 2, the concept of design thinking and various processes are presented, and a high school art textbook analysis and survey was conducted to examine the necessity of program development and the current status of education. Design thinking is a creative problem-solving method that solves problems through empathy, and a method to solve environmental problems by combining recycling is deri ed. As the necessity of such a program, it was suggested that it would be possible to change the awareness of recycling and increase the awareness of environmental improvement through the production of crafts, to cultivate the ability to express the design of crafts and to solve problems, and to improve the ability to empathize with others through the identification of needs. In the high school education status, areas related to ‘recycling’ and ‘environmental education’ were investigated in 15 art textbooks, and the unit contents and learning goals of the areas related to design thinking were analyzed. In addition, the actual class status was checked through questionnaires related to recycling and design thinking. In Chapter 3, based on the contents of Chapter 2, two programs were developed and applied according to the design thinking process steps presented in the 2015 revised Art and Curriculum. The big theme of the two programs is ‘making recycled crafts using design thinking’. First, it is a ‘Sock Remnants recycling craft production program based on IDEO design thinking’. For this, the Stanford D.School process was used, persona was used in the Empathize phase, and Ponit of View (POV) was used in the Define phase. - Brainstorming was used in the Idea stage, and proceeded to the stages of - Prototype - Test. Second, it is a 'Vinyl Recycling Crafts Production Program based on Business Strategy'. Prepare - Point-Of-View - Understand - SCAMPER was used in the Ideate stage - Prototype - Validate - It proceeded to the stage of realization (Scale). As a result of the program application analysis, the learners showed an attitude to solve problems through empathy. In Chapter 4, after applying the recycling production program using design thinking, an educational effect was deri ed and an activation plan was presented. The deri ed educational effects are as follows. First, design analysis and expression ability can be improved through craft production. Second, it can expand awareness of sustainability and change the perception of recycling products. Third, the ability to empathize with others is improved by identifying needs. Although these educational effects were shown, there were difficulties in applying the program to the school field. The activation plan for it is as follows. First, it is necessary to expand the classes of various design programs for creativity. Second, there is a need for classes to spread the recycling culture in connection with various manufacturing companies. Third, various opportunities should be provided for changing the awareness of environmental improvement. In conclusion, this program is a creative problem-solving program that develops empathy and environmental improvement awareness and solves various social problems connected with life through art. This researcher expects that the research of this thesis will contribute to the development of art education by activating a program that can cultivate empathy and environmental improvement awareness using design thinking and recycling. Key words: design thinking, recycling, creative problem solving, empathy, environmental improvement awareness.

