Perception and production of English tense/lax vowel contrasts by Korean speakers

김동현 서울대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

This study investigated the perception and production of the English tense/lax vowel contrasts by two Korean dialectal groups, namely Seoul Korean (SK) and Kyungsang Korean (KK) speakers. More specifically, by employing two different L1 dialectal groups the study looked into the effects of L1 dialects in L2 speech learning in terms of the perception and production. In perception test, SK and KK listeners were tested on their ability to discriminate English tense/lax vowel contrasts in /pVb/ and /pVp/ contexts. Discrimination was assessed by means of a Categorical Discrimination Test (CDT). In production test, both Korean speakers’ accuracy in producing the English tense/lax vowel contrasts was assessed by native speaker judgments and acoustic analysis. The results of the perception test revealed that both SK and KK groups showed marginal sensitivity to the discrimination of the English tense/lax vowel contrasts on the basis of durational cues. At first glance, this seemed to be consistent with Bohn’s Desensitization Hypothesis (1995). However, paired comparisons showed that Korean listeners were not simply comparing the durations of the two contrasting vowels to discriminate each other. The production test revealed that both Korean groups have difficulty in distinguishing the English tense/lax vowel contrasts. Both Korean speakers showed divergent durational patterns between front vowel and back vowel contrasts. That is, Korean speakers exaggerated the /i/-/I/ durational differences, whereas they showed no or minimal /u/-/U/ duration differences. With respect to the relationship between perception and production, although significant correlations were not found in overall scores, considerable individual variation was found in the perception and production test data. On closer inspection, the findings showed that those participants who perceived the vowel contrasts accurately were also likely to produce them differently. Thus, these findings were consistent with earlier studies suggesting that the acquisition of perception precedes the acquisition of production. 본 논문의 목적은 각각 다른 방언을 사용하는 한국어 화자의 영어 긴장모음과 이완모음의 지각과 발화를 연구하는 것이다. 실험에 참가한 한국어 화자는 각각 서울방언, 경상도방언을 사용하였고 방언 간 모음 길이의 차이가 피험자들의 영어 긴장모음과 이완모음 지각과 발화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보았다. 지각실험에서는 두개의 다른 유•무성의 음운환경 /pVb/과 /pVp/에서 서울 화자와 경상도 화자의 영어 긴장모음과 이완모음의 지각능력을 측정하였고, 지각능력은 범주적 지각실험(Categorical Discrimination Test)을 통해 측정되었다. 발화실험에서 한국어 화자들의 발화자료는 영어 모국어 화자들의 판별실험을 통해, 그리고 F1, F2 포먼트 및 모음길이의 음향적 측정을 통해 분석되었다. 지각실험으로 측정한 서울 화자와 경상도 화자의 지각능력을 분석한 결과, 두 집단 모두 모음의 길이 정보를 통해서 영어 긴장모음과 이완모음에 대한 약간의 민감도를 보이는 것으로 드러났다. 일견으로, 이 결과는 Bohn (1995)이 주장한 둔감화 가설 (Desensitization Hypothesis)과 일치되는 것처럼 보인다. 하지만 대조모음쌍을 자세히 조사해보면 한국어 화자들이 대조모음쌍을 지각할 때 단지 모음의 길이만으로 구별한 것은 아니라는 것을 알 수 있다. 발화실험을 분석한 결과, 서울 화자와 경상도 화자 모두 영어 긴장모음과 이완모음을 구별해서 발음하는데 어려움을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 한국어 화자들은 전설모음쌍과 후설모음쌍에서 각각 다른 양상을 보였는데, 이는 한국어 화자들이 전설모음쌍의 경우 모음쌍의 길이 차이를 과장해서 발음하려고 하였고 후설모음쌍의 경우에는 모음쌍을 거의 같은 길이로 발음하였다. 지각과 발화간의 관련성의 경우, 전반적인 수치상으로는 지각과 발화간의 상관관계를 보이지 않았지만, 각 개인의 실험결과를 분석한 결과 대조모음쌍을 정확히 지각한 피험자의 경우 대조모음쌍의 발화 역시 비교적 정확한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 제2언어 학습자들이 발화능력보다 지각능력을 먼저 습득한다는 것을 보여준다.

Perception of Unstressed Vowel Reduction in Central Mexican Spanish

Bland, Justin Edward The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the perception of unstressed vowel reduction (UVR)—also known as vowel devoicing—in Central Mexican Spanish. UVR is a variable, gradient process in which vowels undergo a constellation of phonetic weakening processes including shortening, devoicing, and apparent deletion (Gordon 1998). While it is fairly common and has been well-studied in languages such as Japanese (Beckman and Shoji 1984) and Portuguese (Cunha 2015), its use is more limited in Spanish, and it is primarily associated with two regions: the highland plateau of Central Mexico and the Andean highlands. Although previous literature has examined the production of UVR in Spanish (Dabkowski 2018, Delforge 2008b) and the perception of UVR in other languages (Beckman and Shoji 1984, Meneses and Albano 2015), studies on the perception of UVR in Spanish are limited to Delforge’s (2012) work on language attitudes in Cusco and a small-scale perception task in Perissinotto (1975). This leaves open multiple questions about how Spanish-speaking listeners perceive UVR, what factors influence their perception, and how UVR relates to issues of dialect perception and sociolinguistic awareness.This dissertation therefore seeks to provide an initial but wide-ranging view of the perception of UVR in Central Mexican Spanish by examining multiple aspects of listeners’ perception. This was done by preparing a set of two perception experiments designed to test two overarching goals: first, how linguistic factors like phonetic variation, phonological context, and morphological context affect listeners’ ability to perceive vowels; and second, what role UVR plays in listeners’ dialect classification and language attitudes toward speakers. Additionally, questions of whether non-linguists notice UVR and whether listeners from different dialect areas differ in their perception were tested. The two perception experiments were administered online via Qualtrics, and a total of 84 participants completed either task, hearing a total of 1,558 stimuli and responding to a total of 8,648 question prompts.

