Automatic Heart Segmentation using Gradient-assisted Localized Active Contour in Cardiac CT Images : 심장 컴퓨터 단층촬영 영상으로부터 경사도 보조 지역 능동 윤곽 모델을 이용한 심장 영역 자동 분할 기법

강호철 서울대학교 대학원 2015 국내박사

The heart is one of the most important human organs, and composed of complex structures. Computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single photon emission computed tomography are widely used, non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities. Compared with other modalities, CTA can provide more detailed anatomic information of the heart chambers, vessels, and coronary arteries due to its higher spatial resolution. To obtain important morphological information of the heart, whole heart segmentation is necessary and it can be used for clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to segment the four chambers of the heart automatically. First, the whole heart is coarsely extracted. This is separated into the left and right parts using a geometric analysis based on anatomical information and a subsequent power watershed. Then, the proposed gradient-assisted localized active contour model (GLACM) refines the left and right sides of the heart segmentation accurately. Finally, the left and right sides of the heart are separated into atrium and ventricle by minimizing the proposed split energy function that determines the boundary between the atrium and ventricle based on the shape and intensity of the heart. The main challenge of heart segmentation is to extract four chambers from cardiac CTA which has weak edges or separators. To enhance the accuracy of the heart segmentation, we use region-based information and edge-based information for the robustness of the accuracy in heterogeneous region. Model-based method, which requires a number of training data and proper template model, has been widely used for heat segmentation. It is difficult to model those data, since training data should describe precise heart regions and the number of data should be high in order to produce more accurate segmentation results. Besides, the training data are required to be represented with remarkable features, which are generated by manual setting, and these features must have correspondence for each other. However in our proposed methods, the training data and template model is not necessary. Instead, we use edge, intensity and shape information from cardiac CTA for each chamber segmentation. The intensity information of CTA can be substituted for the shape information of the template model. In addition, we devised adaptive radius function and Gaussian-pyramid edge map for GLACM in order to utilize the edge information effectively and improve the accuracy of segmentation comparison with original localizing region-based active contour model (LACM). Since the radius of LACM affects the overall segmentation performance, we proposed an energy function for changing radius adaptively whether homogeneous or heterogeneous region. Also we proposed split energy function in order to segment four chambers of the heart in cardiac CT images and detects the valve of atrium and ventricle. In experimental results using twenty clinical datasets, the proposed method identified the four chambers accurately and efficiently. We also demonstrated that this approach can assist the cardiologist for the clinical investigations and functional analysis.

흰쥐 심장 에서 허혈 및 재관류 손상에 대한 flavonoids 의 보호 효과

박성실 전북대학교 의학대학원 2010 국내박사

Flavonoids are well known antioxidant in vitro. We investigated if flavonoids such as chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), rutin, daidzein, genistein, quercetin and biochanin A had the protective effect on isolated rat hearts. Hearts were subject to 20 min of normoxia, 20 min zero-flow ischemia and then 50 min reperfusion. Flavonoids were perfused 20 min before ischemia and the whole reperfusion period. In our results, EGCG, daidzain, genistein, quercetin and biochanin A increased coronary flow significantly before the ischemia. EGCG and chlorogenic acid increased coronary flow significantly on reperfusion period compared with control group. EGCG and rutin increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and positive and negative dP/dt (?dP/dt) significantly. EGCG, rutin, daidzein and biochanin A decreased left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in isolated rat hearts significantly. These results showed EGCG had most significantly protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. We have done further study with EGCG to evaluate the preventive role of EGCG on I/R injury in isolated rat hearts and in simulated I/R H9c2 cardiomocytes. EGCG increased expression levels of the Bcl-2, Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and decreased those of Bax and caspase-3 in isolated rat hearts. And EGCG increased cell viability and Bcl-2 levels, decreased Bax levels and caspase-3 activity in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. In conclusion EGCG has protective effect on I/R injury by preventing apoptosis and antioxidant. Sulforaphane is another one known to be an indirect antioxidant that acts by inducing Nrf2-dependent phase 2 enzymes. In this study, we also investigated whether sulforaphane protects heart against I/R injury. Sprague?Dawley rats received sulforaphane (500 ?g/kg/day) or vehicle intraperitoneally for 3 days and global ischemia was performed using isolated perfused Langendorff hearts. The protocol is the same to favonoids. Treatment with sulforaphane inhibited an increase in the post-ischemic LVEDP and improved the post-ischemic LVDP, ?dP/dt, and coronary flow as compared with the untreated control hearts. Pretreatment with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD), a mitochondrial KATP channel blocker, for 10 min before ischemia attenuated the improvement of LVEDP, LVDP, ?dP/dt, and coronary flow induced by sulforaphane. Sulforaphane markedly decreased the infarcted size and attenuated the increased lactate dehydrogenase level in effluent during reperfusion. Pretreatment with 5-HD also blocked these protective effects of sulforaphane. Post-ischemia increased the concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in coronary effluent, which attenuated by sulforaphane treatment. Decreases expression on Mn-SOD, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 protein levels by I/R were increased by sulforaphane treatment and pretreatment of 5-HD blocked the sulforaphane effects. Increase expression on Bax and caspase-3 protein levels, and decrease that on Bcl-2 by I/R were attenuated by sulforaphane treatment. These results suggest that the protective effects of sulforaphane against I/R injury maybe partly mediated through mitochondrial KATP channels and antioxidant pathway.

