(A) Critical Analysis of China Threat Theories in the United States

Smallwood, Stuart 세종대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

기대치 최대화 알고리즘을 이용한 스테레오 카메라 기반의 사람 움직임 정보 획득

전세웅 연세대학교 대학원 2006 국내석사

This paper presents a new real-time system to acquire motion information of human torso. The system does not need any marker or device to wear on human body and adopted stereo camera to obtain robust system against for illumination and complex background. We present a solution to estimate self-occluded body objects when human model behaves normal action towards the camera. The main idea of the solution is to apply a component labeling techniques on sliced disparity map, and found the lower arm like blob from the searching of disparity map. From this approach, we can obtain the full body shape considering self-occlusion and we can estimate pose estimation by using Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm to it. It is simple and fast in comparison with other methods which satisfy real-time performance and accuracy of object tracking at the same time. As the result of experiments, we obtained the reliable motion data of articulated object motion under various costume and body type of models.$$a$$a 본 논문은 스테레오 비젼센서를 사용하여 사람 상반신의 움직임을 획득하는데 있어서, 특별한 마커(Marker)나 장치를 몸에 부착하지 않고 실시간으로 움직임을 추정하는 알고리즘을 제안한다.$$a$$a본 연구의 핵심은 두 가지로 요약될 수 있는데, 첫째로 사람 인체 구조상의 특징을 이용, 그 움직임을 분석하여 셀프 오클루젼(Self-Occlusion)의 문제를 해결하는 것이다. 정면을 향하여 서 있는 사람의 자세에서 일상생활에 잘 쓰이지 않는 자세를 제외한 유효 동작에 한해 만약 셀프오클루젼이 발생한다면 반드시 팔의 하박이 몸의 일부분을 가려 셀프 오클루젼의 경우가 일어난다 가정할 수 있고, 이에 스테레오 카메라로부터 얻은 상이도 영상(Disparity Image)에서 몸의 앞쪽에 위치한 하박의 위치를 추정함으로 셀프오클루젼 문제를 해결할 수 있다.$$a$$a둘째로, 기대치 최대화 알고리즘을 이용하는데 있어 구속조건을 주어, 주어진 모델 추정에 있어 효과적인 결과를 얻는 방법을 제시한다. 기대치 최대화 알고리즘을 수행한 결과가 잘못된 값일 경우, 미리 주어진 사람의 기구학적 위치 특성 또는 모델 확률 분포의 특성에 따라 기대치 최대화 알고리즘의 결과 값을 강제하는 방법이다.$$a$$a논문에서 제안한 시스템을 구현하고, 다양한 모델에 대하여 실험을 수행한 결과, 측정 사람의 성별, 신체 크기, 복장의 종류 등에 상관없이 유효한 모션 정보를 실시간으로 얻어내는 것이 가능하였다. 또한 스테레오 카메라의 특성상 조명에도 강인한 결과를 얻었다. 실험을 통해 얻어진 결과로 추정된 사람의 상반신 움직임 정보는 3차원 정보이며, 본 연구는 비교적 정확한 데이터를 요구하면서 동시에 실시간 처리가 필요한 인간과 컴퓨터의 상호작용(Human-Computer Interaction, HCI), 또는 인간과 로봇간의의 상호작용(Human-Robot Interaction, HRI)시스템에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다.$$a$$a

32-bit RISC microcontroller embedded capacitive fingerprint sensor SOC in CMOS technology

