Genetic analysis of PARK2 gene in Korean patients with Parkinson's disease

박인원 忠南大學校 新藥專門大學院 2016 국내박사

Mutations in PARK2 are considered a common cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD). To assess the frequency of PARK2 mutations in the Korean population, we screened the PARK2 gene in 83 Korean PD patients: two young onset (YO, ≤49), 32 middle onset (MO, 50-69) and 49 late onset (LO, 70). Detection of the point mutations was performed by direct sequencing of the PARK2 exons, and exonic rearrangements were analyzed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Five known PARK2 variants were identified in 53 (63.9%) of the Korean PD patients: two missense mutations (Y267H and M458L) and three polymorphisms (S167N, L272I and V380L). We also found an increased frequency of PARK2 variants in PD patients and a lowered PD age at onset (AAO) in those having two variants, suggesting that the genetic variation in PARK2 gene might be a genetic risk factor of PD in Korean population.

공동주택 지하주차장 평면형태 및 환기구의 배치에 따른 공기유동에 관한 연구

박성원 부산대학교 2010 국내석사

The study on the airflow based on the array of ventilator and plan of the underground parking lot in apartment As demands of the residents have been variously changing according to the construction of the apartment house and the fast economic growth, the construction companies spurs the development of the apartment house flavored with environmental friendly factors. Also because of the multiple apartment project, the basement car park alone can not handle the rapid growth of the vehicles and the resident puts more and more emphasis on securing car park space for the freedom from the vehicles on the ground and for the safety of their children. Recently, as the interest about natural energy, the tendency minimizing the mechanical energy also appears. According to this trend, there has been growing attempts in order to apply the environmental friendly technologies to the apartment house. But the reality is that the systems doesn't virtually function well because the existing mechanical systems are applied. Consequently, the deterioration of the air and the brightness in the basement car park exacerbates the environments of the basement car park. And the study on the feasibility of the natural ventilation according to the unit-plan type of the basement car park and the performance of the skylight, is still insignificant. Thus, in this study, we intend to simulate, through the CFD, the air current by natural driving power by classifying the existing basement car parks into the unit-plan type and the direction of the vehicle traffic. Through classifying the existing basement car parks by the type of vehicle traffic that is the type of arrangement such as one-way or bidirectional traffic and deploying the ventilating openings by 3 types which enables the skylights, linked the ground for the purpose of collecting the light, play the role of ventilation at the same time, we forecast the air current of the basement car park by using CFD(Computational Fluids Dynamics) and, based on that, suggest the plan to improve the ventilating function of the basement car park by utilizing the natural ventilation. In this study, we research the general theories, that is 'the ventilation theory of underground space and the test method of ventilating performance' and interpret, through CFD, the air current of the target models according to the layout of the ventilation openings based on mean of air age and air exchange effectiveness by using computer simulation. As a result, we draw the conclusion as follows: (1) In respect of the air age according to the type of the vehicle traffic such as one way traffic and bidirectional traffic, the bidirectional traffic shows 30,405 seconds while 14,070 seconds in one way traffic indicating that the one way traffic abates by more than 50%. Therefore, the air of the basement car park with one way traffic has superior air quality because of its' shorter air age. (2) In case of the existing basement car parks, Case A' air exchange rate is 4.44 while 7.76 times/h in Case B and 1.94 times/h in Case C. It appears comparatively small in Case C. We can draw the conclusion, through this finding, that the placement of several natural ventilators in the middle and on the edge is more effective than the placement of the natural ventilator with big area in the middle when placing natural ventilator. (3) In case of Case B where the installation is in the middle and on the edge of the basement car park, it appears excellent in both the air exchange and the air age, but the effective area of the space on the ground abates. There requires a plan for the placement accordingly. (4) In case of Case C where the circular air-vent with the smallest area of air-vent is installed, the velocity of air current appears the fastest. Thus, it seems that there requires the research on the appropriate size and the layout plan of the circular air-vents for the purpose of the increase of effective space on the ground. It is also necessary to comprehend the appropriate locations in order to improve the performance of the natural ventilation, through examining the characteristic of the air current according to the type of ventilating openings installed in the basement car park, the velocity of the current, the pressure distribution and the installation of the auxiliary equipments for the natural ventilation.