우리나라 화장품용기의 재활용 증진 방안에 관한 연구

김영국 연세대학교 대학원 2002 국내석사

폐기물 재활용은 폐기물 관리에 있어서 감량화 다음으로 중요한 개념이다. 폐기물 중 특히 포장폐기물은 재활용시 환경성과 경제성을 지니고 있어 재활용이 용이하다. 그리고 포장폐기물 재활용 분야는 지속적으로 발전시킬 필요가 있는 분야이다. 그러나 그 중에서도 포장폐기물 중 점점 더 증가 추세에 있는 화장품용기는 재활용품목이 아닌 일반폐기물로 분류되어 버려지고 있다. 화장품 산업의 규모와 비례하여 나타나는 산업쓰레기의 처리 문제는 심각한 환경문제를 유발하는 요인이 되고 있다. 또한 화장품은 대부분 플라스틱과 유리 등 복합재료로 만들어져 있어 재활용하기가 어렵다. 화장품 용기는 분리수거 하기도 힘이 들고 분리수거한 용기들도 재질이 복합적이기 때문에 재생이 어려운 경우가 많다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재의 화장품 용기 재활용과 관련하여 갖고 있는 소비자들의 의식을 조사하였다. 조사결과에 대해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 화장품에 대한 일반적 인식으로 화장품의 구입기준이 브랜드 및 가격을 중시하고, 또한 화장품 용기의 재질에 대해서는 용기가 예뻐서 버리기 아깝다는 의견이 많이 나타났다. 2) 화장품 용기 재활용인지도 및 태도에 있어서 재활용에 대한 의식은 높은데 반해 재활용이 되고 있지 않은 것으로 나타나 화장품 용기 재활용이 매우 필요함을 알 수 있다. 3) 화장품 용기에 대해서는 화장품 가격이 매우 비싼 것으로 생각하였고, 재활용을 위해 화장품 용기를 단순화시키고 디자인 및 색깔을 규격화하는 것을 92%가 찬성을 하였으며, 가격이 인상되지 않고 화장품용기의 단순화와 디자인 및 색깔을 규격화가 이루어진다면 대다수가 구입할 것으로 나타났다. 4) 리필제품 및 재활용 용기의 재활용률 향상을 위해 재활용된 화장품의 가격이 낮아지고, 위생적인 면을 개선한다면 대다수의 응답자가 재활용 용기를 선택할 것으로 나타났다. 5) 화장품 용기 재활용 활성화 방안에 있어 리필제품을 활성화하기 위해서는 우선 가격저렴, 종류의 다양성, 품질개선 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 화장품 용기 재활용 활성화를 위해서도 소비자의 분리수거 의식향상 및 홍보가 적극적으로 이루어지고, 기업에서 기술력 향상을 위한 많은 투자와 정부에서의 제도개선 및 지원이 뒷받침된다면 활성화 될 것으로 생각하고 있었다. 이러한 소비자 의식 분석조사를 통하여 얻은 화장품 용기 재활용을 위한 증진방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 화장품 용기 관련 법 및 제도개선분야로 화장품법 및 예치금, 부담금 제도 개선과 화장품 용기류 재활용을 위한 기술개발, 리필제품의 확대, 화장품용기만의 회수체계 확립, 생산자의 화장품 재활용 적극 참여 유도가 이루어져야 한다. 둘째, 화장품 용기 디자인 개선 분야로 용기 재질 단순화 및 규격화, 화장품 라이프 사이클 확대, 재활용 가능한 재료 선택, 화장품용기의 비용 감소, 기업의 재활용 용기 개발 절극 참여가 이루어져야 한다. 결론적으로 포장폐기물 중 화장품 용기의 재활용을 증진하기 위해서는 관련 제도 개선 뿐만 아니라 정부와 기업의 적극적 참여, 그리고 소비자들의 적극적 재활용 의식이 종합적으로 발전을 이루어야 한다. 그리고 무엇보다도 기업에서 화장품 품질개선을 위한 투자와 개발 뿐만 아니라 화장품 용기의 환경친화적인 용기개발을 위하여 많은 노력이 우선시 되어야 할 것이다. Waste recycling is a very important concept with waste minimization in the waste management. Especially, recycling package waste from the point of environmental and economical view is useful. The recycling rate of package waste including waste cosmetic container needs to continuously grow. The difficulty of waste treatment in cosmetic industry produces complicated environment problem. Cosmetic container is difficult to recycle because it mostly made of complex material. Also, cosmetic container is difficult to separate in source and thus usually are generated as mixed waste. In this study we performed a questionary survey of consumer's consciousness about the recycling attitude of cosmetic container. The result of this study could be summarized as follows : 1) Consumer tend to consider seriously brand and price in purchasing cosmetic products and to dislike dump cosmetic container because the container is pretty. 2) Recycling's consciousness is very high, but recycling rate is low. So we learned that an adequate recycling system should be established for the cosmetic container 3) Consumer thought that the price was very expensive and agreed with simplification of container and a standardization of cosmetic. 4) If price of recycling cosmetic container is reasonable and sanitation is improved, consumer will prefer recycled container. 5) For the activation of refill product, price should be down, diversity and quality should be improved. Most of all, For the activation of cosmetic container's recycling, it needs to heighten consciousness of consumer's source separation. Also, It needs to invest in the industry and improvement and support governmental system. The result of this survey, we acquired the recycling improvement method of a cosmetic container The result of this study could be summarized as follows : 1) As a part of law and a system improvement, the cosmetic law should be improved including deposit refund system, charge system, Technology development for recycling of a cosmetic container, extension of refill productions, recovery system establishment of a cosmetic container and inducement of a maker's recycling participation. 2) As a part of a cosmetic container design improvement, simplification and standardize of container's quality, cosmetic life cycle extension, selection of recycling materials and cost reduction of a cosmetic container should be achieved In conclusion, to improve the recycling rate of cosmetic container, collective development of system improvement, active participation of the government and company and consumer should be needed. Most of all, A company need to try to recycling container development of a cosmetic container.