과잉자격인식이 경력성공에 미치는 영향 : 직무열의와 상대적 박탈감의 매개효과와 조직지원인식의 조절효과

박성숙 숭실대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

오늘날 급변하는 경영환경에서 조직의 지속 가능과 생존경쟁을 위해인적 자원 관리는 조직이 전략의 틀 안에서 결정된 목표를 달성하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, 조직이 같은 시장을 공유하는 경쟁자들과 경쟁우위를 확보하고 현재의 성과를 향상하기 위해 조직과 직위에 적합한 직원을 선발하고, 조직 내 적절한 위치에 직원을 배치하는 것뿐만 아니라 재직중인 직원들에 대한 재교육과 지원은 무엇보다 중요하다. 경제 불황과 글로벌 경제 붕괴로 인한 불확실성은 기업의 채용 축소와 고용의 질 저하로 인한 문제점이 야기되고 있다. 특히, 자신의 교육 수준과 직장에서 요 구하는 교육 수준의 차이로 인한 불완전 고용의 일종인 과잉자격은 개인과 조직에 대한 부정적인 영향을 미치게 되었고, 현실적인 교용 여건이 충족되지 못함으로써 조직 구성원들이 느끼는 과잉자격의 상황은 조직 구성원의 행동양식에도 많은 영향을 미치게 되었다. 결과적으로 과잉자격을 인식하는 조직 구성원의 증가추세는 조직과 구성원들의 조직 내 이탈을 방지하고 예방하는 조직 차원에서 문제해결의 필요성이 제기되고있다. 본 연구에서는 조직에서 구성원들이 경력에 성공하지 못하는 요인 중 하나로 요즘 대두되고 있는 과잉자격인식에 주목하게 되었고, 과잉자격 인식이 경력성공에 미치는 영향을 검증하여 과잉자격인식에 대한 이론적 확장에 이바지하고자 했다. 이러한 관계성에 덧붙여 두 변수 간에 어떠한 과정을 통해 연결되는지도 파악하고자 하였다. 또한, 상대적 박탈감과 직무열의가 과잉자격인식과 경력성공간의 관계에서 매개 역할을 수행하는 것도 살펴보고자 하였다. 마지막으로, 조직지원인식을 조절 변수로 투입하여 과잉자격인식과 직무열의와의 관계에서, 상대적 박탈감과 경력성 공간의 관계에서 조직지원인식의 조절 효과로 인해 직무열의와 경력성공의 부(-)적인 영향을 완화 시키는지에 대해 주요 변수와의 상호작용 효과를 실증적으로 규명하고자 했다. 본 연구는 수도권에 재직 중인 사무직 근로자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 총 327부를 회수하였고, 최종 설문지 310부를 실증분석 자료로 활용하였다. 선행연구를 토대로 과잉자격인식이 경력성공에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 바탕으로 하였다. 이러한 과정에서 직무열의와 상대적 박탈감의 매개 역할을 확인하였으며, 과잉자격인식과 상대적 박탈감에영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인으로 조직지원인식을 설정하여 주요 변수와의 상호작용 효과를 검증하였다. 연구 결과 과잉자격인식은 경력성공에 유의미한 결과를 보였다. 한편, 과잉자격인식은 직무열의에 부(-)적인 영향을 미치고, 직무열의는 경력성공에 정(+)적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고, 과잉자격인식은 상대적 박탈감에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 상대적 박탈감은 경력성공에 부(-)적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 살펴본 상대적 박탈감과 직무열의는 과잉자격인식과 경력성공 사이에서 유의미한 부분 매개효과를 보였으며, 조직지원인식의 조절 효과는 상대적 박탈감과 경력성공간의 관계에서 조절 효과가 발현될 때 유의미하게 부(-)적 관계를 완화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 오늘날 사회와 조직 내 빠른 변화는 조직에서의 인적 자원 관리의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 따라서 기업에서 조직 구성원의 사회적 효율성과 기업의 경제적 효율성을 극대화하기 위한 인력을 확보하고 인재를 개발하며 유지하기 위해 자격과잉을 인식하는 조직의 구성원들을 주목할 필요가 있다. 이러한 이유로 조직 차원에서 문제해결을 위한 방안이 필요하다고 제안하고자 한다. 또한, 본 연구의 시사점 및 연구의 한계와 향후 과제를 제시하였다. In the current business environment, characterised by rapid change, human resource management plays an important role in helping organisations to achieve their strategic goals. It is therefore essential to select the right employees for the organisation and their positions, to place them in the right positions within the organisation, and to retrain and support current employees. This is necessary in order for the organisation to gain a competitive advantage over competitors sharing the same market and to improve current performance. The economic recession and the uncertainty caused by the global economic meltdown are causing companies to downsize, which has resulted in a deterioration in the quality of employment. In particular, overqualification, which is a form of underemployment due to the gap between one's education level and the education level required by the workplace, has had a negative impact on individuals and organisations. Furthermore, the perceived overqualification of organisational members due to the lack of realistic employment conditions has had a significant impact on their behaviour. Consequently, the growing number of employees who perceive themselves as overqualified underscores the necessity for organizational-level solutions to prevent and deter employees from leaving the organization. In this study, our objective was to contribute to the theoretical expansion of overqualification by examining the impact of overqualification on career success. This has recently emerged as one of the factors that prevent employees from achieving career success in organisations. In addition to this relationship. The objective was to gain insight into the mechanisms through which the two variables are connected. Furthermore, the mediating role of relative deprivation and work engagement in the relationship between overqualification and career success was examined. Finally, we introduced organisational support perception as a moderating variable to empirically investigate the interaction effect of the main variables on the relationship. Furthermore, our objective was to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the mediating role of relative deprivation and work engagement in the relationship between overqualification and career success. Finally, organizational support perception was introduced as a moderating variable to empirically investigate the interaction effect of the main variables on the relationship between overqualification and work engagement and whether the moderating effect of organizational support perception on the relationship between relative deprivation and career success mitigates the negative effects of work engagement and career success. A total of 327 questionnaires were collected from white-collar workers in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 310 final questionnaires were used for empirical analysis. Based on previous studies, the negative effect of overqualification perception on career success is based on the previous studies. In this process, the mediating roles of work engagement and relative deprivation were confirmed, and organizational support perception was set as a factor that can affect overqualification and relative deprivation, and the interaction effect with the main variables was verified. The results showed that overqualified perception was significantly related to career success. On the other hand, overqualified perception has a negative effect on work engagement, and work engagement has a positive effect on career success. In addition, overqualified perception has a positive effect on relative deprivation, and relative deprivation has a negative effect on career success. Finally, relative deprivation and work engagement showed a significant partial mediation effect between overqualification and career success, and the moderating effect of perceived organizational support significantly moderated the negative relationship between relative deprivation and career success when the moderating effect was expressed. The rapid changes in today's society and organizations have highlighted the importance of human resource management in organizations. Therefore, it is worth noting that organizations perceive a between relative deprivation and career success mitigates the negative effects of work engagement and career success. A total of 327 questionnaires were collected from white-collar workers in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 310 final questionnaires were used for empirical analysis. Based on previous studies, the negative effect of overqualification perception on career success is based on the previous studies. In this process, the mediating roles of work engagement and relative deprivation were confirmed, and organizational support perception was set as a factor that can affect overqualification and relative deprivation, and the interaction effect with the main variables was verified. The results showed that overqualified perception was significantly related to career success. On the other hand, overqualified perception has a negative effect on work engagement, and work engagement has a positive effect on career success. In addition, overqualified perception has a positive effect on relative deprivation, and relative deprivation has a negative effect on career success. Finally, relative deprivation and work engagement showed a significant partial mediation effect between overqualification and career success, and the moderating effect of perceived organizational support significantly moderated the negative relationship between relative deprivation and career success when the moderating effect was expressed. The rapid changes in today's society and organizations have highlighted the importance of human resource management in organizations. Therefore, it is worth noting that organizations perceive a