정승민 연세대학교 대학원 2006 국내박사

Recently, some small, thin, and inexpensive direct-touch semiconductor finger-print sensors have been proposed. Generally, fingerprint identification requires exten-sive image processing. Thus, they require several support chips, i.e., a high-performance microprocessor. However, embedding such a fingerprint identification unit into mobile and portable equipment is difficult.In this dissertation, the SOC implementation of capacitive fingerprint sensor, which embeds the 32-bit RISC microcontroller for performing an identification algorithm, is designed for user authentication on small, thin, and portable equipment. The SOC is composed of the 160 x 192 pixel-array with a sensor circuit and the embedded 32b RISC microcontroller.New sensing circuit of a charge sharing scheme minimizes the influence of internal parasitic capacitances and enlarges the voltage difference between a ridge and valley. Proposed sensing circuit employs the sensing amplifier(SA), and 2 resistors, 1 PMOSFET, 1 NMOSFET for switch. Metal 4 is used for sensor plate and ground connected metal 2 is used for shielding and ESD protection. The purpose of novel circuit is to enlarge the voltage difference between a ridge and valley at the sensing mode. The idea is to minimize the reduction of ridge detection voltage and to decrease the voltage of a valley to 0 volt at the sensing mode without the adding new sensing amplifier. An improvement can be seen by the simulation of the cell with condition of 0.35? typical parameter and 3.0V power supply after layout extraction. The voltage difference is more than 1.7V. The comparator can easily discriminate a ridge and valley. Our method results in about 180% improvement in the voltage difference between a ridge and valley. Which means the improvement of sensitivity and contrast of fingerprint image quality. The area penalty of added circuit is less than 2% of one sensor pixel layout.Several structures have been proposed for ESD protection but were implemented by adopting a special fabrication process. In this dissertation, the ground-connected metal 2 plate is used as a shielding plate for ESD protection. We also applied the ground-connected stacked VIA around one pixel sensor to protect the sensor circuit from horizontal ESD. As a result, our sensor signal processing circuit becomes free of vertical and horizontal ESD, as well as noise.The embedded 32-bit RISC microcontroller performs the fingerprint algorithm. The processor has 3-stage pipeline, 6 register banks, 32-bit ALU and 4-cycle MAC. The core described here was designed by latch base for low power and low complex-ity. We implemented the 32-bit embedded RISC microcontroller by FPGA to verify proper operation of the proposed fingerprint algorithm. All results of algorithm in-structions were compared with those of ARMulator. The total clock number of our algorithm was 44.7M cycles. GABOR filtering and thinning step occupied about 80% of total cycle. Minutiae detection time, which includes matching, was less then 3%. In addition, through optimized analysis, we determined the image resolution of 423 dpi.The test chip was fabricated on 0.35? standard CMOS 1-poly 4-metal process. The test chip size was 12 by 12.7 mm2 and sensor array size was 160 x 192. The sensor plate area of one-pixel was 58? x 58? and the pitch was 60?. The image resolution was 423 dpi. The sensor chip successfully captured a high-quality fingerprint image and performed the registration and authentication processing, using the identification algorithm. The sensing and authentication time was 2.1 sec with power consumption of 34.4mW at 3.0V and 40MHz. The ESD tolerance was obtained at the value of ?4.5kV. The stranger-rejection rate of the chip was more than 99% and the user-rejection rate is less than 1%. 최근, 경박단소의 경제성을 겸비한 직접터치 방식의 반도체형 지문인식 센서가 여러 차례 제안된 바 있다. 일반적으로 지문을 획득하고 지문인증 알고리즘을 처리하기 위해서는 센서와 함께 별도의 고성능 마이크로콘트롤러가 필요하다. 하지만 이러한 분리형 시스템은 휴대용기기의 보안을 위한 응용에 적합하지않다.본 논문에서는 센서와 마이크로콘트롤러가 하나의 칩으로 구현되는 새로운 구조의 지능형 지문센서 칩을 제안하고 있다. 제안된 칩은 연세대가 보유한 내장형 32비트 명령어축약형(RISC) 마이크로콘트롤러와 160x192어레이 구조의 용량형 센서로 구성되어있다.새롭게 제안된 전하분할 방식의 센서신호 감지회로는 반도체방식의 용량형 지문인식센서의 문제점인 기생용량의 영향을 효과적으로 제거하면서 지문의 마루와 골 간의 전압차를 획기적으로 증가시킨다. 제안된 감지회로는 센싱 앰프, 두 개의 저항과 스위치로 구성되어있다. 제안된 회로는 하나의 센싱 앰프가 단위 이득버퍼로 동작할 뿐만 아니라 전압감쇄기로서의 동작을 통하여 지문의 마루와 골 간의 전압차를 크게 증가시켰다. 3.0V 0.35μm CMOS 공정을 적용하여 최적화된 레아웃에서 파라미터를 추출하여 모의실험한 결과 기존의 골과 마루간의 전압차에 비하여 1.8배의 증가가 나타남을 확인하였다. 이는 본 논문의 센서가 기존센서에 비하여 향상된 감도를 통하여 최적의 지문이미지를 얻을 수 있음을 의미한다.본 논문에서는 직접터치방식의 반도체 센서의 문제점인 어레이 간 노이즈 및 정전기(ESD)에 의한 칩 고장을 해결하기 위한 새로운 센서 어레이 구조를 제안하고 있다. 각각의 센서 픽셀은 수평과 수직방향의 접지우물(grounded wall)을 통하여 완벽한 차폐구조를 형성하고 있다.내장된 32비트 RISC 마이크로콘트롤러는 3단 파이프라인, 6개의 레지스터 뱅크, 32비트 산술논리연산기 및 4 사이클 MAC으로 구성되어있다. FPGA에 마이크로콘트롤러를 구현하고 플래시 메모리에 지문 알고리즘을 탑재하여 테스트한 결과 정상적으로 동작하고 있음을 확인하였다. 총 44.7M 사이클을 수행하였으며 가보필터와 세선화에 전체 사이클의 80%가 사용되었다. 알고리즘을 이용한 분석을 통하여 423dpi 라는 최적의 센서이미지 해상도를 결정하였다.제안된 지문센서의 아키텍처는 0.35μm 4M 1P 표준 CMOS 공정으로 제작되었다. 다이 크기는 12 x 12.7 mm2 이며 센서 영역은 160x192 어레이로 총 30,720개의 픽셀 규모로 10 x 11.7 mm2 면적을 나타내었다. 각 픽셀은 24개의 MOS 트랜지스터로 구성되어있다. 센서 감지회로는 58 x 58 μm2 센서 플레이트 하부에 구성되어 있으며 센서 피치는 60μm로서 이미지 해상도는 423 dpi 이고, 마이크로콘트롤러 포함 전체 회로는 115만 개의 트랜지스터로 구성되었다. 측정결과 지문이미지를 검출하는데 1.5ms 가 소요되며, 알고리즘 처리에 의해 지문의 등록, 인증을 위해 2.1sec 가 소요되었다. 전력소모는 3.0V, 40MHz 동작에서 평균 34.4mW를 나타내었다. 지문센서의 인증률을 테스트한 결과 SRR(strange-rejection rate)는 99%이상, URR(user-rejection ratio)는 1% 이하로 나타났다. ESD에 있어서는 테스트 전과 후의 지문이미지의 패턴 변화가 없었으며, 최대 ±4.5KV를 나타냈다. 통상적인 센서의 ESD ±2.0KV와 비교하여 제안된 센서구조는 높은 ESD 극복전압을 나타내고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 제안된 새로운 아키텍처는 경박단소의 지문센서시스템을 가능하게 하여 휴대용기기에 적용이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