비접촉 심장 반응 추론 및 감성 인식 기술 개발

이현우 상명대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내박사

This study was to estimate the heart rate by combining facial color variation with ballistocardiographic head movements using a camera and to develop the synchronization of heart and face to recognize the real and fake emotions. In non-contact cardiac response measurement, the face was detected and tracked from the facial video. The photoplethysmographic and ballistocardiographic signals were measured from facial color variation and ballistocardiogrpahic head movements, respectively. This study tested three fusion methods to combining the photoplethysmographic signal with the ballistocardiogrpahic signal as: (1) ensemble averaging (EA); (2) principle component analysis (PCA); (3) independent component analysis (ICA). The heart rate was estimated from the combined signal by dominant Hz in frequency domain. The proposed fusion methods were tested in three experiments according to illumination variance and motion artifacts as: (1) normal; (2) facial expression; (3) human computer interactions. As a result, the proposed fusion methods were better than previous methods, which employ only facial color variation or ballistocardiographic head movements, in all experiments. In synchronization of heart and face, the heart evoked micro-movement (HEME) was proposed to recognize the real and fake emotions. The facial landmarks were detected from the face region by histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features with ensemble of regression tree. The 13 facial action units (AUs) were determined from the facial landmarks based on facial action coding system (FACS) according to six basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust and fear). The centroid was calculated from each facial AU based on polygon shape. The micro-expression was extracted as the difference between the centroids of facial AUs for successive frames. It was separated with 0.5 second of window size based on the peaks detected from the cardiac signal estimated from the proposed non-contact cardiac response measurement. The HEME was finally extracted by grand averaging of the separated micro-expressions for each facial AU. This study extracted 15 heart rate variability (HRV) features from the cardiac signal and 6 HEME features for each facial AU as: (1) Mean; (2) SD; (3) positive peak power (PPP); (4) positive peak time (PPT); (5) negative peak power (NPP); (6) negative peak time (NPT). The features were indicators of interaction of heart and face. The HRV and HEME features were tested in experiment to classify real and fake emotions in two-dimensional emotion model as: (1) positive-arousal; (2) negative-relaxed; (3) negative-arousal; (4) positive-relaxed. As a result, the HRV and HEME features showed a difference between real and fake emotions. In conclusion, the contributions of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) the fusion method based on facial color variation and ballistocardiogrpahic head movements improved non-contact cardiac response measurement with the benefits of each measurement; (2) the proposed rHR was demonstrated by comparing it with previous methods in various measurement conditions for a more practical application; (3) the synchronization of heart and face was determined by the proposed HEME analysis; (4) the proposed HEME was demonstrated in classification between real and face emotions.

MODELING, SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE HEART FROM 4D CARDIAC TAGGED-MR IMAGES

박경주 University of Pennsylvania 2005 해외박사

朴敬住 초록 Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of the Heart from 4D Cardiac tagged-MR images 사차원 tagged-MR 영상에서 심장을 모델링, 시뮬레이션, 분석 심장 모양과 움직임이 바뀌는 것은 심장병의 증세를 나타내는 합리적인 지표입니다. 정상인의 생리학과 기능장애에 관한 자세한 사항들은 질병의 원인과 증세 이해 또한 도울 수 있습니다. 지난 10년간 심장의 영상 자료로부터 심장 움직임을 공부하는 방법들에 있어서 많은 진보가 있었습니다. 그런 대부분의 시도들은 부분적인 성공을 거둔 단계에 있습니다. 그 중 통계적 모델을 이용한 방법들은 다양한 모습과 움직임을 처리하는 장점이 있지만, 그런 방법들은 시간 축이 변화할 때 correspondence 정보가 없고 여러 객체들 사이에서 correspondence 지점에 대한 것도 또한 모릅니다.그러므로 서로 다른 심장과 그 움직임을 비교하려는 기준 모델을 만드는 작업에 트레이닝 세트를 이용한다는 점은 correspondence가 없는 상황이라는 점에서 불확실성이 포함될 수 있습니다. 반면에 지금까지 parameterized model를 이용한 방법들은 좌심방과 우심방 중간부분까지 다룰 수 있었습니다만, 좌심방과 우심방의 베이스 부분 모두를 포함한 전체 모델이 심장 생리학과 해부학의 통찰적인 이해에 필요합니다. 이번 논문은 심장 전체를 - 좌심방, 우심방의 베이스 부분까지- 모델링하여 심장 움직임을 함수적으로 분석합니다.심장모델은 parameterized 기법으로 표현된 deformable 모델링을 기반으로 하였으며, blended 방법을 이용하여 다양한 심장의 변화를 다룰 수 있도록 만들어 지었습니다. 심장 기반모델은 finite element method(FEM)s 와 같이 사용되어 심장 움직임을 tagged magnetic resonance(MR) 이미지에서부터 구축합니다. Tagged MR 영상은, 시간의 흐를 때 심장 벽 안의 material 지점간의 상호 대응 정보를 가지고 있으며 따라서 그 material 지점들이 어떻게 움직이는지 트래킹할 수 있다는 점에서, 심장이 뛰는 동안 심장 막의 deformation 특징을 잡아낼 수 있는 가장 진보된 방법입니다. 각각의 material 지점들을 트래킹할 때 작용되는 힘에 따라서, 심장 모델은 그 deformation 을 계산할 수 있습니다. 이때 Lagrangian dynamics 의 공식에 의하여 힘과 deformation 의 관계를 유추해 낼 수 있습니다. 시뮬레이션 결과물들은 심장 전체적인 움직임의 흐름과 지역적인 움직임을 재고 분석하는데 사용됩니다. 정량적인 분석은 열명의 자료로부터 정량적인 분석을 하여서 복잡하지만 전형적인 움직임의 양식을 끌어내었습니다. 주목할만한 뚜렷한 움직임과 strain 이 우심방 hypertrophy 병자들에게서 보였습니다. 충분하게 많은 실험들은 정상인들의 전형적인 움직임과 관련된 parameter 값들을 알아낼 수 있고, Infarct 지역처럼 비정상적인 움직임을 보이는 부분을 명시할 수 있으며 각 질병의 단계와 관련된 개조된 parameter 값들을 연관시킴으로써 질병의 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있습니다. Alteration in heart shape and motion is a reasonable indicator of heart diseases. Insights with regard to normal physiology and dysfunction can help in understanding effects and their causes. In the last decade, there has been much progress in developing techniques for studying heart motion with cardiac imaging. Most existing model-based techniques are in the preliminary stages. Statistical model-based techniques deal with the huge variations of shape and motion of the whole heart but these methods have no temporal and multiple subjects’ correspondences, so it is difficult to build a model from training sets and analyze different hearts and their motion. Previous parameterized modelbased methods could only handle the left ventricle (LV) or up to mid right ventricle (RV) although a model including both the left and right ventricles up to the basal area is needed for comprehensive understanding of cardiac physiology and anatomy. The thesis uses a whole heart model, including LV, RV and up to the basal area, for the functional analysis of heart motion. The model, based on a blended parameterized deformable model, is generic enough to deal with different hearts. A generic heart model is coupled with the finite element method to reconstruct heart motion from tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images. Tagged MR is the most promising non-invasive technology to characterize myocardial deformation during the heart cycle because it provides temporal correspondence of material points inside heart walls and enable tracking of these material points over time. The resulting parameters are used for assessing and analyzing global and local cardiac functions. The quantitative analysis derived the complicated but typical patterns of motion and strain on ten test subjects. The significant distinct motion and strains are found from RV hypertophy patients. Enough sets of experiments can yield parameter values associated with typical normal subjects, identify abnormally functioning area such as infarct regions, and provide diagnostic information by associating altered parameter values with different stages of disease.