How does the national park management deliver their services? The perspective of service marketing focused on gunung gede pangrango national park, Indonesia

Maulana, Firman 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2018 국내석사

인도네시아에 설립된 가장 오래된 국립공원 중 하나인 구눙 게대 빵랑오 국립공원(GGPNP)은 관광 개발의 기초로 생태관광을 선택했다. 생태관광과 관련된 모든 혜택에 관계 없이 미래에 최적의 이익을 얻으려면 여전히 해결해야 할 과제가 있다. 정부기관으로서 GGPNP는 방문객에게 서비스를 제공하는 관광 활동을 지원하는 단순한 관리 이상의 또 다른 역할을 한다. 최근의 사실은 국립공원에 방문하는 관광객 수가 여전히 적다는 것을 보여주며 그 이유 중 하나는 국립공원에서 마케팅에 대한 관심이 낮기 때문이다. 국립공원은 또한 성과 중 하나인 방문 관광객 수에 대한 목표를 달성해야 하지만 GGPNP의 경영진은 서비스 마케팅을 시행하여 국립공원을 홍보하는 방법에 주목하기 시작해야 한다. 이러한 이유로 본 연구는 서비스 마케팅 관점에서 GGPNP가 서비스를 제공하는 방법을 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 또한 이 논문은 생태관광 원리를 강조하는 경영진 측면과 인지된 서비스 성과 차원을 강조하는 방문객 관점에서 서비스 마케팅의 3가지 요소(인력, 물리적 증거, 프로세스 관리)를 탐구한다. 조사 결과에 따르면 GGPNP의 서비스 마케팅 구현은 전반적으로 중간 수준이다. 이는 GGPNP가 이미 표준 서비스 마케팅을 수행하지만 마케팅 가치를 높이기 위해 해결하고 개선해야 할 몇 가지 사항이 있다는 것을 의미한다. 인적 요소의 경우 GGPNP는 방문객에게 더 나은 서비스를 제공하기 위해 더 많은 인력을 충원하고 더 많은 교육을 제공해야 한다. 물리적 증거 요소의 경우 방문객은 GGPNP가 국립공원 지역에 머무는 동안 방문객에게 더 많은 지식과 편의를 제공하기 위해 국립공원 지역에 정보 표지판과 위생 시설을 개선하거나 추가해야 한다고 생각한다. 마지막으로, 프로세스 관리 요소에서 GGPNP는 더 많은 절차를 추가하고 고객 평가, 방문 우선순위 시민에 대한 대우(노인, 임산부, 장애인, 어린이), 방문객에게 피드백을 제공하는 방식에 대해 구체적인 사항을 추가해야 한다. GGPNP의 경영진에게 이 결과가 의미하는 바는 특히 인도네시아에서 국립공원의 서비스 마케팅에 대해 논의하는 이전 연구가 없었기 때문에 공식적인 계획 전략을 위한 마케팅 참조자료와 디딤돌을 제공하는 것이다. 또한 훌륭한 서비스 마케팅을 시행함으로써 장기적으로 국립공원을 방문하여 보존 메시지를 받고 환경에 대한 소속감을 높일 수 있는 사람들이 더 많아질 것이다. Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (GGPNP) one of the oldest national parks established in Indonesia has chosen ecotourism as the basis of their strategy in developing tourism. Regardless of all of the benefits that come with ecotourism, there are challenges that are still need to be addressed to gain optimum benefit in the future. As a government agency, GGPNP has another role than just mere conservation which is supporting tourism activities which mainly about delivering a service to its visitors. The recent data shows that the number of tourist arrival to the national park is still low, and one of the reasons is the low interest of marketing for a national park. While the national park also needs to achieve the target for tourist arrival as one of their performance, the management of GGPNP needs to start their attention on how to market the national park through the implementation of service marketing. Due to these reasons, this research was conducted to examine how the GGPNP delivers their services from the perspective of services marketing. In particularly, this thesis explores the three elements of services marketing (personnel, physical evidence, and process management) from the perspective of management which emphasizes ecotourism principles and the perspective of visitor which emphasizes on perceived service performance dimension. The results of this survey show that as overall the implementation of service marketing in GGPNP is at a moderate level. This means that GGPNP already perform standard service marketing but there are several things that need to be addressed and improved to increase their marketing value. From the personnel element, the GGPNP need to consider adding more personnel and provide them with more training in order to deliver better services to the visitor. For the physical evidence element, the result also shows that the visitor thinks that GGPNP needs to improve or add more information signage and sanitary facilities in the national park area to give more knowledge and comfortability toward visitor during their stay in the area of national park. Lastly, from the process management element shown that GGPNP need to add more procedure and put more specific details on customer evaluation, treatment for priority citizen (elderly, pregnant woman, disabled person, and children) that come to visit, and how they provide their feedback to the visitor. This research is expected to serve as a stepping stone and reference on marketing and planning strategies of GGPNP since there was no previous research that discusses service marketing in the national park especially in Indonesia. Furthermore, by implementing good services marketing it is expected that for long-term outcome there will be more people to visit a national park to receive the message of conservation and hence increase their sense of belonging toward the environment.