수업 재구성을 통해 본 역사교사지식 연구

윤지양 경북대학교 대학원 2018 국내박사

In recent researches on history education, it is teachers’ knowledge that has attracted the most attention as one of history teachers’ professionalism factors to determine their abilities to give a lesson. In reconstruction of class, in particular, teachers’ judgment and choice based on their cognitive operation is most used in the process of devising a lesson. It is a process of teachers’ expertise is embodied and a domain where the characteristics of history lessons are revealed most strongly according to teachers’ choice. History teachers should be able to reconstruct a class actively according to their situations by making use of their expertise. The investigator made an attempt at new research on the knowledge base of history teachers based on the research findings about teachers’ knowledge. The investigator examined the aspects and characteristics of history teachers’ knowledge utilization in the specific situations of class reconstruction and further identified the general characteristics of history teachers’ knowledge, expecting that these efforts would help to get ideas to improve teachers’ professional teaching abilities. Previous studies on teachers’ knowledge had so many shortcomings that they did not shed light on the true nature of history teachers’ characteristic knowledge. The investigator thus set the following research tasks: (1) What is history teachers’ knowledge? What areas and elements does it consist of?; (2) What characteristics does history teachers’ knowledge have among teachers at the beginning stage of class reconstruction?; (3) What characteristics does history teachers’ knowledge have among teachers with many class reconstruction experiences?; and (4) What characteristics does history teachers’ knowledge have that is used in reconstruction of class? In an effort to carry out these research tasks, the investigator selected a group of case teachers and made an attempt at approaching their class reconstruction processes before and after. Interviews, analysis results of literature materials, and observations of lessons were used to identify the utilization aspects of history teachers’ knowledge. Chapter III selected three male and female teachers whose teaching career was two to three years and were at the beginning stage of class reconstruction. Chapter IV selected three female teachers whose teaching career was seven to ten years and were relatively accustomed to class reconstruction. Chapter II covered the theoretical backgrounds, examining the significance and need of class reconstruction and conceptualizing history teachers’ knowledge based on previous studies on teachers’ knowledge. Reconstruction of class involves a process of teachers devising a lesson plan and is a core ability based on which to judge their professional teaching abilities. History teachers’ professionalism becomes an ability to reconstruct and teach history educationally. This ability is based on methodological knowledge, but it cannot be applied any time, any place. It is a thoughtful decision-making process to take into consideration educational variables. Given that historical facts are reconstructed into lesson content based on teachers’ historical awareness and delivered to students in class lessons, it is an essential discussion to contemplate over the major factors of reconstruction in each process or how teachers’ knowledge operates. Researches on teachers’ knowledge began with Schulman’s pedagogical content knowledge(PCK). His pupils and many other scholars conducted follow-up research. The common base working on teachers’ knowledge includes content knowledge, which accounts for the biggest part, knowledge about teachings methods, knowledge about students or learners, and understanding of an environment to reflect a learning situation and context. In addition, specialized content knowledge(SCK) by Ball and Hill and practical knowledge, which reflects the attitude, belief, and educational view formed through teachers’ practice and experience of lessons, offered a new perspective of teachers’ knowledge. In South Korea, researches on the criteria of lesson professionalism put an emphasis on the components of teachers’ affective and cognitive domains and their roles in lessons. Researchers also made efforts to figure out the true nature of pedagogical content knowledge in each subject based on the research findings about PCK. The social studies subject discussed content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, understanding of students, situational knowledge. In history education, they discussed the areas of history teachers’ expertise to identify professional teaching abilities, check the characteristics and application patterns of PCK in history lessons, and promote the professionalism of preliminary history teachers. The emphasis was on knowledge about the content of the history subject, methods to teach history, and understanding of students to learn history. It is noteworthy that teachers’ beliefs and values commonly referred to as views of history education are considered as major factors of teachers’ knowledge or professionalism. There is no strict distinction between knowledge and belief. Since the professional knowledge system of history teachers works in reconstruction of class, the investigator conceptualized it as “history teachers’ knowledge” and proposed its four subareas and components: the first one was “knowledge about history content” that is the content knowledge base of the history subject; the second one was “methods of history lessons” about methods to teach history effectively; the third one was an “understanding of students’ situations” regarding their learning environments and conditions participating in history lessons; and the final one was “belief of history lessons” as the directing point of lessons based on the understanding of history education. These were used as a framework to analyze history teachers’ knowledge in Chapters III and IV. Six teachers reconstructed a class according to their respective situations under the same conditions of “Gwanghaegun’s neutral diplomacy policy” and “debate and discussion lessons.” The interviews and observations of their processes shed light on the following characteristic aspects: The teachers at the beginning stage of class reconstruction placed the biggest importance on knowledge about history content and were highly dependent on the textbooks. They had knowledge about lesson methods, but they would avoid them, saying that they were not proper for the level of their students. Their method application was simple and had no organic connections to content. They understood the situations of their students relatively easily and regarded the shortage of vocabulary and concepts as lesson obstacles, but they had a trial and error in the process of connecting them to their class reconstruction. They were not able to reveal their belief in history lessons, either. Contrary to them, the teachers with plentiful class reconstruction experiences placed importance on the rich history content knowledge and raised a need to take interest in the current society. They exhibited a permissive and flexible attitude in dealing with lesson content and said that it was more important to find an optimal combination with content knowledge than a history lesson method itself. They used their understanding of students’ situations to motivate them to study and keep their learning and made use of their experiential knowledge through intuition. Their belief in history lessons was closely related to their content knowledge and had interactions with the knowledge of other areas. Based on these findings, Chapter V offered the following implications: first, history teachers’ knowledge has integrity. Its four areas have individual nature respectively and, at the same time, are in interactions to form a venue. They change and expand in mutual connections rather than being distinguished in use. Goals are set based on an understanding of students’ situations and teachers’ belief in history lessons, which means that teachers contemplate over the application of knowledge about historical content and methods of history lessons. It is a process of history teachers’ knowledge revealing its integrated nature. Next, history teachers’ knowledge has expandability, which means the broadening of their extension. It has been usually understood as the expansion of knowledge about historical content, but the knowledge of other areas related to it should also be expanded. In addition, expandability should be discussed in the qualitative aspects of saving and utilizing knowledge beyond the abundance or shortage of content elements in knowledge. Much knowledge about an area does not guarantee effective teaching of it to others. History teachers’ knowledge also has flexibility. It is utilized more or relatively less in certain areas according to the individual lesson situations of teachers. The ability of regulating it is called flexibility. It is a matter of which domain knowledge is utilized more or less rather than whether the amount of knowledge is big or small. Differences between two teacher groups were the most prominent in flexibility. Knowledge about historical content can be used less based on teachers’ belief in history lessons. When the understanding of students’ situations is reflected at a high level, knowledge about methods for history lesson is set high. In the end, history teachers’ lesson professionalism depends on their experiences and reflection on the total operation of their knowledge rather than whether they have knowledge or not. History teachers should supplement the areas of deficiency by checking their knowledge themselves in the aspect of integrity in order to expand their knowledge as history teachers. In the aspect of expandability, they should expand their knowledge both in quantity and quality and make efforts to specify belief in history lessons that have been neglected. Finally, they need an opportunity to apply their knowledge as history teachers to specific situations. They can expand their flexibility by exploring the diverse possibilities of class reconstruction and overcoming a trial and error. These require them to increase chances for external stimuli. Such in-service training plans as sharing reconstruction of class, criticizing reconstruction of class, and reconstructing a class according to the level provided usefulness as a finding. There is a need to pay attention to the roles of communities such as all kinds of subject research societies and teachers’ clubs. It is, however, even more important to stimulate teachers’ voluntary internal motivation. Despite its many limitations, the present study is expected to help history teachers understand themselves and find an answer as to what they should do for lessons.