Korean High School EFL Learners’ Production and Perception of English Word-final Stop Voicing Contrast

강소원 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

한국어와 영어의 폐쇄음은 음절말(coda)에서의 음운론적 특성에서 차이를 보인다. 첫째, 영어 폐쇄음은 음절 코다에서 유무성 대조를 허용하는 반면 한국어의 폐쇄음은 코다 자리에 어떠한 후두음 대조도 허용하지 않는다. 둘째, 영어에서 어말 폐쇄음의 버스트(burst) 방출이 자주 나타나지만, 한국어의 어말 폐쇄음은 버스트가 항상 미방출 된다. 이러한 한국어와 영어의 음운론적인 차이로 인하여 한국인 영어 학습자들이 영어 어말 폐쇄음 유무성 대조를 발화하고 인식하는데 어려움을 겪을 수 있다. 이러한 사항을 고려하여, 본 연구는 한국 고등학생 영어 학습자들의 음절말 폐쇄음 유무성 대조의 발화와 인지에 대하여 연구하고, 더 나아가 이들 간의 관계에 관하여 탐구하였다. 첫 번째로 8명의 영어 원어민, 8명의 고급수준 한국인 학습자, 8명의 중급 수준 한국인 학습자가 생산 실험에 참여하여 주어진 단어들 소리 내어 읽었다. 이들의 목소리를 녹음한 후, 선행 모음 길이, 선행 모음 끝 부분 F1값, 폐쇄 중 유성 구간 길이, 폐쇄 구간 길이, 그리고 버스트 방출 지속 구간 길이를 분석하였다. 또한, 녹음본을 10명의 영어 원어민에게 들려준 후, 무엇으로 들렸는지 답하도록 하였다. 그 다음 단계에서 실험 참가자들은 두 섹션으로 이루어진 인지 실험에 참가하였다. 첫 번째 섹션에서 참가자들은 원래 녹음 파일을 들었고, 두 번째 섹션에서는 조작된 녹음파일을 듣고 각 단어가 어떤 단어로 들리는지 답하였는데, 이 파일은 본래 파일을 모음부분, 폐쇄부분, 버스트 방출부분으로 나눠 재조합 하는 방식으로 조작된 것이었다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 참가자들의 어말 폐쇄음 유무성 생산의 이해가능성과 인지의 정확성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 중급 학습자들은 영어 원어민 화자보다 유의미하게 낮은 발화 이해도(intelligibility)와 인지적 구분능력을 보였다. 고급 학습자들의 경우 생산의 이해도는 영어 원어민보다 낮았지만, 그들과 유사한 인지적 구분능력을 보였다. 더 나아가 한국인 영어 학습자들의 생산의 이해도와 인지적 구분능력 간의 상관관계는 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 즉 어말 폐쇄음을 생산하는 것과 인지하는 것은 별개의 능력일 수 있음을 시사한다. 더 나아가, 실험참여자들의 어말 폐쇄음에 대한 음성 단서 위계를 발화와 인지 측면에서 분석하였다. 고급 학습자들은 대체적으로 발화와 인지 음성 단서 위계 모두 영어 원어민과 유사하였다. 다만, 영어 원어민들은 버스트 방출을 어말 유무성 대조를 생산할 때 주요 단서로 사용하지 않은 반면, 고급학습자들은 오히려 이를 주요 단서로 사용했다는 차이점이 있었다. 이에 비해 중급 학습자는 영어 원어민과 고급학습자의 음성 단서 위계와 비교했을 때 주요한 차이를 보였다. 중급 학습자들은 모음 단서에 대해 생산의 측면에서도 인지의 측면에서도 민감하지 않은 모습을 보였다. 생산의 측면에서는 유무성 여부는 선행 모음의 끝부분 F1값에 유의미한 영향을 끼치지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 선행 모음 길이에는 유의미한 영향을 끼치기는 했지만 유성의 경우와 무성의 경우 차이가 상대적으로 굉장히 적은 편이였다. 더 나아가, 인지 측면에서도 모음 부분에 대한 음성 단서 민감도가 낮았다. 본 연구의 결과는 모국어 전이로 인해 한국인 영어 학습자들이 어말 폐쇄음 유무성 대조를 발화하고 인지하는데 어려움을 겪고 있음을 보여준다. 특히, 중급 학습자들은 영어 원어민이나 고급 학습자들에 비해 어말 폐쇄음 유무성 대조를 제대로 생산하고 인지할 수 없었다. 그러나 고급 학습자의 결과에서 보여지듯, 영어 수준이 높아짐에 따라 거의 원어민 수준으로 어말 폐쇄음 유무성을 인지할 수 있을 가능성이 시사된다. 그렇지만 여전히 생산의 측면에서는 별도의 훈련 과정이 필요할 수 있을 것이다. Korean and English differ from each other in terms of the phonological behaviors of stop codas: (i) English stops allow voicing distinction in the syllable coda position, while Korean stops do not allow any laryngeal distinction in the coda position; (ii) English often releases the word-final stops, while Korean word-final stops are always unreleased. Due to these differences between Korean and English, Korean EFL learners can have difficulties in producing and perceiving word-final stop voicing. In this respect, the current study investigated Korean high school EFL learners’ production and perception of word-final stop voicing contrast, and also explored the relations between them. As an initial step, 8 advanced and 8 intermediate Korean high school students and 8 native English speakers were asked to complete a production test. The recordings of their production of the stimuli were acoustically analyzed in terms of preceding vowel duration, preceding vowel F1 offset frequency, closure voicing duration, closure duration, and release burst duration. Furthermore, 10 native speakers listened to the recordings and answered what the recordings sound like. For the next step, the participants took a listening test which consisted of two sections. In the first section, the participants listened to the original stimuli recorded and in the second section they listened to the manipulated stimuli and answered what the recordings sound closer to. Based on the results of the study, the participants’ production intelligibility and perceptual identification ability for word-final stop voicing were analyzed. It was discovered that the intermediate learners had significantly lower production intelligibility and perceptual identification ability than the native English speakers. As for the advanced students, they had lower production intelligibility compared to the native English speakers, whereas their perceptual identification ability was almost native-like. Furthermore, the correlation between the Korean EFL learners’ production intelligibility and perceptual identification ability was not significant, which indicates that the ability to produce and perceive the word-final stop voicing are two distinct matters. Moreover, the participants’ cue sensitivity for word-final stop voicing was analyzed in terms of production, perception, and their relationship. The advanced EFL learners’ production and perception cue hierarchy resembled the native English speakers’. The intermediate learners, however, had critical differences with the native English speakers. They were insensitive to the vowel cues both in terms of production and perception. In their production, voicing had an insignificant effect on the preceding vowel F1 offset frequency, and the gap between the preceding vowel duration of voiced and voiceless stimuli was very small. Also, they had perceptually low vowel cue-robustness. The findings of this study suggest that Korean EFL learners have some difficulties producing and perceiving the word-final voicing contrast. Especially, the intermediate EFL learners could not properly produce and perceive the word-final stop voicing contrast compared to the native English speakers and the advanced learners. It can be expected, however, that their perception ability can become near native-like as their English proficiency develops. Still, their production ability calls for separate training, as the result of the advanced participants shows.