Adequacy evaluation of urban park provision considering accessibility and amenity by age and gender cohorts

박시진 한양대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

Characterization and evaluation of the gene expression profile for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease

박영목 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2024 국내박사

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Human-wildlife Conflict in Bardia National Park, Nepal

PAUDEL, Prabin University of Seoul, International School of Urban 2021 국내석사

지구 생태계의 균형을 이루기 위해서는 야생 생물 보존이 필수적이다. 하지만 야생 동물이 인간에게 피해를 입히면 인간은 그에 대한 복수로 야생 동물을 살상한다. 따라서 생태계 및 인간이 영위하는 생활의 지속 가능성을 위해서는 충돌을 최소화해야 한다. 인간과 야생 동물의 충돌은 바르디아 국립 공원(Bardia National Park)의 주요한 해결 과제이다. 효과적인 충돌 관리를 위해서는 구체적인 시공간 정보가 필수적이다. 그렇기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 바르디아 국립 공원의 완충 지대에서 11년(2010~2020) 동안 발생하여 기록된 충돌의 시공간적 분포를 조사하였다. 데이터 분석에는 기술 및 추론 통계를 사용하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면 기록된 충돌 횟수가 매년 증가하고 있다. 평균적으로 연간 806 건의 충돌이 기록되었다. 이 보호 구역에서 발생한 충돌의 주요 대상 종은 코끼리와 표범인데, 충돌의 59%가 남부 지역에서 기록되었다. 인간과 코끼리의 충돌 중 60% 이상이 8월, 9월, 10월 및 11월에 발생했다. 충돌이 가장 빈번한 계절은 종마다 다르지만, 코끼리, 표범, 호랑이 및 멧돼지의 경우 충돌의 계절적 분포가 유의미하다. 조사 대상 기간 동안의 손실 평가액 중 37%만이 보조금 형태로 지급되었다. 보조금을 받기까지의 과정도 길다. 따라서 지역을 바탕으로 주요 충돌 종을 관리하기 위한 월간 일정이 필수적이다. 초식 동물의 입맛에 덜 맞는 대체 작물을 재배하고 육식 동물의 침입을 막을 수 있는 축사를 장려하는 것이 필요하다. 전기 울타리를 설치하고 유지하며 대체 생계 수단을 제공함으로써 사람들의 삼림 출입을 줄이는 것 또한 중요하다. 이에 더해, 지역 사회를 대상으로 야생 동물의 행동에 대한 지식을 제공하고 교육을 실시하는 또한 바르디아 국립 공원 내에서의 충돌 사고를 축소하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 주요어: 인간과 야생 동물의 충돌, 시공간 분포, 바르디아 국립 공권, 완충 지대 Human-wildlife conflict is one of the major conservation challenges. Detail spatial and temporal information is essential for effective conflict management. Therefore, this study examines the distribution of conflicts based on space and time for eleven years (2010 to 2020) in the buffer zone of Bardia National Park. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The result shows that the number of human-wildlife conflicts is increasing annually. Where on average, 806 conflicts per year were recorded. Elephant and leopard are the major conflicting species in this protected area, and 59 % of the conflict was recorded in the southern regions. More than sixty percent of human-elephant conflicts are recorded in August, September, October, and November. Major conflicting seasons vary with the species, where the distribution of conflict is significantly varied with the seasons for elephant, leopard, tiger, and wild boar. Attack due to carnivore is significantly higher in the new moon phase periods. Only 37 % of the evaluated loss was paid to the victim as a relief. A monthly calendar for the management of major conflicting species is essential. Farming of alternative crops that are less palatable for the herbivores and promoting predator-proof livestock shelter is needed. Where construction and maintenance of electric fences and reduction of dependency over forest resources by providing alternative sources of livelihood are crucial. Furthermore, providing knowledge and training about wildlife behavior to the local community will reduce the conflict and increase the harmony between people and wildlife.