임베디드 프로세서를 위한 효율적인 디버깅 방식의 제안

이상민 연세대학교 공학대학원 2006 국내석사

In the 70's the appearance of the microprocessor summoned a revolution to the field which applies a electronic circuit. also electronic circuit has a fast progress for performance and complexity with an improvement of semiconductor process. so this microprocessor has a great growth and been developed for design and debugging methodology.Even from in that the microprocessor complexity and the accomplishment ability seemed and most dazzling development it came, the change where also debugging method are many and it passed by it evolved and the microprocessor of now other peripheral I/O systems in with microcontroller of existing repeats an evolution in the form which as the SoC it integrates and chip one accomplishes one System role, already to make with the processor of the form which is various it uses in mobile hand phone field and various control field back specific objective rightly it comes the IP which is various inside one chip.Especially, the microprocessor used in mobile cellular phone has high performance, low power and multitasking with RTOS operation. and more it will be much difficult in debugging compared than before. So, it is almost impossible to debug without special JTAG debugging environment. And if we follow up traditional design methodology, it will take over 51% time sharing for final product. That is why debugging is most important part in total development cycle time. furthermore when going to final part, the cost will be increased with exponential curve.The purpose of this study is to suggest a way to optimize with traditional JTAG debugging and ETM method recently introduced. and comparing with each method in a view point of benefit and weakness.As a result of testing with ETM environment, it should be better debugging method than JTAG debugging only and in the complex embedded debugging environment it could be effective methodology. 디버깅은 전자회로의 전체 개발 요소 중 갈수록 그 중요성이 증대되고 있으며, 실제 디자인을 설계하는 것보다도 디버깅에 소요되는 시간이 갈수록 늘어나고 있다. 따라서 개발 초기에서부터 적절한 디버깅 방식을 선택하는 것과 함께 그에 부합되는 적합한 장비를 선정하여 개발일정을 단축하고 정확히 수행하는 것이 중요하다. 이러한 추세는 기존의 디버깅 방식이 임베디드 분야의 각종 마이크로프로세서의 발전과 더불어 더욱 복잡하고 정확한 환경을 요구하는 것과 무관하지 않다. 이러한 요구는 더욱 빨라지고 정교해지는 개발 프로세서의 발전을 좀 더 빠르게 진전시킬 것으로 보인다. 특히 모바일 핸드폰 분야에 사용되는 프로세서는 RTOS의 사용과 함께 고성능 저전력, 멀티태스킹 작업등 갈수록 그 성능이 고 사양화됨에 따라서, 그 소스를 디버깅하는 작업 또한 이전에 비해 상당히 어려워지고 복잡해져 가고 있다. 더욱이 이제는 소스코드의 분량도 갈수록 커져서 본인이 작성한 부분이외에 팀 단위로 작성되어 연결이 되어 있어서 전용의 디버깅 장비 없이 다양하고 복잡하게 작동하는 임베디드 분야의 프로세서를 디버깅하기란 거의 불가능 하다고 볼 수 있다.본 논문은 임베디드 분야에서 많이 사용되는 ARM을 응용한 시스템을 사용하여 이제까지 발전해온 각 디버깅 방식의 장점 및 단점을 비교 및 고찰하여 최적화되고 좀 더 효율적인 방법을 제안한다. 그리고 제안한 각 디버깅 방식의 장단점을 분석하기 위하여 실제 임베디드 분양에서 많이 사용되는 응용보드를 이용하여 시스템을 구성 및 분석하였다. 구성한 시스템의 실험결과를 통해서 각 디버깅 방식별 소프트웨어의 수행 및 코드를 분석하고 실제 리얼타임 환경에서 보여주는 다양한 디버깅 정보를 통하여 최적의 디버깅 방식을 구현하고자 한다.

내장형 응용 시스템을 위한 버스 구조 설계

양동훈 연세대학교 대학원 2003 국내석사

본 논문에서는 내장형 응용 시스템을 위한 COBA(Configurable Bus Architecture) 시스템을 설계하였다. 시뮬레이션에서 사용된 32비트 마이크로컨트롤러는 연세대학교 VLSI&CAD 연구실에서 설계한 32비트 RISC 마이크로컨트롤러로 최근에 기능과 성능을 향상 시킨 것이다. 마이크로컨트롤러의 성능을 확장하기 위해서는 주변기기를 연결할 수 있는 버스 시스템이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 마이크로 컨트롤러의 전체적인 시스템 효율을 향상 시키는 버스 시스템을 설계하는 것이다. 또한 응용 분야에 따라서 다양하게 configuration 될 필요가 있기 때문에 본 논문에서 설계한 버스는 재사용 가능하며, soft IP 형태로 사용자들에게 제공 될 수 있다. 설계한 버스는 MC(Main Configurable) 버스와 PC(Peripheral Configurable) 버스로 구분된다. MC 버스는 고성능의 시스템을 구성할 수 있는 속도가 빠른 버스이며, 아비터(Arbiter)가 있어서 DSP, SRAM 제어기, DMA 제어기와 같은 버스 마스터를 최대 16개까지 지원 할 수 있다. PC 버스는 고성능을 요구하지 않는 느린 시스템과 저전력 시스템을 위한 버스이며, 인터페이스를 단순화 시켜 주변기기의 개발을 쉽게 하였다. MC 버스와 PC 버스는 COBA 브리지를 두어 두 버스를 연결하게 되는데 COBA 브리지는 MC 버스의 슬레이브가 된다. 본 논문에서 제안한 COBA 시스템은 Top-Down 방식을 적용하여, Verilog HDL로 기술하고, SMART7L 마이크로컨트롤러와 연동하여 상위 수준의 검증을 수행하였다. 0.35um 표준 라이브러리를 사용하여 Synopsys를 통해 합성하였으며, 합성 결과 게이트 수는 약 4000개 정도이며, 최대 150Mhz로 동작한다. In this thesis, COBA(Configurable Bus Architecture) system is designed for embedded system. The microcontroller used for simulation is a 32bit RISC core, designed and improved by Yonsei University VLSI&CAD Laboratory. Bus system is to be interconnect microcontroller with various peripheral devices for expanding performance of microcontroller. For this reason, the aim of this research is to design a bus system, which can improve the total system efficiency of microcontroller. This bus system is a reusable and offered to user a form of soft IP(Intellectual Property). The designed bus is divided into two buses : MC(Main Configurable) bus and PC(Peripheral Configurable) bus. The MC bus is a system bus for high speed and performance systems. COBA arbiter supports up to a maximum of 16 bus masters, for example DSP, SRAM controller and DMA controller. PC bus is for slow and low power system, which does not need high performance. Because interface is simple, peripheral device development is easy. The designed PC bus can support up to a maximum of 64 bus slaves. The MC bus and PC bus are interconnected through a COBA bridge. The COBA bridge operates as MC bus slave. In this thesis, the hardware verification is achieved by COBA system connected with SMART7L microcontroller described top-down design method. It designed using HDL and synthesized with CMOS 0.35μm library. This hardware has total 4000 gates and increases bus speed up to 100Mhz.