Global Material Flow Analysis of Platinum and Palladium Metals to Reduce Potential Environmental Impacts

Palle Paul Mejame Mejame 강원대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

Looking at the demand for a cleaner environment, we expect worldwide demand for platinum and palladium to grow moderately in the next few years. Economies today are in search of more sustainable and renewable energy and material sources. These critical metals (Pt and Pd) are highly desirable for modern high -tech devices because of their valuable properties. As a result their demand in applications has only been of an increasing rate globally. The focus of this work is to use Material Flow Analysis (MFA) combined with Heavy Metal Weighting Factors derived from established life cycle impact-based assessment methodologies to analyze the amount of heavy metals generated in waste stream globally and the associated environmental impacts from their flows and processes. This work quantifies Pt and Pd flows from exporting countries to importing countries, the extracted and consumed amount in applications including their recycling and recovery rates. Based on this, we evaluated the potential environmental impacts of the use of these metals and the importance of their recovery. We proposed sustainable strategies to avoid or reduce the impacts via resource efficiency and eco-efficiency practices .The aftermath is material saving benefits. Overall, the extraction of Pt and Pd from recycled materials results in significantly lower emissions, resource consumption and energy demand than from equivalent amounts of Pt and Pt generated by virgin material inputs. With a recovery efficiency rate of 70%, there will be a significant fall in the demand for virgin material inputs. Optimizing Pt and Pd recycling offers clear environmental benefits. The Potential convention of open loop recycling systems to closed loops, using state-of-the-art recycling technologies, optimized waste collection chain and infrastructures would serve to increase the supply of secondary materials (more than 183.1 and 210.0 metric tonnes of Pt and Pd respectively) and reduce dependence on mine production. Where this is to be achieved, increase supply of secondary material would represent reduced emissions in mine production of 139948.6 and 94833.1 (Metric tons CO2-eq.) from Pt and Pd used respectively. In terms of energy demand, this will represent 42147.0 and 4729.4 GJ tonnes of recycling energy demand reduction potentials (tonnages of GJ energy equivalent avoided) from Pt and Pd used respectively. However, major recovery interest should be emphasized in the auto-catalyst, jewelry and electronic sectors as they consumed more than 95% of these materials. Putting in place better policies in such areas will only produce sustainable environmental benefits which can be reduction in CO2 emissions, energy use, landfill disposals, increase in reuse rate, product recycling rate and even a possibility of new job emergence.