First-Principles Characterization of Transition Metals on Oxide Films

Park, Jinwoo University of Seoul 2010 해외박사

Oxide-supported metal clusters and thin films have attracted a great deal of interest due to their importance in a wide range of technological applications, such as heterogeneous catalysis, gas sensors, corrosion-protective coatings, photovoltaic devices, and microelectronics. The adsorption, growth, and electronic characteristics of metal atoms adsorbed on oxides are of special interest, because these factors are supposed to help design and optimize methods for controlling processes concerning the desired chemical reaction and product. In this thesis, we performed ab initio electronic structure calculations to study the interactions of metal adatoms with ionic oxide atoms involving regular oxide surface atoms, surface oxygen defects like Fs centers, and metal supports. As an oxide, an MgO(001) surface, a prototype of an ionic oxide surface, was chosen here. All calculations were carried out using the density functional theory (DFT). First, a systematic approach was employed to investigate the adsorption geometries and electronic structures of late transition series (Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt) on ideal defect-free MgO(001) surfaces. For the above elements, the adsorption geometries, diffusion, and associated electronic structures were examined. Our calculations showed the favorable adsorption of the transition metal (TM) adatoms on top of the surface O atom. Further analysis showed that the TM-induced states formed in the gap region of MgO(001) vary significantly with the adsorption geometries. The DFT calculations have been also applied to investigate the adsorption of the TM adatoms (Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt) on defective MgO(001) surfaces with Fs centers as surface defects of oxides. The TM adatoms were found to favorably bind on the Fs centers. From the calculated adsorption structures and electronic structures, we carried out a systematic comparative analysis of the interactions of the metal adatoms with the surface oxygen vacancy and the regular surface oxygen atom of MgO(001). Finally, the adsorption of metal adatoms (Au and Pd) on Fe-supported ultrathin MgO(001) films was studied. Experimentally, it is well known that MgO films are epitaxially grown on Fe(001) due to their favorable physical properties. As such, the Fe/MgO/Fe junctions have been used as a system for magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with huge tunneling-magnetoresistance (TMR) values. Interestingly, our calculations showed that the MgO/Fe(001) films we propose in this work can be used as a viable thin oxide model system. An analysis of the electronic structures in the systems reveals the negative charging even for Pd adatoms with a lower electron affinity. This indicates that the Fe substrate supporting the MgO films significantly influences charge and/or spin states of the metal adatoms. The physical origin of the negative charging of Pd was also discussed. These calculations demonstrate the importance of the interactions of the metal adatoms with underlying oxides for controlling the electronic and chemical properties of metal adatoms, such as charge and spin states.

Effects of ginseng berry polysaccharide on anti-inflammation, immunostimulation, and anti-metastasis and its structure elucidation

