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사례기반추론을 이용한 IPC거더교의 개략공사비산정에 관한연구
김기한 경북대학교 과학기술대학원 2009 국내석사
기존 국내 도로 건설사업에 있어서 개략공사비 산정 기준은 국토해양부 및 기획예산처, 한국도로공사 등에서 제시하는 평균단가를 기준으로 활용하고 있다. 그러나 계획단계에서는 공사비를 추정할 수 있는 정보의 빈약으로 정확성이 결여될 수밖에 없었고, 추정된 개략공사비의 정확성을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. IPC거더교는 2000년 7월부터 2008년 6월말까지 1,720개에 달할 정도로 국내 교량건설 분야에서 자주 쓰이는 공법으로 인정받고 있다. 하지만, 중요성에 비해 IPC거더교의 체계적인 개략공사비 산정기법이 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 사례베이스로부터 유사사례를 도출하고 그것을 이용하여, 해결책을 찾는 사례기반추론을 개략공사비 추정을 위한 방법론으로 활용하였다. 기존사례와의 유사성을 찾기 위한 방법으로 공사비 영향요인을 이용하였으며 영향요인별 가중치 산정은 자연진화의 원리를 접목한 유전 알고리즘(GA)을 활용하였다. 또 CBR 1 모델과 CBR 2모델 두 가지 모델을 제시하여 가용한 정보의 양에 따라 모델을 달리 사용할 수 있게 하였다. 이러한 모델은 현제 기획단계에서 체계화된 IPC거더교의 산정기준이 없고, 전문가의 판단에 의존하거나, 현행공사비 산정기준을 준용하고 있다는 점을 고려할 때 본 연구모델의 활용을 통해 기획단계 개략공사비 산정업무의 정확성 및 신뢰도를 향상 시킬 수 있는 결과를 제시하였다. Outline of the existing local road construction projects based on cost calculation of the Land Ministry and the Planning and Budget, the Korea Highway Corporation, as at present are based on the average price. In the planning stages, but you can extrapolate costs to the poor accuracy of the information is not to gyeolyeodoel, estimated in step plan to outline ways to improve the accuracy of construction cost is necessary. IPC in 2000, seven were in school in 2008 to reach 6 to the end of 1720 the domestic dog, often used in bridge construction is a recognized method. However, the importance of a systematic overview of the school costs were calculated IPC technique is lacking. In the case of this research base, and use it to bring in similar cases, case-based reasoning to find a solution methodology used for the outline of the construction cost estimate. How to search for similarities with existing practices of cost factors used to calculate the weight of the natural evolution and the principles of younghyangyoinbyeol jeopmokhan genetic algorithms (GA) was used to. The CBR and the CBR model, Model 1 and 2 present two different models depending on the amount of available information, the model was used suitge. This model is structured in the current planning phase of the assessment standard IPC were no schools, rely on expert judgments, or the current costs are calculated junyong criteria when considering that the use of this research model, the cost of determining the outline planning stage of work The results can improve the accuracy and reliability can be had provided.