사비 후기 백제의 지배세력과 정국운영의 변화

남정호 경북대학교 대학원 2016 국내박사

The current study investigated changes in the political power and management of national affairs during late Sabi Period in Baekje Dynasty, focused around the adversarial relationships between political powers. Many researches have been accumulated on this particular period, and the discovery of saribongangi inside Mireuksaji seosuktap especially deepened the understanding of politics in King Mu’s era. On the other hand, though, this intensified argument about various related matters as new opinions were introduced while the existing opinions repeated with reinforced foundation for the argument. The current study was conducted in a way to synthesize and organize the existing views, embrace and strengthen rational points from each view, and add new parts or what have not been recognized before. Firstly, in order to correctly understand political situations of Baekje Dynasty in the late Sabi Period, articles related to Baekje recorded in Hwanggeukgi of 『Nihonshoki』 were revisited and organized. Then, Mireuksaji seotap saribongangi and Seo-dong tale of the reign of King Mu from 『Samgukyusa』, as well as previous studies, were examined as an attempt to find out the Queen of King Mu and the biological mother of King Uija. After reviewing articles related to Baekje in Hwanggeukgi in 『Nihonshoki』, the number of Poongjang recorded several times was found to be 2, not 1. This means that it can be divided to Poongjang in Seomyeounggi and Hyodeokgi and Gyogi in Hwanggeukgi (Poongjang of Jemyeonggi and Cheonjigi=gyuhae=Buyeopoon), where the former was found to be the father of the latter. Poongjang that appears in Seomyeonggi had been sent to Japan in 631 by King Uija as a result of the competition for the position of Crown Prince. Gyogi from Hwanggeukgi, in relation to the political upheaval in Baekje in 642, seems to have the characteristic of deportation but in fact was dispatch as a diplomatic delegate to Japan. However, another group of diplomatic delegation was dispatched after 10 years, and when the Japanese government heard the news of Baekje crisis, they started doubting the qualification of the diplomatic delegation. To diffuse suspicion, King Uija re-appointed Daejwapyoung Jijeok and dispatched him to Japan and he returned home after completing his mission. Next, the relationship between gookjumo, or mother of the King, and King Uija recorded in Hwanggeukgi in 『Nihonshoki』does not appear to be the true biological mother-son relationship and gookjumo was found to be the same person as ‘Queen Satak’ of Mireuksaji seotap saribongangi. From what have been found thus far, and considering the political position of Baekje at the time, it seems most reasonable to conclude that ‘Princess Seonhwa’ during reign of King Mu in 『Samgukyusa』 is the biological mother of King Uija. Many view Princess Seonhwa to be from the Iksan polity or third daughter of King Jinpyeong, but both are found to be unlikely. Considering that the reign of King Mu was recorded in 『Samgukyusa』because it was a noteworthy event in the period, it can be seen that the name of Princess Seonhwa remained as narrative embellishment that symbolizes the marriage of King Mu of Baekje and royal blood or daughter of an aristocrat of Silla. Lastly, reviewing the time of marriage, King Mu was found to have married Princess Seonhwa before the coronation in 595, and to Queen Satak during the early years of his reign. Thus, Princess Seonhwa can be seen as the former queen and Queen Satak can be seen as the latter queen of King Mu. Secondly, the regal power of King Mu and changes in the political power were reviewed as follows. In order to solve the problem of King Mu’s lineage, the reign from King Wideok to King Beop was examined. From the result, it is reasonable to conclude that the early years of King Wideok, the regal power weakened temporarily but it gradually stabilized by the 13th year of King Wideok, through construction of temple in Neungsali and supporting sacred relics of monks. However, it was found in 577 from the Wangheungsaji sarira case that the prince, who was to succeed the throne after King Wideok, had passed away. Because this death of the prince could shake the regal power, chuboktap was built to unite other royal family members of King Seong. During this process, the brother of King Wideok, Hye, started administration in Iksan and increased the political weight. With the death of King Wideok, Hye naturally succeeded the throne. King Beop, who succeeded King Hye, also died at early age, presumably because King Mu, who was illegitimate child of King Beop, received support from many aristocrats. There has been a lot of controversy about the lineage of King Mu, among which surpasses 『Samguksagi』and 『Samgukyusa』, along with many other historical sources, is a theory that King Mu is an illegitimate child of King Beop. Examining the change in the political power during the reign of King Mu, it can be found that King Mu made a new appointment right after the coronation of the Hae and the Baek family, who have been secluded for a long time among the rest of Daeseongpaljok. By giving equal opportunity of appointment to new powers and royal families as shown by the appointment of the Yeon, Gook and Sa families, along with the Wang’s from Chinese heritage and the Iksan polity, the royal power was strengthened in checks and balance with other powers. The former part of King Mu’s era