비접촉 기반의 심박 동기화를 이용한감성 전염의 정량화 연구

이정년 상명대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내박사

The intimate relationship is an important factor affecting emotional contagion. At this time, emotional contagion is either consciously or unconsciously transmitted to others through physical reactions of humans. These reactions during emotional contagion have shown to synchronize between two people by mimicking each other’s motor responses such as gesture, facial expression, gaze, and autonomic responses such as heartbeat, hormones, and pupil. The responses in motor synchronization are practically measurable in real life. However, the difficulty lies in determining the synchronization apart from the consciously controlled reactions. The autonomic responses are important factors to determine unconscious synchronization. However, there are disadvantages of attaching sensors on the skin, and less possibility of real-time measurements on responses like the hormone. Therefore, this study measures the autonomic nervous response based on non-contact sensing by providing burden-free measurement and real time data process. Inferring heart rate from camera images has not been evitable for motion artifact. Since the micro-movement is captured from the blood flow of cardiac contraction that spreads to the face through the carotid artery and causes periodic movement, heart rhythm has been inferred from micro-movement. With development of the robust algorithm against motion artifact in real–time, emotional contagion has been determined by the heart- synchronization between two people. For verification of the developed algorithm, the study conducted a field test to obtain 1791 participants after the pretest in the lab environment. 10 participants were asked to do two tasks, randomly in the pretest. First was the neutral task that the participants were asked to limit their motion during the measurement and were asked to look at center of the screen for 3 minutes without motion. The second was a face task that the participants were asked to imitate six facial expressions for 30 seconds. 1,791 participants were asked to perform the emotional contagion task, which consisted of expressing and mimicking facial movement. The expresser was asked to express emotions with his or her facial expression after looking at the presented emotional word and the observer was asked to imitate the facial expression of the expresser. The photoplethysmogram(PPG) and movement of face were simultaneously measured by sensor and web-camera respectively. The signal processing for inferencing heart rate was divided into training process and real-time process. The training process was performed to extract the similarity matrix consisting of the relative power density of micro-movement according to the 1bpm unit within the range of 50 to 130bpm through fuzzy c-means clustering. The real-time process was performed to infer heart rate by comparing the relative power density of the micro-movement with the similarity matrix through the training process based on k-nearest neighbors algorithm. The band-pass filter was used to remove the motion noises and was tested in a variety of filter ranges. This was because of the change in the performance of noise rejection depending on the ranges of the band-pass filter. The mean error rate(%) was calculated by comparing heart rate based on PPG with the inferred heart rate based on the micro-movement. The levels of emotional contagion were determined by heart-synchronization using a heart rhythm between two people. The heart-synchronization value was calculated by the standard deviation after each heart rhythm was synthesized. The mean error rate(MER) of estimated heart rate from micro-movement without filtering was 49.76% and the MER(%) with band-pass filters was drastically decreased. The the MER(%) for each band-pass range showed 5.88%(band-pass:4~15Hz), 6.61% (band-pass:5~15Hz), 7.34%(band-pass:6~15Hz), 14.35%(band-pass:7~15Hz), 18.54%(band-pass:8~15Hz), and 20.05%(band-pass: 9~15Hz). The MER(%) showed a significant difference among all ranges of band-pass filter except for the difference(p=.457) between band-pass(4~15Hz) and band-pass(5~15Hz). The MER(%) in the lab experiment showed a result of 4.37% in the neutral task and the MER(%) showed 6.61% in the face task. There was a significant difference(p<.023, z=-2.777) between the two tasks, but it was numerically about 2%. The MER(%) according to the number of learning data showed 21% within 8,000 sizes and dramatically decreased 9.39% at 16,000 sizes. Finally, the MER(%) was 5.09% with learning data at 189,494 sizes. This study is to determine emotional contagion using heart-synchronization The levels of emotional contagion were divided into four levels of high-level, mid-level, low-level, and none according to subjective evaluation. There was a significant difference in heart-synchronization among all levels except the high and mid group(p =.978, z = -.028). Depending on the levels of emotional contagion, the synchronization values were 0.36(none), 0.23(low-level), 0.15(mid-level), and 0.14(high-level). This study presents a new methodology for inferencing heart-rate in real-time and determining the optimal band-filter range for removing motion noises. Additionally, this study determined the levels of emotional contagion through quantitative heart-synchronization. These results can be applied to the industrial fields where the monitoring of heartbeat is needed, and the evaluation of the relationship such as empathy, cooperation, and communication between two people. key words: Emotional contagion, Heart-synchronization, Non-contact sensing

Comparison of Vegetation Sites of Infective Endocarditis in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease With or Without Previous Surgical Corrections

윤효철 경희대학교 대학원 2010 국내석사

Background Infective endocarditis is mostly diagnosed by vegetations in heart by echocardiography. it's diagnostic efficacy is well established with normal adult heart. However geometry of heart structures in congenital heart disease can disturb finding vegetations in heart by echocardiography. Surgically corrected congenital heart may even more influence on detecting vegetations in case of infective endocarditis. This study evaluates difference between in vivo state vegetation sites and vegetation sites confirmed by transthoracic echocardiography during diagnosis of infective endocarditis in surgically treated infective endocarditis in patients with or without surgical corrections for one's congenital heart disease Methods Retrospective study was conducted form Jan.2000 to Dec.2007. Total 152 infective endocarditis patients with congenital heart disease were treated during that period. 135 patients underwent medical treatment only. 17 patients had surgical treatment for one's infective endocarditis. Among them, 11 patients were identified to have previous surgical treatments for one's congenital heart disease. Another 6 patients with congenital heart disease did not have previous surgical treatment for one's congenital heart disease. This study evaluated these 17 patients to identify difference between in vivo vegetation sites and echocardiographic confirmed vegetation sites in surgically treated infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease patients with or without previous treatments Results In patients with infective endocarditis who had previous surgical corrections, there were 8 female and 3 male patients with mean age 7.7 years old and with 1 to 5 previous operation histories. Common vegetation sites of infective endocarditis in patients with surgical correction were prosthetic valves, conduits and branch pulmonary arteries. In this group, in vivo state vegetations were more widely distribute than transthoracic echocardiographic findings confirmed during diagnosis. In the other 6 infective endocarditis patients with congenital heart disease without previous it's surgical correction, there were 3 male and 3 female patients with mean age of 18.3 years old. In this group, left sided native valves were commonly involved and in vivo vegetation sites were similar to echocardiographic confirmed vegetation sites. Conclusion In infective endocarditis patients with surgically corrected congenital heart disease, there were some differences between in vivo vegetation sites and the echocardiographic confirmed vegetation site. The vegetations more frequently in right sided heart native tissues, especially more in native pulmonary valves, main pulmonary artery or branch pulmonary arteries than on the prosthetic materials such as conduit, prosthetic valve which were preoperatively confirmed vegetation sites by transthoracic echocardiography. The extend of vegetation in vivo sate also much more wider than findings of transthoracic echocardiography during diagnosis of infective endocarditits. In vivo common vegetation sites in infective endocarditis patients with congenital heart disease without previous surgical corrections were left sided heart tissue that was similar to infective endocarditis vegetations sites shown on preoperative transthoracic echocardiography during diagnosis of infective endocarditis. The extend of vegetation in this group showed no difference between in vivo and preoperative echocardiologic confirmed site. This result revealed that vegetations of infected endocarditis with surgically corrected congenital heart disease more widely existed than vegetation findings of transthoracic echocadiography