Park, Chanwoong Graduate School, Yonsei University 2019 국내박사

고려인삼은 아시아권에서 오랜 역사 동안 천연약재로 널러 사용되어 왔다. 그러한 인삼은 항암효과, 항피로효과, 항산화효과 그리고 항노화효과 등의 다양한 생리활성을 가진다는 점이 중요한 가치라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 대부분의 인삼 연구는 인삼의 뿌리에 함유된 진세노사이에 초점이 맞춰져 있던 것이 사실이다. 인삼의 열매에 대한 연구는 항비만 및 항당뇨 모델에서 효과를 확인한 것이 대표적인데 이 역시 진세노사이드에서 기인한다는 것에 국한되었다. 일반적으로 연구가 집중된 진세노사이드와 달리, 인삼열매의 다당체 또한 항당뇨 및 항비만 효과를 나타내는 것이 밝혀진바 있다. 식물의 다당체는 다양한 생리활성을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있는데 특히 대식세포 기능을 활성화시킴으로써 선천적 면역체계를 조절하는 것이 대표적이라 할 수 있다. 최근 연구결과에 따르면 인삼의 뿌리에서 추출한 다당체가 면역기능 조절과 항암효과를 상당히 갖고 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 인삼의 열매 다당체 성분에 관한 연구는 여전히 연구결과가 많지 않다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 인삼열매로부터 조다당체 및 다당체 분획을 분리정제하여 장염증 및 대장암 유도모델에서의 효과를 확인하였다. 또한 인삼열매 다당체의 NK세포 활성화 및 항암효과를 바탕으로 면역기능 증진 효과를 평가하였다. 그리고 인삼열매 다당체의 구조 규명을 목적으로 연속적인 효소처리를 통하여 인삼열매 다당체의 단편들을 분석하고 당쇄 결합 확인 및 대식세포 활성화 기작을 확인하였다. 인삼열매 조다당체와 다당체 분획은 급성 장염증 유도모델에서 우수한 항염효과 및 종양 억제효과를 나타내었다. 인삼열매 다당체는 폐암 전이를 상당히 억제하였는데 이는 NK세포 활성화를 경유하여 나타나는 효과임을 IFN-γ 및 granzyme B 분비 증가를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 효과는 인삼열매 다당체의 정제된 분획 (GBPP-I)을 이용했을 때에도 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 GBPP-I에 의한 대식세포 활성화는 Nitic oxide생성을 촉진시키는데 이는 대식세포의 TLR2, TLR4, Dectin1, 그리고 CD14 수용체를 거쳐 발생하는 것임을 알 수 있었고 동시에 공초점레이져 현미경을 이용하여 p65 단백질의 핵 내 이동으로써 NF-κB 경로를 거친다는 것을 확인하였다. GBPP-I의 구조 규명은 연속적 효소처리를 통해 얻은 단편들에 대한 당분석, 메틸화분석, β–glucosyl Yariv 시약 반응, ESI-MS를 이용한 분석결과를 활용하였다. 그 결과 GBPP-I은 전형적인 rhamnogalacturonanI의 구조적 특징을 갖는데, rhamnogalacturonan 중심의 4번 탄소에서 α-(1→5)-arabinan과 β-(1→4)-galactan, arabino-β-3,6-galactan의 곁가지를 가지며, 주쇄는 2당류 형태로서 [-4)-α-D-GalA-(1,2)-α-L-Rha-(1]가 연속적으로 반복되는 구조를 가진다. 결론적으로, 인삼열매 다당체의 활성 분획으로서 GBPP-I의 최종 구조를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과들을 통하여 인삼열매 다당체는 면역기능 조절과 항종양 또는 종양억제에 있어서 유용한 치료적 역할을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been traditionally used as an important herbal medicine in Asia. The most important value of ginseng is involved in its various pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer activity, anti-fatigue, antioxidant, and anti-aging effects. However, most ginseng research has focused on study of ginsenoside, the active components, in the root. In the perspective of the studies related ginseng berry, the antidiabetic and antiobesity effects of ginseng berry in both diabetic and obese ob/ob mice has been reported, and demonstrated that ginsenosides contributed to the observed effects. In contrast to commonly studied ginsenosides, the polysaccharides from ginseng berries also possessed significant anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects in the animal model. Botanical polysaccharides exhibit various beneficial therapeutic properties, and it is thought that the mechanisms involved in these effects are due to the modulation of innate immunity and, especially, macrophage function. Recent reports have shown that a polysaccharide extracted from the ginseng root has a considerable immunostimulating activity, including immune modulation and inhibition of tumors. However, studies on polysaccharides from ginseng berry are limited, and, to date, the anti-cancer effects of ginseng berry polysaccharide have largely not been investigated. In this study, the effects of ginseng berries polysaccharides on chemically-induced enteric inflammation and neoplasm were evaluated using ginseng berry polysaccharides and ginseng berry polysaccharides with molecular weight less than 20,000 kDa. Next, polysaccharide from ginseng berry was evaluated for immune activation effects, especially NK cell activation and the anti-cancer immune response. In addition, for the purpose of identifying the structure of the ginseng berry polysaccharide, the enzymatic hydrolyzed fragments were analyzed and confirmed the glycosydic linkage and the activation mechanism in macrophage. The ginseng berry polysaccharides, GBPE and GBPP, showed a comparable degree of effects on enteric inflammation and neoplasm attenuation in AOM/DSS-induced acute colitis model. Also, the polysaccharides from ginseng berry were evaluated for immune activation effects, especially NK cell activation and the anti-cancer immune response. GBPP administration by i.v. significantly suppressed metastasis and the result determined that the anti-metastatic effect was clarified by NK cell activation following increased IFN-γ and granzyme B secretion. These results were also confirmed for GBPP-I as the major active component. In addition, GBPP-I-induced macrophage activation pathway was found to increase NO production via TLR2, TLR4, Dectin1, and CD14, and results of confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that NF-κB pahthway was caused by p65 localization into the nucleus. To identify the structure of the ginseng berry polysaccharide, the enzymatic hydrolyzed fragments were analyzed and confirmed the glycosydic linkage. Based on the results of compositional monosaccharides analysis, methylation analysis, β–glucosyl Yariv reagent, and sequencing analysis using ESI-MS, it was confirmed that GBPP-I is a typical rhamnogalacturonan-I structure having α-(1→5)-arabinan, β-(1→4)-galactan, arabino-β-3,6-galactan side chain in C4 of rhamnogalacturonan core which is repeated with disaccharide of [-4)-α-D-GalA-(1,2)-α-L-Rha-(1]n. With these results, it can be concluded that the overall structure of GBPP-I derived from ginseng berry could be determined. Results obtained from this study indicate that ginseng berry polysaccharides may have a therapeutic role in the management of immune function and prevention of tumorigenesis.