촉각의 인식 특성 해석과 제시에 관한 연구

윤명종 전북대학교 대학원 2009 국내박사

The tactile perception characteristics were analyzed to help for the development of a tactile display device and the establishment of a tactile display technology. The tactile perception characteristics were analyzed through the psychophysical experiments. Also, to apply a tactile display to a walking guide of the blind, its applicability was investigated, concretely. In chapter 2, the recent studies on a tactile perception characteristics and a tactile display technology were reviewed. In chapter 3, the psychophysical experiments for the tactile perception of shape were carried out by the estimation of the subject group. The psychophysical experiments consist of the experiment for the perception thresholds to stimulations, one for the shape perception, and one for the vibrotactile perception. Through the experiment the threshold of tactile perception to multi-stimulation with some line shape was obtained. Also the appropriate tactile stimulus amplitude and frequency of the tactile stimulation array to recognize arbitrary shapes effectively were derived and discussed. The results of psychophysical experiments were following. In generally, the human skin is more sensitive to high frequency stimulus than low frequency one for the same stimulus amplitude. In the frequency range of 1Hz~50Hz, the amplitude of 120㎛ or more was recommended as a tactile stimulus amplitude for the recognition of multi-stimulation with a line shape. The perception sensitivity of the human skin was improved according to the increase of stimulus amplitude, stimulus frequency and stimulus quantity. Also, these parameters showed a reciprocal relationship. Although only one of these parameters was increased, the higher correct answer rate was obtained in the perception of shape. To design an efficient vibrotactile display device of array-type and compact size, the effect of some main parameters, such as the amplitude and frequency of vibration, and the spacing and quantity of vibrated pins on vibrotactile perception, should be considered. Through experiment and analysis, the minimal amplitude of vibrating stimuli and the spacing effect on the perception of vibrotactile pattern were investigated and discussed. From the experimental results and analyses, the perception to vibrotactile pattern was more sensitive in the low range of stimulation condition when one of these conditions was improved. Also it was increased according to the increase of the spacing of the vibrated pins, and 2.0mm, the spacing of the vibrated pins, was recommended. Above 200㎛ at 5Hz or 100㎛ at 10Hz, these stimulus amplitude and frequency were recommended for the sufficient perception of a vibrotactile pattern. The performance of tactile perception between the blind and the sighted were not greatly different. An appropriate type of actuator satisfying the requirements of a compact and array type of tactile display device for the effective transfer of pattern information was discussed. By the review, the solenoid or piezoelectric actuator could be recommended as an appropriate type of actuator for making a compact and efficient tactile display device. To apply a solenoid or piezoelectric actuator to a portable device, power consumption should be considered further. Also, the tactile display devices using piezoelectric actuators and vibration motors were introduced. In chapter 4, to apply a tactile display to a walking guide of the blind, its applicability was investigated, concretely. In walking guide device, a guide vehicle detects an obstacle distribution in walking space using range sensors, and generates a 3D grid map to mapping the obstacle information and the tactile display. And the obstacle information is transferred to a blind pedestrian using tactile feedback. Based on the obstacle information a user plans walking route and controls the guide vehicle. The algorithm of 3D detection of an obstacle distribution and the method of mapping the generated obstacle map and the tactile display device were proposed. The experiments for the 3D detection of an obstacle distribution using ultrasonic sensors and the transfer of obstacle distribution by the tactile display device were performed and estimated. In this dissertation, an obstacle distribution in space was divided by 9 regions, and each ultrasonic sensor detected the 9 regions, respectively. The arrangement of 9 ultrasonic sensors made a 3 by 3 sensor matrix. The detecting region in azimuth direction was 150 degrees, and a detecting region by each sensor was 50 degrees. The first and second row sensors at the sensor matrix detected the obstacle distribution on the ground. To distinguish a hanging obstacle or above 1m height obstacle from an obstacle distribution on the ground, the tilt angle of the first row sensors was 50 degrees. The third row sensors were used for down step detection. A 3D grid map was proposed as mapping the generated obstacle map and the tactile feedback. The space grid map, which extended the 2D grid map to 3D grid map, represented the obstacle distribution in a given space. The 3D grid map was generated using 3D detection data of an obstacle distribution, and consisted of 3 by 3 matrix. According to the 3D grid map, the distances and shapes of obstacles were represented by variable amplitude or frequency of vibrotactile elements in a tactile display device. Through the experiments, the followings were verified. The obstacle distributions, which were fixed obstacles on the ground, a down step and moving obstacle, were detected as appropriate. And it was transferred to the tactile display device using the vibration motors, appropriately. In the experimental result for the transfer of a obstacle distribution using the tactile display device, the percent of correct answer was 81.25%.