팀 켈러(Timothy Keller)의 `마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교`에 대한 목회적 적용

박두진 총신대학교 목회신학전문대학원 2019 국내박사

ABSTRACT A Study on Pastoral Application of Timothy Keller's ‘Redemptive Historical Preaching that moves Hearts’ Park, Doo Jean Dept, Homiletics The Graduate School of Pastoral Ministry Chongshin University Th.D in Preaching Major Advisor: Dr. Kim, Dae Hyeok Korean churches in the post-modern era is currently in crisis. Churches that have been growing and reviving in the past are now facing obstacles such as the growth of hostility towards the Christian faith and skepticism of the belief which is damaging the reputation of the church. For us who serve in pastoral ministry, the heart moving sermon of Tim Keller gives us a light of hope and comfort. Through his sermons, he was able to testify for Jesus and cause changes in the lives of many through moving them. Ironically, the setting of his sermons took place in New York, the center of secularism. In 1989, Keller established and encouraged the growth of his church. Furthermore, his deeds led to the cause of CTC(city to city) network and is affecting the globe worldwide. The CTC network is an evangelical movement geared towards spreading the Good News from one city to another and now has over 13,000 city pioneers, 50 strings of network, and 421 churches. I, too have received my training from the CTC network and have begun establishing my own church. What lies in the center of these evangelical movements? The answer is Keller’s selfless service. There are elements in his sermons that definitely causes change in our lives as we live in the post-modern era. The major problem to post-modernism is emotionalism, and Keller is able to identify the emotions of the people in his many sermons. The issue arises whether to categorize his type of sermon into the reformed or traditional Christianity section. Moreover, another issue lies in the question of whether his sermons corresponding to our current pastoral ministry. The following study will discuss these two issues through analyzing the heart moving, history redemptive sermon of Keller through observing his means of preaching and interpreting. Historically, this type of sermon is similar to that of Augustine. Augustine was the analyst of love. He sought to move the hearts of the congregation through his sermons. Jonathan Edward supported sermons which influenced the base of faith knowing that when we think with our hearts open, we gain a sense of direction. George Whitefield made Christ’s priceless grace as the base of his sermons and wanted the audience to experience the grace. This theme also links with Lloyd Jones. He emphasized the importance of putting both rationalism and emotion in the sermon. Experiential sermon was a tradition of the reformed theology. Can Keller’s sermon be categorized as reformed traditional? According to John Frame’s third view of Keller’s sermon, he states that Keller’s sermon is strongly Christ centered and follows the pattern of being easily applicable and moving. The root of this category of sermon can be found in the reformed experiential preaching column. Experiential sermon has the tendency to reach the hearts of those who listen and has been used to bring many to Christ. Like the examples above, one can conclude that heart moving sermon of Keller is indeed experiential. Thus, we must evaluate if this category of sermon will be fitting to our pastoral ministry. Therefore, we must observe the limitations that the Keller’s sermon has and evaluate them. From the evaluations we can conclude that Keller’s sermon is hard to follow in the pastoral ministry of today due to the cultural differences. Thus, we took what we understood from his sermons and put it into use in our own. The preachers must be very careful to not forget the Holy Spirit’s intervention during the sermons. In addition, there are times where preachers were afraid to express their hearts during the sermons. However, they should be reminded that sometimes the hearts those emotions are already expressed in the message itself and therefore don’t need strong clarification. Moreover, we should be reminded to show the beauty of God through our physical ministry and also consider the situation of the congregation in order to gear the message that is helpful to them. We also have pondered how we can utilize the history redemptive sermons into our pastoral ministry. As a preacher, this study suggest the following guide lines below. Firstly, one must center himself on the spiritual realm, find the key elements in the passage that God is intending to us, and to also apply the passage onto yourself as a minister. Secondly, this study suggest the preaching practice of the pastors in the post-modern era. Experiential sermon can be truly experience if the one is able show that his ideology has been transformed by the scriptures. Furthermore, one must also identify the intellectual, emotional, and will-driving motives in the passage and use to move the hearts of those listen. Instead of not using these elements, one must consider the textual pathos in order to create a heart moving sermon. Moreover, since the passage is in the realm of being history redemptive, one must again identify the speech act theory factor and carry on the voice of God in his or her sermon. Furthermore, We emphasized the usage of imagery and imagination in sermons to engage the people to hunger for God. Thirdly, This Study say the importance of understanding the audience. Ministers in the field must prepare their sermons without excluding the crucial nonverbal communication which can lead to capturing the hearts of those who listen. If the pastor fails to capture the heart of the listeners then one eventually fails to relate with the audience. In addition, we need to consider the phrasing of our the heart resounding sermons of our country, but most importantly, we need to be able to give a path to change. Keller points