started growing after the battle at Fortress Amak. The battle marked the beginning of King Mu’s policy to strengthen the royal power, which developed around the Wang and Ye families, and the Iksan polity, centered around the naejo. In the late years of King Mu, the royal power was most stable and stronger than in any other era. As the Sa family joined the power, they re-emerged as the leading power in national affairs. The Sa influence conflicted with Uija for the succession of throne as they supported Queen Satak and Poongjang of their own. This influence of the Sa family was found to have grown as they led the battle against Silla in the later years of King Mu and particularly through the expansion into Hamyang area, which is considered as the highest achievement of King Mu. With regard to the trends of Iksan forces, Iksan had been considered as a separate district in the capital, conceptually, due to the construction of Wanggungseong and Mireuksa. Iksan was developed for its relation to Cheondo during King Mu’s reign. By the time of King Uija, however, King Mu’s royal tomb was constructed, as well as the Daegwansa temple, which made it a more of a religious capital. On the other hand, the influence of naejo increased drastically during King Mu’s era, as shown by the advancement of Hyorin Wang, the Ye family, and Naejwapyeong Gimi to the highest official rank of naejo, jwapyeong. In particular, the influence of Iksan grew greatly during King Mu’s era. According to『Nihonshoki』 recorded the first year of Hwanggeukgi, Naejwapyeong Gimi was considered as part of Iksan polity. But as Uija was installed as the Crown Prince in the later years of King Mu, Sabi was stressed as capital, and the Sa influence expanded centered around the Queen Satak, succeeding the administration in Iksan, including Mireuksa saribongan. During this process, Sa family embraced Iksan polity and the two powers came to have the same political view. Thirdly, after examining the changes in the management of national affairs during King Uija’s reign, the conflict between the Sa power and the Crown Prince seem to have begun from the late years of King Mu and continued until the expulsion of Gyogi, the Sa family related to Queen Satak and Naejwapyeong Gimi from Iksan polity and the political upheaval in the early years of King Uija. In other words, the upheaval in the second year of King Uija damaged the Sa family’s influence and weakened its power. However, it is difficult to view as complete expulsion of the entire Sa influence, but rather a blow on the family of Queen Satak. During the early days of this political upheaval, Sataek Jijeok was re-appointed by King Uija and dispatched to Japan as a diplomatic delegate. This was to reassure the suspicion from Japan on the qualification of the diplomatic delegates, including Gyogi, who was already dispatched. Likewise, it can be inferred that Sataek Jijeok’s political cooperation to King Uija caused separation of the Queen Satak’s family from Sataek Jijeok’s family. Thus the family of Sataek Jijeok used different Chinese characters to represent their surname to differentiate themselves from the family of the Queen Satak. After, King Uija was able to exercise a stronger royal power than in any other time and shifted the regime to a more bureaucratic system. The most important power during early days of King Uija was the princes of King Uija (centered around the Crown Prince) and the Dalsol class, who grew centered around 22 Busas, based on the Confucian knowledge and military skills. They appear to have strengthened their political status through seizure of Daeyaseong Fortress in early days of King Uija. In addition, there were powers that branched out from the Sa family and held the Dalsol class among the Daeseongpaljok. Considering these circumstances, King Uija’s management of national affairs can be characterized as monarchical system of the King and Crown Prince as a result of the political upheaval and the power was divided according to the degree of cooperation from the Daeseongpaljok. Moreover, appointment of new powers in the high ranking position expanded the authority of the King to appoint officials, pursuing the autocratic regime. Unlike in King Mu’s time, this process of strengthening regal power was implemented based on the Confucian ideology, and further supported by the consistent push for the battle against Silla. On the other hand, diplomatic route in the early days of King Uija adhered to the hard-line policy toward Silla and friendly relations with Tang Dynasty. However, it was difficult to maintain the relationship with Tang after Tang invaded Goguryeo in 645 and after the defeat in the battle against Silla in 647-649. The policy was eventually abandoned by Baekje to improve relations with the Tang Dynasty around 652-654 and the diplomatic route was changed toward forming an alliance with Goguryeo. Seongchoong, who had been leading the former part of King Uija’s reign, strongly opposed to this. Gundaebuin Eungo, who was greatly discontent with Yung’s installation as the Crown Prince, and powers of Hyo, who supported Baekje-Goguryeo alliance, used this situation to strengthen their voice, resulting in the elevation of Hyo to the position of Oewang or Sowang. They further tried to drive out Yung and make Hyo as the next successor of the crown but there was division and opposition within the royal powers and aristocrats who supported Yung and Hyo. After the 