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RISS 인기검색어
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- 저자 : 김기한 (검색결과 44 건)
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진행성 위암환자에서 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin (FP) 화학요법으로 치료 후 excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase (TS), 그리고 glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1)의 발현이 임상적 결과를 예측할 수 있는지를 연구하였다. 149명의 진행성 위암환자 (연령의 중앙값 51세)를 대상으로 하였다. 근치적 수술 후 2병기 이상의 환자를 대상으로 보조요법으로 FP 병합화학요법을 시행하였다. 치료는 cisplatin 60 mg/m2을 치료 첫날 1시간 동안 정맥주입 하였고, 5일 동안 5-FU 1,000 mg/m2을 지속 정주하였다. 이 치료는 3주 간격으로 반복하였다. ERCC1, TS, GSTP1의 발현은 면역조직화학염색법으로 분석하였다. 중앙관찰기간은 65.2 개월이었고, 연령의 중앙값은 51세 (범위 24-75세)였다. ERCC1, TS, 그리고 GSTP1은 각각 63.1%, 76.5%, 40.3%에서 양성반응을 보였다. ERCC1과 GSTP1은 크기와 상관관계가 있었다 (각각 p=0.040, p=0.018). TS는 Borrmann type과 병기와 상관관계가 있었다 (각각 p=0.030, p=0.041). 단변량분석에서 Lauren's classification, 병기, 양성림프절비율, 수술의 종류가 무병생존기간과 중앙생존기간 모두 유의한 관계가 있었다. ERCC1과 GSTP1은 중앙생존기간과 상관관계가 있었다 (각각 p=0.005, p=0.024). ERCC1과 GSTP1이 모두 양성인 환자의 생존기간이 길었다 (p=0.003). 다변량분석에서 병기와 양성림프절비율이 독립적으로 무병생존기간과 중앙생존기간과 연관성이 있었다. ERCC1과 GSTP1의 발현은 중앙생존기간에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다 (위험도=0.069, p=0.021). 결론적으로 보조요법으로 FP로 치료받는 진행성 위암 환자에서 ERCC1과 GSTP1의 면역조직화학염색법을 이용한 연구는 임상적 결과를 예측하는데 유용하리라 사료된다. The aim of this study was to determine whether expressions of the excision cross-complementing (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase (TS) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) predict clinical outcome in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (FP) chemotherapy. The study population consisted of 149 advanced gastric cancer patients. After potentially curative resection, if the patients had stage II or higher disease, we administered adjuvant FP combination chemotherapy. The FP regimen was as follows. Cisplatin 60 mg/m2 was administered intravenously on day 1, and 5-FU 1,000 mg/m2was administered intravenously on days 1 to 5. This regimen was repeated every three weeks. The expressions of ERCC1, TS and GSTP1 of primary tumors were examined by immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathologic information, including tumor size, histologic grade, Lauren’s classification, Borrmann type, vascular invasion, ratio of involved lymph nodes to dissected nodes (positive lymph node ratio), type of operation, stage, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated with respect to the expressions of ERCC1, TS and GSTP1. Median follow-up duration was 65.2 months, and median patient age was 51±11 years (range 24-75). The positive rates of ERCC1, TS, and GSTP1 were 63.1%, 76.5%, and 40.3%, respectively. ERCC1 and GSTP1 expression was significantly correlated with size (p=0.040, and p=0.018, respectively). Positive relationshipswere found between the expression of TS and Borrmann type (p=0.030) and stage (p=0.041). Univariate analysis showed that Lauren’s classification, stage, positive lymph node ratio, and type of operation were associated with both DFS and OS. ERCC1 and GTP1 were significant variables affecting OS (p=0.005, p=0.024, respectively). Patients who were both ERCC1 and GSTP1 positive had a longer survival (p=0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that stage and positive lymph node ratio were independent covariate associated with DFS and OS. Expression of both ERCC1 and GSTP1 significantly impacted on OS (hazard ratio, 0.069; p=0.021). Immunohistochemical studies for ERCC1 and GSTP1 were useful in prediction of the clinical outcome in advanced gastric cancer patients treated with adjuvant FP.