out that in the current mission field, there are many anti-christians, skeptics about the churches, and stumbling of the absolute faith that is progressively growing. This study Further states that ministers should preach sermons which could change the people's mind on faith, change their attitude, and bring about a movement of transformation in the lives of people. fourthly, the above are applied to the fifth stages of the sermon process and suggested that the pastors apply it. By taking a comprehensive stance, we must not miss the crucial point that Keller’s historical redemptive sermons lie on the border of reformed style within the traditional style and therefore makes it a sermon to not miss. Again, we realized that the application of Keller’s sermon style must be considered with the culture of today’s society. Therefore, we consider the possibilities of how we could apply it to our pastoral ministry of today. Speaking in terms of weathers, the atmosphere of the churches in Korea has folded into winter in terms of them being very stagnant. I, too, sometimes worry about whether churches in Korea can arise again. However, there is light that can be found in the midst of darkness. The true owner of the church is God, and until the world has seen the light, He will never stop his ministry. Our hope is not based on the current situation, but on the everlasting Word. Despite the crisis that the current Korean churches are facing, we must continue to spread the seed of Good News. At this kind of situation, Keller’s redemptive sermons that moves hearts are appropriate to be applied. For those who crave for God and those who are without God should experience Christ centered sermons. I hope to through this study may be a small fire that lights many souls to Christ. I pray that this small fire may become a big fire one day to light many souls. Thus, I conclude this essay by giving glory to the One who gave it all. 국문초록 팀 켈러의 ‘마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교’에 대한 목회적 적용 바야흐로 포스트모던시대 속에서 한국교회는 위기상황을 지나오고 있다. 부흥하고 성장했던 한국교회 초창기의 모습과는 달리 기독교에 대한 적대적인 문화가 배양되고 있고, 진리에 대해 회의적이며, 교회 또한 사회적으로 존경받는 위치에서 점점 추락하고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 우리의 목회적인 상황에서 팀 켈러의 마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교는 큰 위로와 소망이 된다. 그는 설교를 통해 그리스도를 드러내고, 마음을 움직여서, 삶의 변화로 이끌고 있기 때문이다. 더욱이 그의 설교의 현장은 오늘날 가장 세속주의가 심화된 뉴욕이기 때문이다. 켈러는 1989년 뉴욕에서 개척한 이래로 꾸준한 교회 성장을 토대로, CTC 네트워크(city to city)를 만들어서 전 세계적으로 영향을 미치고 있다. CTC 네트워크는 도시에서 도시로 복음운동이 일어나는 것이 목표인데, 벌써 13,000명 이상의 도시개척자를 양성했고, 50개의 네트워크를 만들었으며, 421개의 교회를 개척하였다. 필자도 CTC 네트워크에서 훈련을 받고, 개척을 시작하였다. 이러한 복음운동의 중심에 무엇이 있는가? 바로 켈러의 설교이다. 그의 설교에는 포스트모더니즘시대를 살아가는 우리에게 분명히 반향을 일으킬 요소를 충분히 가지고 있다. 포스트모너니스트에게 중요한 문제는 감정주의인데, 켈러는 마음을 움직이는 데에 설교의 포인트가 있기 때문이다. 문제는 그의 설교가 개혁주의 전통의 라인에 서있는가에 있다. 또한 그의 설교가 우리의 목회적 상황에 부합하는가에 있다. 본 논고는 켈러의 마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교에 대한 설교학적, 해석학적인 접근을 방법으로 하여 이 문제를 해결해가는 것이 목적이다. 먼저 마음을 움직이는 설교가 개혁주의 전통에 서있는 설교인가를 먼저 연구하고자 한다. 역사적으로는 마음을 움직이는 경험적 설교는 어거스틴과 맥이 닿아있다. 어거스틴은 사랑의 해석학자이다. 회중의 마음을 움직이는 설교를 지향하였다. 조나단 에드워드는 우리의 지성은 마음을 통과할 때 방향성을 가지게 되기 때문에, 신앙적 정서에 영향을 주는 설교를 지향하였다. 조지 휫필드도 그리스도의 값없는 은혜를 뿌리로 하여, 이 은혜를 마음에 경험하게 하기를 원하였다. 이 맥락은 로이드 죤스에게도 연결된다. 그는 지성과 마음이 통합되는 설교를 전해야 함을 강조하였다. 이처럼 마음을 움직이는 설교는 개혁주의 전통이며, 오늘날 설교에서 잃어버린 가치가 “마음”이다. 그렇다면 켈러의 설교는 개혁주의 전통에 서있는가? 켈러의 설교는 존 프레임의 삼중적 관점을 바탕으로 그리스도 중심적인 강해, 감각, 적용의 패턴을 가지고 있다. 특별히 그의 설교는 마음에 와닿는 주해와 적용이 강하다. 이러한 설교는 어디에 뿌리를 두고 있는지를 보면, 개혁주의 경험적 설교의 라인에 서있다. 경험적 설교는 마음에 와닿게 하는 설교를 지향하였다. 이러한 지향성은 많은 영혼을 돌이키는 데에 크게 쓰임받았다. 이상과 같이 마음을 움직이는 켈러의 구속사적 설교는 경험적이다. 그렇다면 그의 설교는 우리의 목회적 정황에 맞는지를 확인해야 한다. 그러기 위해 먼저 켈러의 경험적 설교가 가진 한계점을 보고, 그 한계점을 통해 그의 설교가 실제로 그러한지에 대해 분석한 결과, 켈러의 설교는 우리의 목회적 정황과는 문화적 차이로 인해 직접적으로 따라 하기에는 무리가 있음을 발견하였다. 그래서 그의 설교에서 깨달은 점을 토대로, 우리의 설교적 정황에 변용할 수 있도록 도출하였다. 켈러의 설교의 변용으로서는 설교자들이 잊기 쉬운 성령의 조명하심을 받아야 함을 말하였다. 그리고 설교자로서 감정사용을 우려하는 부분이 많아서 감정을 도드라지게 설교하지 못하는 경우들이 많지만 본문 안에 이미 감정이 숨어있음을 통해 감정사용의 당위성을 논증하였다. 또한 켈러가 가진 강점, 곧 하나님의 아름다움을 경험하게 하는 영역을 목회현장에서 변용하고, 실천적 행동을 요구하며, 본문이 가진 수행성에 입각한 드라마로서의 변용, 그리고 청중의 상황을 고려한 설교, 마음을 움직이는 성령의 일하심, 마음의 본질 속에 숨어있는 우상을 향한 설교가 목회현장에 변용되어야 함을 전했다. 그리고 켈러의 마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교의 경험적 설교를 우리의 목회 현장에 어떻게 사용할 수 있을지를 설교자적 적용, 설교방법론적 적용, 청중이해의 적용의 3방향으로 고민하여 제안하였다. 먼저, 설교자로서의 적용으로 제안한 것은 아래와 같다. 잊기 쉬운 영성에 무게 중심추를 다시 두고, 본문 자체에 하나님이 작용하고 계신 부분을 발견하여 실행해야 하며, 구속사적 설교를 통해 마음을 움직이고, 설교자가 설교자로서 존재하기 전에 본문이 자신에게 먼저 적용되어야 하며, 사상보다 신념체계가 바뀌어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 포스트 모던시대에 설교자의 설교방법론을 제안하였다. 본문은 내러티브 안에 지적인, 정서적인, 의지적인 부분이 있기 때문에 이것을 잘 찾아서 설교할 때 마음을 움직일 수 있으며, 덮어놓고 설교를 만들기보다, 표적 감정선(textual pathos)을 고려하여, 설교 구조를 계획하는 것이 마음을 움직이는 설교에 유익함을 전하였다. 그리고 본문이 가진 수행적인 요소(speech act theory)를 찾아서 설교의 드라마적 구현을 제안하였고, ‘말씀과 함께’ 하는 하나님의 음성을 가진 설교자가 되어야 함을 제안하였다. 더하여 상상력과 이미지를 통하여 마음을 움직여야 하고, 이야기를 통해 하나님을 열망하게 하는 설교를 제시하였다. 세째, 설교자들의 청중이해를 제안하였다. 현장 목회자들이 설교 원고와 설교 전달에만 치심함으로써 비언어적인 커뮤니케이션이 청중의 마음에 얼마나 효과적인지를 놓치지 않도록 제안하였으며, 청중의 마음을 헤아리지 못한 비동일시 설교는 결코 청중과 별리된 느낌을 주는 점도 개진하였다. 더불어 마음을 울리는 설교는 회심과 변화를 향한 강한 요청으로 다가갈 수 있어야 하고, 설교 현장에 비그리스도인이 고려된 설교를 통해 교회가 선교적 공동체로서 마음을 열어야하며, 교회에 대한 회의감과 절대적 진리가 흔들리는 이 시대에 변증적 삶의 운동을 일으켜 사회에 복음 영향력을 키우도록 설교할 것을 제시하였다. 네째, 이러한 설교의 일반론적인 제안을 설교 과정의 5단계 안에서 구현할 수 있도록 제안하였다. 이상으로 볼 때, 켈러의 마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교의 경험적 설교는 개혁주의 노선에 서있는 전통성이 있는 설교이기 때문에, 마음을 움직이는 설교는 타당하며, 우리가 놓치지 말아야할 설교임을 발견하였다. 또한 우리의 목회현장에 곧바로 적용하기에는 문화적 차이가 있기 때문에 마음을 움직이는 설교를 하기 위해 목회자와 성도 모두에게 변용과 목회적 적용이 필요함을 제안하였다. 한국교회는 사계절로 말하면 이미 겨울로 접어든 것이 아닌가 생각할 정도로 사방이 얼어붙은 느낌이다. 교회가 다시 살아날 수 있을까 하는 걱정도 된다. 하지만 어둠이 짙을 수록 여명은 밝아온다. 교회의 주인은 하나님이시며, 세상 구원을 이루실 때까지 하나님은 멈추시지 않으신다. 우리의 소망은 상황에 있지 않고, 영원하신 말씀에 있다. 특별히 켈러의 마음을 움직이는 구속사적 설교의 강점인 설교학적, 해석학적 방법론은 우리 현장 목회자들에게 분명히 좋은 적용점이 될 것이라고 생각한다. 왜냐하면 광야같은 세상 속에서 마음이 말라가는 이 시대 청중들에게 마음을 움직이는 복음중심, 그리스도중심, 하나님 중심의 설교가 가장 필요하고 경험되어야 하기 때문이다. 아무쪼록 이 논고를 통해 많은 영혼이 예수님을 마음으로 경험하고 하나님께 돌아오는 돌파구가 되고, 작은 불씨가 되었으면 한다. 작은 불이 큰 불을 일으키기를 소망한다. 오직 하나님께 영광을 돌리며 본 논고를 마무리한다.