폐플라스틱의 재활용방법에 대한 전과정평가 및 비용편익분석에 관한 연구

박찬혁 연세대학교 2005 국내박사

In this study, life cycle assessment was used to identify important environmental issues in plastic waste recycling (e.g. material recycling, Refused Derived Fuel (RDF), recycling on furnace, and Pyrolysis or pyrolytic oil production): a life cycle assessment database was established, and Simapro 5.0, LCA software, was used to analyze the environmental impacts and effectiveness of the recycling methods. And cost-benefit analysis was also conducted to measure economical values of those methods, in order to help make plastic waste recycling strategies and policies in Korea. It was found that the most significant impact category in the plastic waste recycling methods was the global warming, while other categories had insignificant impact. The impact on the global warming of the material recycling and RDF, and the recycling on furnace for bottle-type plastic waste had negative values, showing that they could largely reduce the environmental impacts when used for producing alternatives to newly drawn plastics. However, the Pyrolysis or pyrolytic oil production and the recycling on furnace for film-type plastic waste had positive values of environmental impact. This resulted from the effects of carbon dioxides generated from the production of electric power, which is much used in the Pyrolysis or pyrolytic oil production process and Recycling on Furnace. For the impact on the ozone layer destruction, the Pyrolysis or pyrolytic oil production showed the largest environmental impact. It is thought that this is caused by ozone depleting substances produced from the process itself. The material recycling was most desirable in the aspect of carcinogenicity because it highly reduced the environmental impact for new plastic production. The larger reduction in environmental impact on the acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidation was found in the recycling on furnace for bottle-type plastic waste and the RDF than other recycling methods. The reason of this result was found to be that the recycled materials from these methods make a large effect on environmental impact reduction when used as an alternative to coal. In the cost-benefit analysis, the highest net benefit was found in material recycling. The RDF and recycling on furnace had the second and third high benefits, respectively, while the lowest net benefit was shown in the Pyrolysis or pyrolytic oil production. These results are because other recycling methods than the material recycling have lower operation rates and needs higher cost of initial investment. The recycling methods were compared using integrated indeces, which were developed taking into account both their environmental and economic indecies. The integrated index in material recycling was 0 or above when the environmental index was 22 percent or above. The integrated indeces in RDF and recycling on furnace were 0 or above when the environmental indeces were 28 and 49 percent or above, respectively. This result shows that the material recycling is relatively better in the environmental aspect. than other recycling methods studied. Although it was found that among the plastic waste recycling methods considered in this study the material recycling was better in both environmental and economic aspects, it is not feasible in reality to treat all plastic waste with the method. For mixed plastic waste in lower quality, therefore, it is necessary to use the Pyrolysis or pyrolytic oil production and RDF methods along with material recycling through process and operation rate improvement. In addition, it would be necessary to develop various technologies for sorting and recycling mixed plastic waste effectively in order to utilize plastic waste as an environmentally and economically favorable resource. As the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system will be expanded to film-type plastics, there will be a large change in the recovery and disposal of plastic waste, and subsequently the sorting quality of plastic waste recovery and recycling facilities will be largely improved. With the development in waste sorting, more plastic waste would be recycled to oil, reducers for furnaces, fuel, gas, and other energy sources. 