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This thesis examined positively Baek Cheol's Literary Criticism written in 1930's. Therefore, this work was aimed at only reveal of contents of criticism as materials to support the universality that should be secured indispensably in the history of Korean literary criticism. So this thesis didn't have an eye to the circumferential relation of Baek Cheol's criticism and objective evaluation to his criticism. Baek Cheol's criticism in 1930's can be summarized as follows. His view on the literature was changed greatly at about the same time with his conversion. Before his conversion, he mainly tried to emphasize on the social role of literature based on Marxism. And in that point his cirticism was divided into two phases, namely, the outside and inside aspects centering on (KAPF). The one kept an eye out the appearance of the pretended proletariat literature, and criticized literary groups which had no interest in the social role of literature. While the other established the theory of peasant literature through a great deal of intelligence and information, and was interested in creative methodology of proletariat liaterature itself. But he had the differences from another proletariat critics. Emphasizing the form of the work and speaking paradoxically about the impressive criticism, he revealed suggestively his-intrinsic view on the literature. After his conversion he would say the separation liaterature from policy. Therefore he reproached the fixed critical attitude of proletariat critics. However he tried to find the breakthrough for the literary circles which was stagnated by the pressure of Japanese Empire. So in the theory of human Research, he indicated the Author's attitudes that included the contents such as (agony), (individuality), (extremity). And he would accept the (Humanism) that prevailed worldwidely at that time. In addition, making a compositive literature as the great literature, he attempted the Renaissance in Korea. Come to the late 1930, he rationalized the Attack of Japan Empire on China and urged that the humanistic literature might appear by the war literature. These attitudes was due to the pressure of Japanese Empire. And they became the falses of his literary life. His negative phases in his criticism could be indicated as follows. As his criticism was sometimes overstated, it somewhat lacked the logic, and, accepting sensitively the theory of foreign literature it lay at the superficial level in quality, compromising well with the changes of the political situation. But we ought to authorize him in that he didn't ignore the form of literature under the strict circumstance of (KAPF) and he tried to find the spirit of our traditional literature with the humanism and he as a forerunner led to the literary circles of 1930's with his literary issues and sincerity. Consequently, the study on Baek Cheol is necessary to understand the criticism of 1930's in Korea.
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초등 교사의 게임 활동에 대한 교과교육학지식 차이 분석
The purpose of this study is to analyze the gap of the pedagogical knowledge among the elementary school teachers on instructing students in game activity. We divided the teachers into four groups; who has an abundant career and specialized in physical education at graduate school, who has an abundant career but not specialized in physical education at graduate school, who has a little teaching career but specialized in physical education at graduate school, who has a little teaching career and not specialized in Physical education at graduate school. And I restricted the study to only game activity. I applied a case study and collected lots of materials from various techniques which are depth interview, photographing, literatures research, etc. I analyzed the collected materials with inductive logic and testified the truth of the materials with personnel organization examination, colleague discussion and multivariate analysis. And I got the following results. 1. In the comprehension of curriculum: the specialized teachers think it as a variable thing by the social demand, the circumstance of school or students. So they think it very importantly. 2. In the line of instruction content: The teacher who has an abundant career and specialized in Physical education at graduate school thinks physical education must be done synthetic method of cognition, emotion and purpose. This fact indicates that a successful instruction need a good teacher who has a career and an special pedagogical knowledge. 3. In the value system: the teachers who specialized in Physical education evaluate not only the development of an athletic ability but also emotional-purposive area. But the newly appointed teacher who did not specialize in physical education at graduate school focused only the emotional side. Lately most of specialist encourage the joyful athlete. At that point, his value system can be good one. But he has neither objectivity nor consistency of his evaluation behaviors. 4. In the comprehension of student character : At individual difference, the teacher who has an abundant career and specialized in Physical education at graduate school comprehended the students by various points(physical and emotional points). But the teacher who has an abundant career but not specialized in physical education at graduate school comprehended the students' emotional side. However, he could not analyze the students' athletic abilities concretely. At any rate, to comprehend an individual difference more correctly, we need career as well as special knowledge very much. 5. In the comprehension of instruction objective: Make his students comprehend, a teacher has to know special knowledge on that field. Besides, he must has some experience in his teaching skills. Then, it is worthy of notice that motivation is effected directly by experience(not by special knowledge). This shows if anyone has the more teaching experience he will get the better teaching know-how. 6. Lastly, comparing the achievement of students, I got the following order; the teacher who has an abundant career and specialized in Physical education, the teacher who has an abundant career but not specialized in Physical education, the teacher who has a few years teaching career but specialized in Physical education, the teacher who has a few years teaching career and not specialized in Physical education. Therefore, I came to the conclusion that pedagogical knowledge is essential to improve the quality of physical education. Undoubtedly, only one stage(motivation) needs more teaching experience than pedagogical knowledge. However on most stages, the core of Physical education is an abundant pedagogical knowledge.