심장 물성 모사를 위한 3D프린트 심장모델 특성연구

박천규 경북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

As 3D printing technology advances, it is possible to make a good anatomical representation when making a heart model. However, until now, 3D heart models have been useful for understanding the anatomical structure, but they do not take into account the actual physical properties of the heart, so they do not contribute to the improvement of preoperative simulation and surgical skills of medical staff. This study presents heart manufacturing indicators that can approximate the physical properties of the heart using a commercially available 3D printer. For this purpose, 3D printer soft materials and silicone with elasticity are used to express the elastic modulus that can express the texture and resilience of the heart muscle, the tear resistance that can express the texture of incisions and sutures that are mainly performed when reproducing actual surgery, and the heart's elasticity. Hardness, an indicator of ability to maintain shape, was measured. Silicone, Agilus, and Tango samples were manufactured and tested using pig heart samples similar to human hearts as reference standards. Using a Digital Force Gauge for each sample, the values ​​of the Young`s modulus and tear resistance changed by thickness were collected, and the fixed Shore A hardness value of each sample was measured using a Shore A hardness tester. In this paper, we found and presented a method that most closely matches the mechanical properties of the heart. However, according to research results, there is a limit to the morphological change due to the thickness of the product being manufactured. However, our proposed method will be helpful when creating models where mechanical properties are important, such as a pulsatile heart model.