대전 지역 대학생의 학교식당과 주변식당의 서비스품질 인지도 비교

秦莹莹 忠南大學校 大學院 2011 국내석사

In order to compare the service quality perception between university campus restaurants and surrounding restaurants, 487 university students in Daejon were surveyed by using self-recorded questionnaire from November to December, 2010. The results were as follows: 1. Of 21 items for service quality the perception items related to cleanliness and correctness were relatively higher in campus restaurants than the surrounding restaurants, while the perception items related to reflection, empathy and menu were lower. However There were no differences of the total average perception scores between two restaurants. 2. Five factors were extracted from the service quality perception of campus restaurants: factor1 cleanliness, factor2 tangibles, factor3 empathy, factor4 menu quality, factor5 assurance. And four factors were obtained from that of surrounding restaurants: factor1 cleanliness & tangibles, factor2 empathy, factor3 menu quality, factor4 assurance. their total variance explained were 63.287% and 59.675%, respectively. 3. When comparing the service quality perception between the two restaurants, university surrounding restaurant showed higher value than campus restaurant in perception of empathy and menu quality, while lower in perception assurance. The perception of cleanliness in campus restaurant could be presumed to be higher than in surrounding restaurant. 4. There were some variables which could affect the service quality perceptions: student's residence type, having breakfast or not, food related life style use purpose of campus restaurant, and companions of restaurant visit. In conclusion, the perceptions of empathy and menu quality were relatively higher in university surrounding restaurant and assurance and cleanliness were better perceived in campus restaurant, compared to the counterparts. And some student's characteristics about socio-demographics and restaurant usage might affect service quality perception of the two restaurants. Therefore, university campus restaurant should make efforts to improve service quality, especially in terms of menu and empathy, and university surrounding restaurant should do so in terms of assurance and cleanliness. Those efforts should include the consideration of student's characteristics of demographics, dietary lifestyle and restaurant use purpose. In this way, the satisfaction of using restaurants in and out campus and the quality of university life can be improved.

Neurobehavioral outcomes of an audiovisual emotion perception training in schizotypy

Chun Yeseul 고려대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

The aims of the current study were to investigate emotion perception and to verify the neurobehavioral efficacy of an audiovisual emotion perception training in schizotypy. Schizotypy refers to a personality trait on the schizophrenia spectrum, which shares genetic, neurological, and cognitive features with schizophrenia and other schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Results regarding emotion perception in individuals with schizotypy have been inconsistent. Williams et al (2007) argued that these inconsistencies might arise from different methods of group classification, stimuli, and tasks. Most of the training programs to improve emotion perception, which were usually focused on facial emotion perception, have been used for autistic or schizophrenic patients. Given that people in the general population could have difficulties in emotion perception and emotion perception plays an important role in successful social functioning, it is important to develop proper tasks and training programs to measure and improve emotion perception. Therefore, a new type of training program, using an audiovisual emotion perception task, was assessed for individuals with schizotypy in this study. Experimental groups (schizotypy and normal control group) were chosen on the basis of scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The schizotypy group was divided into two sub-groups (i.e., trained and no trained group) and participants of the schizotypy group were randomly assigned to these sub-groups. Thus, there were finally 3 groups in the current study; schizotypy trained group (STT; n = 19), schizotypy controlled group (STC; n = 15), normal control group (NC; n = 17). The current study consisted of 8 experimental sessions: a baseline, six training and a test session. The frequency of the participants’ involvement in the study varied according to the group that they belonged to. As a result, STT group visited the laboratory eight times (a baseline, 6 training, a test session), whereas STC group visited only twice (a baseline and a session). Participants in the NC group participated at the baseline session. The Korean-facial emotion discrimination task (K-FEDT), Korean-facial emotion identification task (K-FEIT), and audiovisual emotion perception task (AEPT) were performed in the baseline and test sessions, and EEGs were recorded during the AEPT. Participants in the STT group were given feedback following their responses during the AEPT in the six training sessions. While the schizotypy (STT + STC group) and NC groups were not significantly different in the K-FEDT and AEPT in the baseline session, the schizotypy group had more difficulty in identifying angry faces than the NC group. In addition, the negative schizotypy factor of the SPQ, which includes social anxiety, no close friends, constricted affect, and paranoid ideation, were negatively correlated with AEPT accuracy in the baseline session. The STT group was divided into two groups (high and low negative schizotypy) to analyze performance during the six training sessions. Accuracy was higher in the low negative schizotypy group than in the higher negative schizotypy group. Compared to the STC group, the STT group showed increased performance in the AEPT and K-FEDT in the test session. The STT group also showed increased accuracy in identifying angry faces in the K-FEIT in the test session; there was no significant difference between STT and NC groups. Finally, a training effect was also reflected in the ERP data. After training, amplitudes of the P2 component at the occipital sites were increased in the STT group, but decreased in the STC group. In summary, the current study revealed that the schizotypy group had more difficulty in identifying angry faces than the NC group, and showed improved emotion perception following audiovisual emotion perception training. Among the schizotypy group, however, participants with high negative schizotypy scores showed worse performance in the AEPT during baseline and training sessions than those with low negative schizotypy scores. These results imply that six sessions of audiovisual training could be effective for improving emotion perception in a schizotypy group, and that training is more effective in individuals with high negative schizotypy.