19th year of King Uija, the opposition between both powers was at its peak. Silla Dynasty noticed and informed Tang of the situation, inducing the attack from Tang on Baekje. As seen thus far, the political reorganization in the late years of King Uija and the cause of feuds and conflicts related to the replacement of the Crown Prince seem to have been brought by extremely forceful establishment of regal power since the early years of King Uija. The centralization of power on the King and bureaucratization of aristocrats intensified the competition for the succession of throne. And such management of national affairs by King Uija was done by alienating the royal family and aristocrats from the era of King Mu. Accordingly, princes and grandsons of King Mu, including Poonjang and Gyogi, were sent to Japan and Boksindo, who played an active role during King Mu, entirely disappeared during King Uija’s reign. Same was true for the princes of King Mu and other aristocrats with assignment during King Mu’s time. In conclusion, the rapid strengthening of regal power during King Uija caused isolation of regal power and internal strife within the royal family for the succession of throne, resulting in the weakened support for the King and the Crowned Prince. Based on the above results from research, Sabi Period can be divided into former and latter and the latter consists of the time including and after King Hye. The latter part of Sabi Period can be characterized by the establishment of monarch-centered national administration through consistent effort to strengthen the regime by the royal family of King Hye. It was also when the regal power was the strongest in the history of Baekje Dynasty. The foundation to such strong regal power can be attributed to, first, the close associates to the King that strengthened the rank of naejo and officials of naejo that were in key positions of the state affairs. During King Mu’s era, youngsoo, or the leader, of naejo held the position of jwapyeong and the new powers including the Wang, Ye, and Iksan grew around naejo. The new powers equipped with Confucian knowledge or military power supported the royal power during King Uija’s reign as well. Second reason is the noteworthy achievement in the battle against Silla. King Mu and King Uija attacked Silla more actively than ever, presumably because King Mu was married to a woman from Silla and King Uija was the child of hers. Both concentrated more highly than any other Kings on attacking Silla to hide their political weaknesses. In any case, King Mu advanced toward the direction of Hamyang through the battle against Silla and King Uija used that as a stepping stone to recover most of the land of Old Gaya and threatened the capital of Silla, Gyeongju, by seizing the Fortress Daeyaseong. The victory in the battle against Silla undoubtedly became an important factor in the establishment of strong regal power. Thirdly, the power of Daesdongpaljok, except for the Sa family, declined, while the political participation of the royal family increased and new powers emerged. Analysis of names that played active parts during late years of King Mu and King Uija from 『Samguksagi』 and 『Nihonshoki』, such trend is found to have grown stronger gradually. The royal family and new powers can be seen as the forces supporting the regal power. Second characteristic of the latter part of Sabi Period is the fierce competition for the installation of Crown Prince following the strengthened regal power. The political powers that played the strongest influence during this period were the royal family and the Sa family. The Sa family was deeply involved in the installation process of Crown Prince because they have produced queens for King Mu and King Uija. Though there was rise and fall and removal of certain family, the Sa family maintained their power consistently throughout the latter part of the Sabi Period. Hence, the latter part of Sabi Period can be considered as the period of political dominance by the royal family, mainly around the King and the Crown Prince, and political changes, subsequently, were caused by changes in their relationships. As the competition for the throne heightened, political powers of Baekje were divided and confronted in the later years of King Uija. Exposure of such competition to Silla invited invasion from the allied forces of Silla-Tang and, ultimately, fall of the dynasty. Lastly, reviewing the contents related to the political history of Baekje from 8 kinds of text books for ‘Korean History’ now used in high schools, many instances of small and big errors in contents, controversial descriptions and inappropriate expressions were found, despite the limited scope of review to the political history of Baekje. Moreover, prevalence of problematic description in areas that have long been pointed out by the scholars specialized in the area calls for the need of detailed attention by the writers of those text books. However, it should not be taken as the sole responsibility of the authors. Due to the recent revision in the curriculum, the writers did not have enough time to develop and examine the contents, and to filter out all of the errors. Also, because the circumstances do not allow to have a scholar for each period and each specialized area, the academia needs to be more attentive in providing necessary support to verify errors and propose proper way of description, whenever new text books are published.