『성자명출』 심론연구

양유시 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

본 논문의 목표는 곽점죽간인 『성자명출』의 심론(心論) 사상을 검토하여 초기 유가 학파의 마음·본성에 대한 초보적인 인식을 탐구하는 것이다. 일반적으로 선진 유가의 심성론 체계는 맹자 시기에 이르러서야 완비하게 되었다고 생각한다. 그러나 『맹자』 직전에 나왔던 초기 유가 작품인 『성자명출』은 심술·심지·심사로 구성된 심론 사상을 이미 구축하였는데, 마음의 개념과 그 운행, 마음과 본성·정 간의 관계 및 도덕 수양의 실현에 관한 내용 등을 포함하고 있다. 따라서 『성자명출』의 심론 내용을 살펴봄으로써 당시 초기 유가 학파의 마음·본성에 대한 기본적인 견해를 탐구하고자 한다. 『성자명출』에서 마음은 본성을 이끌어 정을 내는 과정 중 빠져서는 안 되는 부분이다. 즉 희로애비의 정기(情氣)인 본성은 마음의 지도를 받아야 비로소 희로애비의 정을 발할 수 있는 것이다. 이 편에서 마음과 관련된 중요한 개념은 심술·심지·심사 등 세 가지가 있다. 심술은 선진 문헌에서 많이 나타난 개념으로서, 그 시대에 일반적으로 ‘마음이 운행할 때에 지켜야 할 규칙’을 의미했으며, 선악 구별이 있고 사람의 행위를 지도할 수 있는 것이었다. 심술에 대한 『성자명출』의 이해는 바로 이러한 일반적인 의미와 서로 일치한다. 심술은 사람을 교화하거나 사람에게 영향을 미칠 수 있는 내용을 그 속에 담고 있기 때문에, 심술의 내용은 곧 사람이 받는 교화, 영향의 내용이다. 또한 사람은 자주적으로 어떤 교화나 영향을 받아들일지 선택할 수 있기 때문에, 자주적으로 심술을 택할 수도 있다. 이른바 “받아들인 교화는 그들의 심술의 차이를 초래한다”라는 『성자명출』의 주장이다. 나아가 “예악을 얻은 자는 덕이 있다고 하는데, 덕이란 바로 얻었다는 것”이라는 『예기·악기』의 주장에 의거하여, “교화는 마음속에서 덕이 생기게 한다.”라는 『성자명출』의 논술에서 나온 ‘德’을 ‘得’[얻음]으로 이해할 수 있다. 그리하여 마음에서 생긴 덕은 바로 마음이 얻은 것, 즉 교화를 받아들인 다음에 심술에 머무르게 된 인도이다. 그러므로 도덕 수양을 마음이 인도를 얻는 수양, 즉 심술이 인도를 용납하는 수양의 과정으로 간주할 수 있다. 『성자명출』은 ‘求其心’이라는 도덕 수양 방법을 제시하였다. 이 방법의 실행에 대해서, 원문은 그 마음을 구하는 것은 매우 어렵지만, 성인의 음악[즉 인도]의 교화를 받아들이면 ‘其心’을 얻을 수 있다고 생각하였다. ‘其心’은 인도의 교화를 통해서만 얻을 수 있기 때문에 ‘其心’은 선한 마음이어야 한다. 『성자명출』에서 마음 그 자체는 선함이 없으므로, 구기심은 본래 가지고 있었던 선한 마음을 추구하는 것이 아니다. 이 점은 잃어버렸던 선한 마음을 되찾으라는『맹자』의 ‘구방심’ 주장과 구별된다. 다음으로 “求其心”의 ‘其’자를 인칭대명사로 이해하면 ‘其’가 지시하는 바가 무엇인지 불분명해진다. 첫째로 ‘其’자가 구기심의 주체인 학자 자신을 가리킨다면, “從其所為,近得之矣.”는 학자가 자기의 행위를 따르면 자기의 마음이 선한 마음이 되게 하는 데 가까워진다는 것을 의미하게 된다. 그런데 사실상 사람은 자기의 행위를 따름으로써 자기의 마음을 선한 마음이 되게 할 수 없다. 둘째로 이 편에서 선한 마음을 갖춘 주체는 둘, 즉 성인과 군자이므로, ‘其心’이 성인의 마음인지, 군자의 마음인지 확정할 수 없다. 이로 인해 ‘其’자를 ‘이’나 ‘저’를 의미하는 지시 대사로 이해할 수 있다. 그러면 “求其心”은 이 (선한) 마음을 추구하는 것 혹은 저 (선한) 마음을 추구하는 것을 가리키게 된다. ‘心志’는 마음의 기능 중 하나로서 마음의 감지와 호오 능력을 가리킨다. 이 능력은 본성에서 나온 것이다. 心志를 이렇게 이해하는 까닭은, 첫째로 ‘志’자가 호오를 나타낼 수 있기 때문이다. 둘째로 ‘志’의 고자(古字)가 ‘知’의 고자와 통용되었기 때문이다. 그리고 셋째로 이 편의 관점이 여러 측면[본성론·예법교화에 대한 관점 등]에서 『순자』, 『악기』의 주장과 가까운데, 『순자』의 ‘知’와『악기』‘心知’의 ‘知’가 모두 태어날 때부터 가지는 감지와 호오 능력을 나타내기 때문이다. 마지막으로 마음의 또 다른 기능인 심사는 인지적 사고를 진행할 수 있으며, 또한 정감적 사고를 진행할 수 있다. 심사와 심지는 모두 심술이라는 규칙을 따른다. 어쨌든 심술은 『성자명출』 심론의 핵심으로서, 그것의 지도 아래에 마음이 심지와 심사의 기능을 사용하여 운행하게 된다. 심술에 의거하는 마음의 운행은 두 가지 방면의 내용을 포괄한다: 첫째는 사람이 행동하도록 지도하는 것으로 사고 후의 행동과 직감적인 행동을 포괄한다; 둘째는 본성을 이끌어 정을 내는 것인데, 정의 선악은 심술의 선악에 의해 결정된다.  『성자명출』은 본성은 태어날 때부터 가지는 것이라는 점에 동의하며, 호오, 욕망의 각도에서 본성을 이해한다. 이는 고자·『악기』·『순자』의 흐름과 비슷하다. 성인이 작성한 예법의 중요성을 강조한다는 점에서는『악기』·『순자』와 같다. 심술을 선택할 수 있는 가능성을 인정한다는 점에서는 『순자』와 일치한다. 지(志 혹은 知)를 나면서부터 갖춘 감지하고 좋아하거나 싫어하는 능력으로 본다는 점에서 『악기』·『순자』와 또한 가깝다. 따라서 초기 유가 작품인 『성자명출』은 마음·본성에 대한 이해에서 『순자』·『악기』와는 가까우나, 『맹자』와는 비교적 멀다고 할 수 있다. This thesis aims to explain the concept of heart (xin, 心) in the Guodian Text Xing Zi Ming Chu 性自命出 (hereafter ‘XZMC’). Through this exploration, the paper endeavors to reveal initial views of early Confucianism on the issues of nature(xing, 性) and heart. It is generally believed that Confucianism’s theory of Heart-Nature was not well-developed until the time of Mencius. As an early Confucian work prior to Mencius, XZMC already presents the theory of heart, which mainly consists of the concept of heart and its function; the nexus between xin, xing, and qing (情, emotion); and the relationship between xin and moral cultivation. Therefore, the study of the heart theory of XZMC may further illuminate initial views of early Confucianism on the issues of nature and heart. In XZMC, heart is the essential link between nature and emotion. It is only through the heart’s mediation that nature can manifest and become qing. There are three important elements related to the theory of heart in XZMC; namely, the‘art of xin’(xinshu,心術), commitment (xinzhi, 心志), and thought (xinsi, 心思). The term xinshu appears several times in pre-Qin texts, and its general meaning in that period refers to the rules that the heart follows in its function. Furthermore, xinshu can also guide behavior. The concept of xinshu encompasses both positive and negative connotations. This understanding of xinshu is echoed exactly with XZMC. Accordingly, in XZMC xinshu comprises the content of a person’s education. The content of xinshu and the content of education received are mutually reinforcing. Furthermore, since one may choose what kind of education they receive, xinshu may also be chosen; this is addressed by XZMC as follows: “They use their hearts in different ways, which is caused by the difference of the education they received [其用心各異,教使然也].” The Record of Music states, “when one obtains rituals and music, they are a person with morality. Morality is obtaining (rituals and music) [禮樂皆得,謂之有德. 德者得也].” Through reference to this text, the word “morality (de, 德)” in XZMC’s passage, “Education can give rise to morality in the heart,” maybe construed as “what the heart obtained [得].” Accordingly, morality that rises from the heart—that is, what the heart obtains—is humanity (rendao, 人道), which forms a component of xinshu. Therefore, moral cultivation can be understood as “the cultivation of obtaining humanity;” in other words, the cultivation of the heart to obtain humanity and, moreover, the cultivation of xinshu to hold humanity within it. XZMC proposes the moral cultivation method of “qiu qi xin (求其心),” which may be translated as either “seeking one’s heart” or “seeking this (or that) heart.” XZMC states that although such cultivation is difficult, if one is taught by the sage’s music (part of rendao, humanity), the heart may be found. As “heart” may only be attained through a humane education, it ought to be virtuous in character. Since the heart in XZMC does not have inherent goodness, “seeking one’s heart” does not denote seeking an originally virtuous heart; this is distinct from the concept in Mencius, in which “seeking lost heart” is equated with inherent goodness. If the character qi (其) in “求其心” is understood as a personal pronoun, its meaning is not clear. First, if the character is interpreted as referring to the person, then “by following one’s actions, it is nearly attainable (從其所為,近得之矣);” meaning that acting according to one’s own standards of conduct alone is nearly sufficient to make the heart become good. However, people are incapable of rendering their heart virtuous merely by following their own standards of conduct. Secondly, there are two subjects in XZMC with a good heart; namely, the sageand the superior man (junzi, 君子). As such, it is not possible to distinguish whether the heart in question belongs to the sage or the superior man. Alternatively, if the character qi is understood as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning either ‘this’ or ‘that,’ then “求其心” means “seeking this (or that) [good] heart.” Xinzhi is one of the functions of the heart, which expresses the heart's ability to perceive, love and hate. This ability of the heart is rooted in nature. The reason why xinzhi is understood in this sense is that the character, zhi (志), can indicate both love and hate, and the character was formerly synonymous in classical Chinese with zhi (知, knowledge). Furthermore, Xunzi's zhi (知) represents the innate ability to love and hate, while Record of Music’s xinzhi (心知) represents the heart’s ability to perceive, love and hate, which derives from nature. And the viewpoint of XZMC is close to that of Xunzi and Record of Music in several aspects. As another function of the heart, thought (xinsi,心思) can be used for both cognitive and emotional thinking. Likewise, the two functions of the heart, xinzhi and xinsi, both follow the rules of xinshu. In general, xinshu is the core of XZMC’s heart theory. Under the guidance of xinshu, the heart uses the functions of xinzhi and xinsi in its function. This function according to xinshu includes two aspects: first, guiding a person’s actions, including actions after thinking and intuitive actions; second, leading nature to release emotions, with the virtue or wickedness of the emotion depending on the corresponding quality of xinshu. XZMC acknowledges that nature is innate, and understands nature from the perspective of desire, love and hate, which is similar to the thought of Xunzi and Record of Music. It emphasizes the necessity of ritual education, and advocates that the sage is the creator of ritual education, which is similar to the views of Xunzi and Record of Music. It recognizes that xinshu can be chosen, which is similar to the position in Xunzi. Finally, it believes that xinzhi indicates the innate ability of perception, love and hate, which is similar to the outlook of Xunzi and Record of Music. On this basis, it can be concluded that, as an early Confucian work, the understanding of heart and nature in XZMC is closer to the idea of Xunzi and Record of Music, but farther from the system of Mencius.