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진행성 위암환자에서 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin (FP) 화학요법으로 치료 후 excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase (TS), 그리고 glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1)의 발현이 임상적 결과를 예측할 수 있는지를 연구하였다. 149명의 진행성 위암환자 (연령의 중앙값 51세)를 대상으로 하였다. 근치적 수술 후 2병기 이상의 환자를 대상으로 보조요법으로 FP 병합화학요법을 시행하였다. 치료는 cisplatin 60 mg/m2을 치료 첫날 1시간 동안 정맥주입 하였고, 5일 동안 5-FU 1,000 mg/m2을 지속 정주하였다. 이 치료는 3주 간격으로 반복하였다. ERCC1, TS, GSTP1의 발현은 면역조직화학염색법으로 분석하였다. 중앙관찰기간은 65.2 개월이었고, 연령의 중앙값은 51세 (범위 24-75세)였다. ERCC1, TS, 그리고 GSTP1은 각각 63.1%, 76.5%, 40.3%에서 양성반응을 보였다. ERCC1과 GSTP1은 크기와 상관관계가 있었다 (각각 p=0.040, p=0.018). TS는 Borrmann type과 병기와 상관관계가 있었다 (각각 p=0.030, p=0.041). 단변량분석에서 Lauren's classification, 병기, 양성림프절비율, 수술의 종류가 무병생존기간과 중앙생존기간 모두 유의한 관계가 있었다. ERCC1과 GSTP1은 중앙생존기간과 상관관계가 있었다 (각각 p=0.005, p=0.024). ERCC1과 GSTP1이 모두 양성인 환자의 생존기간이 길었다 (p=0.003). 다변량분석에서 병기와 양성림프절비율이 독립적으로 무병생존기간과 중앙생존기간과 연관성이 있었다. ERCC1과 GSTP1의 발현은 중앙생존기간에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다 (위험도=0.069, p=0.021). 결론적으로 보조요법으로 FP로 치료받는 진행성 위암 환자에서 ERCC1과 GSTP1의 면역조직화학염색법을 이용한 연구는 임상적 결과를 예측하는데 유용하리라 사료된다. The aim of this study was to determine whether expressions of the excision cross-complementing (ERCC1), thymidylate synthase (TS) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) predict clinical outcome in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (FP) chemotherapy. The study population consisted of 149 advanced gastric cancer patients. After potentially curative resection, if the patients had stage II or higher disease, we administered adjuvant FP combination chemotherapy. The FP regimen was as follows. Cisplatin 60 mg/m2 was administered intravenously on day 1, and 5-FU 1,000 mg/m2was administered intravenously on days 1 to 5. This regimen was repeated every three weeks. The expressions of ERCC1, TS and GSTP1 of primary tumors were examined by immunohistochemistry. Clinicopathologic information, including tumor size, histologic grade, Lauren’s classification, Borrmann type, vascular invasion, ratio of involved lymph nodes to dissected nodes (positive lymph node ratio), type of operation, stage, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated with respect to the expressions of ERCC1, TS and GSTP1. Median follow-up duration was 65.2 months, and median patient age was 51±11 years (range 24-75). The positive rates of ERCC1, TS, and GSTP1 were 63.1%, 76.5%, and 40.3%, respectively. ERCC1 and GSTP1 expression was significantly correlated with size (p=0.040, and p=0.018, respectively). Positive relationshipswere found between the expression of TS and Borrmann type (p=0.030) and stage (p=0.041). Univariate analysis showed that Lauren’s classification, stage, positive lymph node ratio, and type of operation were associated with both DFS and OS. ERCC1 and GTP1 were significant variables affecting OS (p=0.005, p=0.024, respectively). Patients who were both ERCC1 and GSTP1 positive had a longer survival (p=0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed that stage and positive lymph node ratio were independent covariate associated with DFS and OS. Expression of both ERCC1 and GSTP1 significantly impacted on OS (hazard ratio, 0.069; p=0.021). Immunohistochemical studies for ERCC1 and GSTP1 were useful in prediction of the clinical outcome in advanced gastric cancer patients treated with adjuvant FP.
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This thesis examined positively Baek Cheol's Literary Criticism written in 1930's. Therefore, this work was aimed at only reveal of contents of criticism as materials to support the universality that should be secured indispensably in the history of Korean literary criticism. So this thesis didn't have an eye to the circumferential relation of Baek Cheol's criticism and objective evaluation to his criticism. Baek Cheol's criticism in 1930's can be summarized as follows. His view on the literature was changed greatly at about the same time with his conversion. Before his conversion, he mainly tried to emphasize on the social role of literature based on Marxism. And in that point his cirticism was divided into two phases, namely, the outside and inside aspects centering on (KAPF). The one kept an eye out the appearance of the pretended proletariat literature, and criticized literary groups which had no interest in the social role of literature. While the other established the theory of peasant literature through a great deal of intelligence and information, and was interested in creative methodology of proletariat liaterature itself. But he had the differences from another proletariat critics. Emphasizing the form of the work and speaking paradoxically about the impressive criticism, he revealed suggestively his-intrinsic view on the literature. After his conversion he would say the separation liaterature from policy. Therefore he reproached the fixed critical attitude of proletariat critics. However he tried to find the breakthrough for the literary circles which was stagnated by the pressure of Japanese Empire. So in the theory of human Research, he indicated the Author's attitudes that included the contents such as (agony), (individuality), (extremity). And he would accept the (Humanism) that prevailed worldwidely at that time. In addition, making a compositive literature as the great literature, he attempted the Renaissance in Korea. Come to the late 1930, he rationalized the Attack of Japan Empire on China and urged that the humanistic literature might appear by the war literature. These attitudes was due to the pressure of Japanese Empire. And they became the falses of his literary life. His negative phases in his criticism could be indicated as follows. As his criticism was sometimes overstated, it somewhat lacked the logic, and, accepting sensitively the theory of foreign literature it lay at the superficial level in quality, compromising well with the changes of the political situation. But we ought to authorize him in that he didn't ignore the form of literature under the strict circumstance of (KAPF) and he tried to find the spirit of our traditional literature with the humanism and he as a forerunner led to the literary circles of 1930's with his literary issues and sincerity. Consequently, the study on Baek Cheol is necessary to understand the criticism of 1930's in Korea.