개인적 위험인식과 사회적 위험인식이 미세먼지 관련 행동에 미치는 영향

한지원 이화여자대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

The present study examined the effect of personal risk perception and social risk perception on behaviors (information seeking, systematic information processing, response behavioral intentions) about Particulate Matter, using psychological distance and negative emotions as mediating variables. We conducted a survey research to investigate whether stress coping styles, as a personal dimension variable, moderate this process. In Addition, we explored whether campaign messages manipulated according to the dimensions of risk perception have an impact on behaviors about Particulate Matter, and whether this effect is moderated by cultural worldview, a socio-cultural dimension variable, in conjunction with stress coping styles. The reason for distinguishing between the dimensions of risk perception (personal risk perception and social risk perception) lies in the scarcity of studies that have examined their distinct influences. While personal risk perception tends to drive behavior, social risk perception does not have the same tendency. Recognizing this differential effect and the need for specific guidelines for the effectiveness of Particulate Matter messaging strategies based on these perceptions, this study divided risk perception into personal and social risk perceptions. It examined the influence of these dimensions by considering mediating variables (psychological distance, negative emotions), dependent variables (behavior), and moderating variables (stress coping styles, cultural worldview) based on the Impersonal Impact Hypothesis and the Differential Impact Hypothesis. This research perspective contributes to a more nuanced understanding of Particulate Matter risk communication in South Korea by precisely and systematically analyzing the distinct influence of risk perception dimensions, which was not adequately addressed in previous studies that measured risk perception as a single construct. Study 1 aimed to assess the current state of risk perception about Particulate Matter in South Korea. It sought to determine whether personal risk perception and social risk perception affect behaviors (information seeking, systematic information processing, response behavioral intentions) about Particulate Matter through mediating variables, such as psychological distance and negative emotions, while considering the moderating influence of individual-level variables, specifically stress coping styles. The choice of stress coping styles as a moderating variable was motivated by several factors. Stress coping styles are considered as one of an individual's habitual tendencies. In addition, From the perspective of crisis management, coping during crises is informed by everyday coping. Not only of that, prior research indicated that stress coping styles could affect risk perception dimensions and behaviors. The results revealed that the effect of risk perception dimensions on behaviors about Particulate Matter varied. Specifically, personal risk perception had a greater impact on information seeking than social risk perception, while social risk perception had a greater influence on systematic information processing and response behavioral intentions compared to personal risk perception. Furthermore, the mediating effects of psychological distance, negative emotions, and the dual mediating effects of psychological distance and negative emotions were all higher for social risk perception than for personal risk perception. However, it was observed that the mediating effect of outward negative emotions showed a stronger influence on social risk perception, whereas the mediating effect of inward negative emotions displayed a stronger influence on personal risk perception. Concerning the moderating effect of stress coping styles, active coping styles had a significant moderating effect on social risk perception among the group with low active coping, while passive coping styles had a significant moderating effect on personal risk perception among the group with high passive coping. In Study 2, we designed campaign messages tailored to different dimensions of risk perception and examined whether these messages, based on risk perception dimensions, influenced behaviors about Particulate Matter through the mediating variables of psychological distance and negative emotions. In Addition, we investigated whether these effects were moderated by individual-level variables, specifically stress coping styles, and social-cultural dimensions, such as cultural worldviews. The reason for examining the moderating effect of cultural worldviews was twofold. Firstly, in message-effect experimental research, understanding how individuals with different orientations react differently is crucial. Secondly, we deemed it important to explore how individual-level variables and social-level variables exhibit distinct moderating effects. The results revealed that the regression and mediation effects of the messages manipulated based on dimensions of risk perception were not statistically significant. However, significant moderation effects were observed. The moderation effect of passive coping styles was significant, particularly in the group with high social risk perception when messages were manipulated based on this dimension. In addition, an interaction effect between message group (0 for messages