Vectorcardiogram 기법을 이용한 15-Lead 심전계용 Lumped Parameter Model의 개발

강유민 강원대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

15리드 심전계는 12리드 심전계에 비해 심장의 후벽질환이나 우심실의 심근경색 등을 더욱 잘 진단할 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 심전계를 개발하기 위해서는 환자의 심전도데이터와 유사한 심전도를 출력하는 장치(심전도 시뮬레이터)가 필요하다. 그러나 기존의 시뮬레이터는 환자에게 전극을 부착하고, 부착한 전극으로부터 측정되는 심전도 데이터를 저장하여 재현하는 방식을 가지고 있기 때문에 특정한 위치에서 획득한 심전도의 데이터만 재현할 수 있다. 따라서 환자에게 부착하는 전극의 위치가 달라졌을 경우에 다르게 나타나는 심전도의 형태를 예측할 수 없다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 FEM이나 VCG를 이용하여 심전도를 예측하는 방법 등이 있다. FEM을 활용하는 방법은 CT등을 이용하여 환자데이터를 수집해야하며, 구성한 전도모델이 복잡하기 때문에 실제로 전기적 소자를 활용하여 구성하기 힘들다. VCG를 이용한 방법은 VCG 구성을 위해 활용한 ECG의 재현율은 매우 높으나 지정된 다른 전극에서의 ECG 재현결과는 실제 측정한 ECG와 큰 오차를 가지는 문제가 있다. 이러한 기존 연구의 한계점을 해결하기 위하여 심장을 전기적인 캐패시턴스를 가지는 조직 단위로 분할하고, 각 조직 간 전기적인 저항성을 가진 전도네트워크로 표현한 심장모델(Heart-LPM)과 심장에서 발생하는 전기전도를 체표면의 전극까지 전달하기 위해 저항소자를 사용하여 표현한 모델(Heart to Electrode-LPM)을 설계한다. VCG를 이용하여 모델의 각 절점에 인가되는 전류의 크기를 유추하였으며, 모델의 전기전도기전을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 프로그램을 작성하여 전류의 크기를 인가하였을 때 발생하는 심전도의 형상을 예상하고, VCG를 계산하기 위해 사용한 심전도와 비교함으로써 유효성을 검증하였다. 15-Lead ECG can diagnose heart posterior wall and right ventricular disorder better than 12-Lead ECG. To develop these ECG monitor, the device, ECG simulator, is needed that reproduce the ECGs like patient`s. Previous ECG simulator has the problem that can play what it had recorded which is acquired from the electrodes attached to patients. Also, it can`t predict the changing ECGs according to the electrodes-position- changing or the heart size and locations. Despite there is Finite Element Method(FEM) to predict changing ECGs, it need to gather the patient`s data from CT and it is hard to make the real model with electrical elements. Another study, using VCG, can predict the ECGs from all other positions, but it have errors in another leads which is not use for VCG calculating. To overcome those problems, designed the heart lumped parameter model(Heart-LPM) with electrical registances and capacitances and heart to electrode lumped parameter model(Heart to Electrode-LPM) that connect Heart-LPM and Heart to Electrode-LPM with registances only. Infer the magnitude of delivering current to each nodes of Heart-LPM, programming the simulation program to predict the ECG when the current delivered, and compared with real ECG which had measured to calculate the VCG.