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초등 교사의 게임 활동에 대한 교과교육학지식 차이 분석
The purpose of this study is to analyze the gap of the pedagogical knowledge among the elementary school teachers on instructing students in game activity. We divided the teachers into four groups; who has an abundant career and specialized in physical education at graduate school, who has an abundant career but not specialized in physical education at graduate school, who has a little teaching career but specialized in physical education at graduate school, who has a little teaching career and not specialized in Physical education at graduate school. And I restricted the study to only game activity. I applied a case study and collected lots of materials from various techniques which are depth interview, photographing, literatures research, etc. I analyzed the collected materials with inductive logic and testified the truth of the materials with personnel organization examination, colleague discussion and multivariate analysis. And I got the following results. 1. In the comprehension of curriculum: the specialized teachers think it as a variable thing by the social demand, the circumstance of school or students. So they think it very importantly. 2. In the line of instruction content: The teacher who has an abundant career and specialized in Physical education at graduate school thinks physical education must be done synthetic method of cognition, emotion and purpose. This fact indicates that a successful instruction need a good teacher who has a career and an special pedagogical knowledge. 3. In the value system: the teachers who specialized in Physical education evaluate not only the development of an athletic ability but also emotional-purposive area. But the newly appointed teacher who did not specialize in physical education at graduate school focused only the emotional side. Lately most of specialist encourage the joyful athlete. At that point, his value system can be good one. But he has neither objectivity nor consistency of his evaluation behaviors. 4. In the comprehension of student character : At individual difference, the teacher who has an abundant career and specialized in Physical education at graduate school comprehended the students by various points(physical and emotional points). But the teacher who has an abundant career but not specialized in physical education at graduate school comprehended the students' emotional side. However, he could not analyze the students' athletic abilities concretely. At any rate, to comprehend an individual difference more correctly, we need career as well as special knowledge very much. 5. In the comprehension of instruction objective: Make his students comprehend, a teacher has to know special knowledge on that field. Besides, he must has some experience in his teaching skills. Then, it is worthy of notice that motivation is effected directly by experience(not by special knowledge). This shows if anyone has the more teaching experience he will get the better teaching know-how. 6. Lastly, comparing the achievement of students, I got the following order; the teacher who has an abundant career and specialized in Physical education, the teacher who has an abundant career but not specialized in Physical education, the teacher who has a few years teaching career but specialized in Physical education, the teacher who has a few years teaching career and not specialized in Physical education. Therefore, I came to the conclusion that pedagogical knowledge is essential to improve the quality of physical education. Undoubtedly, only one stage(motivation) needs more teaching experience than pedagogical knowledge. However on most stages, the core of Physical education is an abundant pedagogical knowledge.