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Cr이 첨가된 Bi₄Ge₃O_(12) 단결정에 대한 전자 상자성 공명연구
Cr을 불순물로 첨가하여 성장시킨 Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) 단결정에 대한 전자 상자성 공명 신호들을 X-밴드 분석기를 사용하여 상온에서 관측하였다. 측정한 공명신호들의 선폭(△B_(P-P))은 8G 정도로 매우 날카로운 공명선의 모습을 나타내었다. Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) 단결정의 (110) 평면내에서 외부 자기장의 방향을 2°씩 변화시켜가며 [001] 방향(0°)에서 [001] 방향(180°)까지 공명신호들의 각도 의존성을 조사 하였다. 외부 자기장이 [001] 방향을 향할 때에는 두 신호들씩 중첩된 모두 40개의 공명신호들이 770G에서 8170G까지 가장 넓게 분산되었다. [111] 방향에서는 공명신호들이 더욱 중첩되어 최대로 좁게 모여들었고, [110] 방향에서는 다시 넓게 분산되었다. 공명 자기장들의 각도 의존성은 [111] 방향과 [221] 방향에 대하여 축대칭적인 모습을 나타내었다. 공명선폭 및 공명신호들의 수와 공명 자기장들의 각도 의존성 등으로부터 관측된 공명신호들은 Cr^(3+)에 의한 것이며, Cr^(3+)이온이 Bi^(3+)이온을 치환하여 결정 내에 들어 간 것으로 판단된다. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of in a synthetic Cr-doped Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) single crystal were measured at room temperature by employing an X-band EPR spectrometer. The observed signals show very sharp resonance lines whose lindwidths (△B_(P-P)) are about 8 Gauss. Changing the external magnetic field directions in 2° steps from the [001] direction(0°) to the [001] direction(180°) in the (110) plane of the Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) crystal, angular dependences of the resonance spectra have been investigated. The external magnetic field B being along the [001] direction, total 40 signals superposed by two spectra are the most widespread from 770 G to 8170 G. The signals are assembled the most narrowly by more overlappings of the lines and are widely distributed again with the B-fields along the [111] and [110] directions, respectively. The rotation patterns of the resonance fields are found to be axially symmetric about the [111] and [221] directions. From the linewidths and the number of resonance signals and angular dependence of resonance fields, it is concluded that the spectra are due to Cr^(3+) ions and Cr^(3+) ion substitutes for the Bi^(3+) ion in the Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) crystal.
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Plasma plugging in the KUTAM-I
In this study we observed that the increasing of the confining potential in the KUTAM-I confines much more the high energy plasma in the central cell and that the plasma plugging in it enhances the plasma density. Plasma is produced by low pressure air-discharge using a hot filament cathode coated with BaO. Under the optimum condition (gas pressure 30 mtorr, discharge current 12mA), the confining potential in the KUTAM-I with two Ioffe fields is 6.3V. The central cell density with plugging is 5.3 x 10^9cm^-3 which is 3.3 times as great as the density without plugging. Also, the effect of plasma plugging in the KUTAM-I formed with two Ioffe fields is greater than that in the KUTAM-I formed with two cusp fields.
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High- and low-refractive-index hybrid materials were prepared by an in situ acid-free sol–gel process for internal and external light-extraction layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). A random copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MSMA), poly(MMA-co-MSMA), which was capped with trialkoxysilane in MSMA units, was used as a precursor. The precursor was further reacted with titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to synthesize the high- and low-refractive-index hybrid materials, respectively, in which TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles were well dispersed, respectively, in the polymer matrix. After the reactions with TTIP and TEOS, the refractive index increased to 1.81 and decreased to 1.44 from 1.50 of the precursor, respectively. The luminance, power, and current efficiency of the OLED with an external light-extraction layer were enhanced by 21.3, 28.6, and 29.1 %, respectively, and those of the OLED with an internal light-extraction layer were increased by 62.4, 76.9, and 59.2 %, respectively, when compared to values for the reference OLED without an internal or external light-extraction layer. These results indicate that high- and low-refractive-index materials are desirable for enhancement in light-extraction efficiency, and they can provide practical solutions for various applications such as OLED displays and lighting.
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RF CMOS 기반 24 GHz 및 60 GHz 혼합기(Mixer) 개발
This thesis presents a 24 GHz and a 60 GHz CMOS mixer design in a 0.13 mm RF CMOS technology. The 24 GHz mixer was designed to downconvert RF signal at 24 GHz down to 100 MHz intermodulation frequency. A single balanced topology with a charge injection resistor was employed in the mixer design. A measurement was consequently performed and carefully compared with the simulation. The 60 GHz mixer was designed to downconvert RF signal at 60 GHz down to 5 GHz intermodulation frequency. The 60 GHz mixer with a single balanced structure employed a 5 GHz resonator LC tank at the load to provide the frequency selection function. An accurate interconnection parasitic extraction procedure was also developed for better simulation predictability as a part of the mixer design, which turned out to be highly effective. For a conversion of the LO signal from single-ended to differential scheme in the measurement, 60 GHz and 55 GHz baluns were also designed and characterized in this work.
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