manipulated based on personal risk perception, and 1 for messages manipulated based on social risk perception) and passive coping styles was found to be significant in relation to outward negative emotions. Furthermore, the moderation effect of individualism was significant, particularly in the group with low individualism when messages were manipulated based on social risk perception. An interaction effect between message group and individualism was also found to be significant in relation to inward negative emotions. These findings suggest that the effects of the manipulated messages varied depending on dimensions of risk perception and were further influenced by passive coping styles and individualism. This study distinguishes itself from previous research in several ways. Firstly, unlike prior studies that measured risk perception as a single construct, this research divides risk perception into personal risk perception and social risk perception based on theoretical frameworks and previous literature. This approach sets it apart from earlier studies as it deeply analyzed the differential impact of these dimensions of risk perception and conducted message effectiveness experiments accordingly to interpret policy implications. In addition, while prior research often measured negative emotions as a single construct, this study recognizes the unique characteristics of Particulate Matter issues in South Korea and systematically distinguishes between outward negative emotions and inward negative emotions. This differentiation adds a new dimension to the analysis that is distinct from previous research. Moreover, this research introduces the variables of stress coping styles as a personal dimension and cultural worldviews as a social dimension, allowing for a multidimensional approach to understanding Particulate Matter risk communication in South Korea. This multidimensional approach adds another layer of distinctiveness compared to previous research. By pioneering these new approaches, this study can serve as a stepping stone for subsequent research that can academically validate the effect of risk perception dimensions (personal and social risk perception). Furthermore, it can contribute to exploring the policy and practical implications of applying Particulate Matter message strategies based on these dimensions, potentially becoming a valuable resource for policy and practice in the field. 이 연구에서는 개인적 위험인식과 사회적 위험인식의 영향력을 심리적 거리와 부정적 감정을 매개변인으로, 미세먼지 관련 행동(정보추구, 체계적 정보처리, 대응행동의도)를 종속변인으로 하여, 이 과정을 개인적 차원의 변수인 스트레스 대처방식이 조절하는지 설문조사 연구를 통해 살펴보았다. 또한, 위험인식의 차원에 따라 조작한 캠페인 메시지가 미세먼지 관련 행동에 미치는 영향의 과정을 스트레스 대처방식과 함께 사회·문화적 차원의 변수인 문화적 세계관이 조절하는지 메시지 효과 실험연구를 통해 검증하였다. 위험인식의 차원(개인적 위험인식, 사회적 위험인식) 구분에 주목한 이유는 개인적 위험인식은 행동을 이끌지만, 사회적 위험인식은 그렇지 않은 경향이 있는데 이들의 차별적인 영향력을 살펴본 연구가 희박하고, 이러한 인식차를 바탕으로 미세먼지 메시지 전략의 효과에 대한 구체적인 지침이 필요하다고 판단했기 때문이다. 이에 이 연구는 비개인적 영향가설과 차별적 영향가설을 바탕으로 위험인식을 개인적 위험인식과 사회적 위험인식으로 나누고, 위험인식의 차원에 따른 영향력을 해석 수준 이론, 감정의 휴리스틱 관점, 그리고 감정의 인지적 평가이론을 토대로 매개변인(심리적 거리, 부정적 감정), 종속변인(행동 변인), 조절변인(스트레스 대처방식, 문화적 세계관)을 상정하여 체계적으로 알아보았다. 이러한 연구 관점은 기존에 위험인식을 하나로 통합하여 측정한 선행연구들에서 충분히 밝히지 못했던 위험인식의 차원에 따른 차별적인 영향력을 정밀하게 구체적으로 분석함으로써 우리나라 미세먼지 위험 커뮤니케이션에 대한 이해를 다각화할 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 먼저 연구 1은 우리나라의 현재 미세먼지 관련 위험인식 상황을 파악하기 위한 연구이다. 개인적 위험인식과 사회적 위험인식이 각각 심리적 거리와 부정적 감정을 매개하여 미세먼지 관련 행동(정보추구, 체계적 정보처리, 대응행동의도)에 미치는 영향을 개인적 차원의 변수인 스트레스 대처방식이 조절하는지 파악하고자 하였다. 스트레스 대처방식을 조절변인으로 설정한 이유는 스트레스 대처방식은 개인이 가지는 습관적 경향성 중 하나라는 맥락에서, 위기시 대응은 평상시 대응을 이끈다는 위기 관리 관점에서, 그리고 선행연구를 통해 위험인식의 차원 및 행동에 영향을 미칠 것이기 때문이다. 분석 결과, 위험인식의 차원에 따라서 미세먼지 관련 행동에 미치는 영향이 다르게 나타났다. 구체적으로, 개인적 위험인식은 정보추구에 사회적 위험인식보다 더 많은 영향을 미치고, 사회적 위험인식은 체계적 정보처리와 대응행동의도에 개인적 위험인식보다 더 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 또한, 심리적 거리의 매개효과, 부정적 감정의 매개효과, 심리적 거리와 부정적 감정의 이중매개효과 모두 사회적 위험인식의 경우가 개인적 위험인식의 경우보다 더 높았다. 다만, 외향적 부정감정의 매개효과는 사회적 위험인식의 영향력이 높은 경향을 보이고, 내향적 부정감정의 매개효과는 개인적 위험인식의 영향력이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 스트레스 대처방식의 조절효과 관련, 적극적 대처방식의 조절효과가 적극적 대처 저집단에서 사회적 위험인식에 대해 유의미하고, 소극적 대처방식의 조절효과는 소극적 대처 고집단에서 개인적 위험인식에 대해 유의미한 것으로 확인되었다. 이어서 연구 2에는 연구 1의 미세먼지 위험인식에 대한 상황 파악을 넘어서, 실제로 위험인식의 차원에 따른 캠페인 메시지를 디자인하고, 메시지가 심리적 거리와 부정적 감정을 매개하여 미세먼지 관련 행동에 미치는 영향을 스트레스 대처방식과 함께 사회·문화적 차원의 변수인 문화적 세계관이 조절하는지를 알아보았다. 문화적 세계관의 조절효과를 추가적으로 살펴본 이유는 메시지 효과 실험 연구에서는 사람들의 성향에 따라서 어떻게 다른 반응을 보이는지가 중요하고, 개인적 차원의 변수와 사회적 차원의 변수가 어떠한 상이한 조절효과를 보이는지가 중요하다고 판단했기 때문이다. 분석 결과, 위험인식의 차원에 따라 조작한 메시지들의 회귀 효과와 매개 효과는 유의미하지 않았다. 조절효과가 유의미했는데, 소극적 대처의 조절효과는 사회적 위험인식으로 조작한 메시지일수록 소극적 대처 고집단에서 유의미하고, 메시지 소구집단(개인적 위험인식으로 조작한 메시지=0, 사회적 위험인식으로 조작한 메시지=1)과 소극적 대처가 외향적 부정감정에 미치는 상호작용 효과가 유의미하였다. 개인주의의 조절효과는 사회적 위험인식으로 조작한 메시지일수록 개인주의 저집단에서 유의미하고, 메시지 소구집단과 개인주의가 내향적 부정감정에 미치는 상호작용 효과가 유의미한 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구는 기존 연구들이 위험인식을 하나로 통합하여 측정한 데 비하여, 이 연구는 위험인식을 이론과 선행연구를 토대로 개인적 위험인식과 사회적 위험인식으로 구분하여 위험인식의 차원에 따른 영향력을 심층적으로 분석한 점, 그리고 이를 토대로 메시지 효과 실험 연구를 진행하여 정책적 함의를 해석한 점에서 이전 연구들과 차별점을 가진다. 더불어, 이전 연구들이 부정적 감정을 하나로 통합하여 측정한 데 비하여, 이 연구는 우리나라 미세먼지의 귀인적 특수성을 참작, 외향적 부정감정과 내향적 부정감정으로 구분하여 체계적으로 분석한 점에서 이전 연구들과 차별성을 지닌다. 뿐만 아니라, 미세먼지 위험인식과 행동을 조절하는 변수로 스트레스 대처방식이라는 개인적 차원의 변수와 문화적 세계관이라는 사회적 차원의 변수를 비교·분석함으로써 우리나라의 미세먼지 위험 커뮤니케이션에 대한 다차원적 접근을 가능하게 한 점에서 이전 연구들과 차별점을 가진다. 이러한 탐색적 시도를 디딤돌로 삼아 위험인식의 차원(개인적 위험인식, 사회적 위험인식)의 영향력을 고려한 후속 연구가 학문적 검증을 통해 확장될 수 있을 것이다. 나아가, 이 연구가 위험인식의 차원을 적용한 미세먼지 메시지 전략의 정책적·실무적 효과를 모색하는데 적용이 가능한 유용한 연구로 발돋움하기를 기대한다.