Vision based simultaneous localization and mapping for autonomous mobile robot

Park, Jae Yong 영남대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

Self-supervised neural network-based denoiser for finite-input-general-output noisy channel

Park, Taeeon Sungkyunkwan university 2021 국내석사

We propose a new neural network-based universal denoiser for the finite-input, general-output (FIGO) channel setting. Assuming known noisy channel densities, that can be mild in many real-world scenarios, we train the network so that it can denoise as well as best sliding window denoiser for any given underlying clean source data. Our proposed algorithm, named as Generalized CUDE (Gen-CUDE), takes some desirable merits; it can be trained in a self-supervised manner (solely based on the noisy observation data), has much smaller computational complexity compared to the previously developed universal denoiser for the same setting, and has much tighter upper bound on the denoising performance, which is obtained by a theoretical analysis. Through experiments, we show such strict upper bound is indeed realized in practice by showing that Gen-CUDE achieves much better denoising results compared to other strong baselines for both synthetic and real-world underlying clean sequences. 본 연구에서는 이산-입력 데이터에 연속-노이즈가 적용되었을 때, 노이즈 제거에 사용할 수 있는 Gen-CUDE 알고리즘을 제안한다. 노이즈 채널 밀도에 대한 현실적 가정과 슬라이딩 윈도우 알고리즘을 활용하여 제안된 Gen-CUDE 알고리즘은 비지도학습 방식으로 얻을 수 있는 인공신경망 모델을 기반으로 하며, 입력 데이터의 확률 모델에 대한 가정을 하지 않는 보편적 접근법을 취한다. Gen-CUDE는 디노이징 성능 및 계산 복잡성 측면에서, 동일한 문제 상황을 다루는 기존 알고리즘인 Gen-DUDE 대비 더 우수하다는 것을 실험적으로 확인하고, 이에 대한 이유를 손실 함수 측면에서 더 우수한 상한을 통해 이론적으로 분석한다.