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Cr이 첨가된 Bi₄Ge₃O_(12) 단결정에 대한 전자 상자성 공명연구
Cr을 불순물로 첨가하여 성장시킨 Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) 단결정에 대한 전자 상자성 공명 신호들을 X-밴드 분석기를 사용하여 상온에서 관측하였다. 측정한 공명신호들의 선폭(△B_(P-P))은 8G 정도로 매우 날카로운 공명선의 모습을 나타내었다. Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) 단결정의 (110) 평면내에서 외부 자기장의 방향을 2°씩 변화시켜가며 [001] 방향(0°)에서 [001] 방향(180°)까지 공명신호들의 각도 의존성을 조사 하였다. 외부 자기장이 [001] 방향을 향할 때에는 두 신호들씩 중첩된 모두 40개의 공명신호들이 770G에서 8170G까지 가장 넓게 분산되었다. [111] 방향에서는 공명신호들이 더욱 중첩되어 최대로 좁게 모여들었고, [110] 방향에서는 다시 넓게 분산되었다. 공명 자기장들의 각도 의존성은 [111] 방향과 [221] 방향에 대하여 축대칭적인 모습을 나타내었다. 공명선폭 및 공명신호들의 수와 공명 자기장들의 각도 의존성 등으로부터 관측된 공명신호들은 Cr^(3+)에 의한 것이며, Cr^(3+)이온이 Bi^(3+)이온을 치환하여 결정 내에 들어 간 것으로 판단된다. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of in a synthetic Cr-doped Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) single crystal were measured at room temperature by employing an X-band EPR spectrometer. The observed signals show very sharp resonance lines whose lindwidths (△B_(P-P)) are about 8 Gauss. Changing the external magnetic field directions in 2° steps from the [001] direction(0°) to the [001] direction(180°) in the (110) plane of the Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) crystal, angular dependences of the resonance spectra have been investigated. The external magnetic field B being along the [001] direction, total 40 signals superposed by two spectra are the most widespread from 770 G to 8170 G. The signals are assembled the most narrowly by more overlappings of the lines and are widely distributed again with the B-fields along the [111] and [110] directions, respectively. The rotation patterns of the resonance fields are found to be axially symmetric about the [111] and [221] directions. From the linewidths and the number of resonance signals and angular dependence of resonance fields, it is concluded that the spectra are due to Cr^(3+) ions and Cr^(3+) ion substitutes for the Bi^(3+) ion in the Bi_(4)Ge_(3)O_(12) crystal.
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외식기업의 공유가치창출(CSV) 활동이 기업 이미지 및 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 : 진정성을 조절효과로
공유가치창출(CSV)은 기업의 핵심역량을 통해 사회에 산적해 있는 문제를 해결함으로서 사회적 가치 창출과 동시에 경제적 가치 추구를 가능하게 하는 경영 모델이다. 이는 기업 간 경쟁이 심화되고 있는 현 상황에서 다른 기업과 차별화 할 수 있는 요소로 주목받고 있으며, 지속가능한 경영의 핵심으로서 기업의 장기적인 성과에 영향을 미칠 것으로 인식되고 있다. 특히 외식산업은 섭취의 측면에서 인간 생활과 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 있고, 포화 상태의 외식시장에서 경쟁우위를 점하기 위한 차별화 전략으로서도 외식기업의 공유가치창출 모델 수립은 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 외식기업의 공유가치창출 구성 개념을 도출하여 공유가치창출 활동 모델을 수립할 수 있도록 하고자 한다. 또한 기업 이미지, 구매의도 간의 관계를 실증분석을 통해 검증하고, 공유가치창출 활동과 기업 이미지 사이에 진정성이 조절효과를 나타낼 것으로 가설을 설정하여 어떠한 결과를 나타낼지 분석하였다. 실증연구를 위해 본 연구에서는 수도권에 거주하는 외식기업의 서비스를 이용한 경험이 있는 소비자를 대상으로 설문을 실시하고, 신뢰도 분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 상관관계분석을 실시하였으며, 회귀분석을 통해 가설을 검증하였다. 분석결과 공유가치창출 활동은 기업 이미지에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 기업 이미지 또한 구매의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 진정성은 공유가치창출 활동 중 가치사슬 내의 생산성의 재정의에서 정(+)의 영향을 나타내어, 부분 채택으로 분석되었다. 덧붙여 기업의 사회적 책임 유무와 기업의 공유가치창출 활동 필요성에 관한 문항에서, 90% 이상의 소비자가 필요하다고 답하여 공유가치창출 활동이 기업에게 필수불가결한 요소로 분석되었다. 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구의 주요 시사점은 다음과 같다. 외식산업에서 공유가치창출에 관한 연구가 다소 적은 시점에서 외식기업의 공유가치창출 활동의 필요성을 입증하고, 공유가치창출에 대한 개념을 제시하였다는 점에서 학문적 의의가 있다. 공유가치창출이 외식기업의 지속가능한 성장과 기업의 사회 구성원으로서 역할 수행, 이윤창출을 동시에 추구할 수 있다는 점에서 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다.
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