Speech-in-Noise Perception and Self-Perceived Hearing Handicap in Mild Cognitive Impairment : 경도인지장애에서 소음 상황에서의 말소리 지각 및 일상생활 듣기 장애

Lee, Soo Jung 연세대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내박사

Using mixed reality, artificial intelligence analysis, and brain imaging to investigate multisensory perception

Hyeokmook Kang 고려대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

Using mixed reality, artificial intelligence analysis, and brain imaging to investigate multisensory perception Hyeokmook Kang Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering Thesis advisor: Prof. Dr. Christian Wallraven Abstract Background: Our brain receives a large amount of input from different sensory modalities. How it manages to integrate these into one coherent percept is an interesting research topic with a long history. Existing research, however, has mostly been conducted with impoverished, low-level stimuli that lack ecological validity. With the advent of new technologies, it has now become possible to study multisensory integration (MI) at unprecedented levels of realism while maintaining the control necessary to conduct precise experiments. Objective: The present thesis has the aim to investigate aspects of multisensory integration making full use of the availability of novel paradigms and setups: in the first study reported here, we make use of mixed reality and parametrically-defined, 3D-printed objects to be able to dissociate and manipulate visual and touch inputs, and further employing deep learning to study the hand interaction data that can be gathered in such a mixed reality setup (Study 1). Similarly, the idea of parameter spaces can be ideally employed to investigate with neuroimaging to study how the brain would perceive different perceptually-parametrized materials (Study 2). Study 3 finally makes use of an advanced motion simulator system to investigate core multisensory integration of different modalities during acceleration perception. Study 1 Research questions: How do we integrate the information of touch and vision? Which of the two modalities is “more important”? A classical study by Rock and Victor demonstrated that estimation in incongruent visual and touch condition was similar to the vision alone condition, a phenomenon they termed “visual capture”. Later studies showed, however, that – depending on the experimental context – vision and touch could be assigned a variety of weights. These results can be modeled in a cue integration framework assigning the weights according to the reliability of each cue. Importantly, however, previous studies solely focused on integration of vision and touch for low-level object properties (such as curvature, slant, or depth). We therefore ask the following research questions: How do we weight vision and touch during higher-level percepts (here that of global shape)? Can we change the weighting with instructions? Will it be possible to identify shapes and other experimental conditions from the hand kinematics data? Methods: We set out to investigate multisensory integration of vision and touch in a higher-level task in which objects varied parametrically in complex ways in their global shape. In addition, we tried to manipulate the weights given to either modality using external instructions. This was made possible through a novel mixed reality setup coupled with hand-tracking. In this setup, participants were asked to explore objects in both unimodal and multimodal settings with the latter also including congruent and incongruent conditions. Our setup also made it possible to analyze the hand-tracking patterns, for which a deep-learning-based analysis was conducted. Results: Results from unimodal conditions showed that participants were able to do the task with a slight advantage of visual over touch exploration. Importantly, results from the bimodal experiments demonstrated a surprisingly clear haptic dominance and that participants’ strong weighting of the haptic input was only marginally influenceable by external instructions. The results of the hand-tracking patterns showed that both decoding of object type and congruence condition was possible within participant prediction. Decoding accuracy suffered, however, when moving across participant prediction, which confirms the results of the correlation analysis as participants’ hand movements seem to be idiosyncratic. Study 2 Research questions: How does our brain process the vast range of different materials that exist in the world? Previous studies on this topic have mostly focused on limited ranges of materials or only have used one physical dimension in their exploration of brain activation patterns. We therefore ask: is it possible to decode behavioral similarity patterns in neural data for tactile perception of a diverse set of materials? Methods: We examined brain activation patterns correlated with behavioral data in a diverse sample of different materials using multivariate decoding methods. First, we conducted a behavioral similarity judgment task of 15 materials, which were then clustered into seven sub-categories. The resulting behavioral similarity patterns were then correlated with neural activation patterns in a whole-brain, correlational analysis. Results: Our brain imaging results implicate a wide range of brain regions (including frontal regions, motor areas, inferior regions, but also areas of the visual ventral stream). These regions are analyzed in relation to existing literature and represent a further step in our understanding of how complex stimulus properties are processed and translated in the brain. Study 3 Research questions: One crucial factor for determining the human factors aspects of driving experience is the perception and evaluation of acceleration - a complex, multisensory process that integrates auditory, vestibular, and visual input. Two important questions that need to be answered in order to better characterize this perception include: How do individual sensory inputs influence acceleration perception? and how does acceleration perception change at different acceleration levels? Methods: We used a unique setup based on a cable-robot simulator (CRS) that allowed us to manipulate the different modalities at different levels of acceleration with real-world, in-car data for maximum realism. Specifically, we measured the just noticeable differences (JNDs) of acceleration perception in five different sensory modality combinations and at different acceleration levels with the same set of participants. Results: Only the auditory (unimodality) condition had different (higher) JNDs from the other modalities, and the perception of acceleration may strongly depend only on vestibular input. In multisensory cue integration modeling, people seemed to weigh the vestibular cue more than the auditory cue for acceleration perception. We also found evidence of Weber’s law with JNDs increasing linearly with increasing acceleration level. Our results also show little evidence for effective cue integration of auditory information in this setup.