본 논문은 전과정평가(LCA)기법을 이용하여 폐플라스틱의 재활용방법(물질재활용, RDF, 고로원료화, 유화)에 대한 주요 환경 이슈를 규명하기 위하여 전과정 데이터베이스를 구축하고, LCA소프트웨어인 시마프로 5.0을 이용하여 환경부하 및 삭감효과를 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 폐플라스틱의 재활용방법별 경제적 가치를 측정하기 위해 비용-편익 분석(Cost-Benefit Analysis)을 실시하여 국내 폐플라스틱 자원화 전략 수립 및 정책방향을 제시하였다. 폐플라스틱의 재활용방법 중 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 영향범주는 지구온난화로 나타났으며, 나머지 영향범주들의 영향은 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 폐플라스틱의 재활용방법별 지구온난화의 영향을 살펴보면 물질재활용, RDF화및 용기형 플라스틱 폐플라스틱의 고로원료화에 대해서는 음(-)의 값으로 나타났으며, 이는 신재 플라스틱의 대체재로 사용함으로써 환경부하 삭감효과가 크기 때문인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그러나, 유화와 필름형 폐플라스틱의 고로원료화는 양(+)의 값으로 나타나 환경부하가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 사용량이 많은 전력의 생산과정에서 발생하는 CO2가 주원인으로 밝혀졌다. 오존층파괴에 대한 영향은 유화방법이 환경부하가 크게 나타났으며, 이는 유화 공정자체에서 발생되는 오존층파괴 물질에 의한 영향으로 확인되었다. 발암성에 대한 영향은 물질재활용의 환경성이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 플라스틱 신재 생산시 환경부하 삭감효과가 크기 때문인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 산성화, 부영양화 및 광화학산화물 생성에 대한 영향은 고로원료화(용기형)공정과 RDF 공정이 환경부하 삭감효과가 다른 재활용방법보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이는 RDF 공정과 고로원료화에 의해 생산된 RDF화 고로원료가 석탄의 대체재로 사용됨에 따른 삭감효과가 크기 때문인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 폐플라스틱 재활용방법의 환경오염피해비용을 고려하여 비용-편익분석을 실시한 결과는 물질재활용시설에 대한 순 편익이 가장 높은 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 그 다음이 RDF, 고로원료화순이며, 유화시설의 순편익이 가장 낮게 밝혀졌다. 이는 물질재활용을 제외한 RDF, 유화 및 고로원료화는 가동률이 매우 낮고 초기투자비가 높기 때문인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 폐플라스틱 재활용방법별 환경성지수와 경제성지수를 종합적으로 고려한 통합지수를 통해 재활용방법별 상대적 우월성을 비교해 본 결과, 물질재활용공정이 환경가중치 22% 이상부터 통합지수 값이 0 이상으로 나타났으며, RDF와 고로원료화는 각각 환경가중치가 28% 및 49% 이상에서, 반면 유화공정은 71%이상에서 그 값이 0 이상으로 나타났다. 따라서, 물질재활용공정이 다른 재활용공정에 비해 상대적으로 환경경제성 측면에서 우월한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한편, 폐플라스틱의 재활용방법 중 환경성과 경제성이 매우 양호한 것은 물질재활용으로 밝혀졌지만, 모든 폐플라스틱을 대상으로 물질재활용을 하기 매우 어려운 실정이므로 저급의 혼합폐플라스틱의 경우 공정 개선 및 가동률 증대를 통한 유화 및 RDF도 병행해야 할 것이다. 또한, 폐플라스틱은 선별기술의 개발 및 성상별 품질 조사의 선행을 통해 현장 적용시 혼합폐플라스틱의 재활용방법을 다양화하여 환경 및 경제적으로 우수한 대안이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 마지막으로, 현재 시행중인 생산자책임재활용(EPR)제도는 플라스틱 필름류로 확대 실시됨으로써 폐플라스틱 재활용품 회수 및 처리에 큰 변화가 예상되며 이에 따라 수거업체 및 재활용업체의 선별기술이 향후 크게 증가될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 앞으로 소각 또는 매립되고 있는 혼합폐플라스틱을 선별과정을 거쳐 유화, 고로환원제, 연료화, 가스화 및 에너지원 등으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Three essays on environmental valuation, recycling industry, and technological evaluation (Contingent valuation method, production function approach, multi-attribute utility analysis)

김찬준 Korea Univ. 2003 국내박사

As the national economy becomes increasingly advanced, the amount of wastes being generated is rising rapidly in Korea. These problems have induced policy-makers to investigate the waste reduction alternatives. The overwhelming advantages of recycling such as lowering pollution levels, conserving energy, creating jobs, and building more competitive manufacturing industries are apparent. Therefore, the recycling of waste and the role of recycling firms have become all the more important in respect to resource scarcity and final waste processing residues. In order to activate the recycling industry, a public utility (KORECO) has been financing recycling firms. Exploring the impact of public financing for recycling firms is necessary and important in the utility`s financing management aspect. This study, therefore, concentrated on whether the impact of financed capital on recycling firms` outputs is fruitful or not, and also paid attention to the size and sign of parameters to be estimated