중국 엔터테인먼트 회사의 경영 전략 연구 : -TF 엔터테인먼트 회사 사례연구-

LIU SHULIN 세종대학교 대학원 2023 국내석사

중국 엔터테인먼트 회사들은 한국과 일본 엔터테인먼트 회사를 모방하여 아이돌을 육성하고자 하는 시도를 하게 되었다. 그러나 중국 소비자의 취향 과 시장 환경을 제대로 파악하지 못하고 한국과 일본의 아이돌 육성 시스 템을 모방하는 데만 그쳐 실패하였다. 중국은 급격한 경제 발전과 함께 엔터테인먼트 산업에 대한 관심이 높아 지고 있으며, 이에 따라 기업들은 경쟁력을 강화하기 위한 전략적인 방향을 모색하고 있다. 본 연구는 중국 엔터테인먼트 산업의 최신 동향과 경영 전 략을 조사하고 분석하여 중국 엔터테인먼트 기업들의 발전 방향을 도출하 고자 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 또한, 연구에서는 TF엔터테인먼트를 사례로 엔터테인먼트 회사의 경영 전략과 성공 요인을 분석하여 중국 엔터테인먼트 기업들에게 경쟁력 강화 방안을 제시하였다. TF엔터테인먼트는 아티스트 육성, 콘텐츠 개발 다양화, 글로벌 시장 진출 등을 통해 성공을 거두었으며, 이를 통해 다른 중국 기업 들도 전략적인 방향을 설정하고 성장할 수 있다는 점이 강조되었다고 한다. 본 논문에서는 TF엔터테인먼트회사를 사례로 PEST 분석과 SWOT 분석 방 법을 사용하여 분석하였다. PEST 분석을 통해 정치, 경제, 사회 및 기술 측 면에서 회사에 미치는 외부 환경의 영향을 분석하고, SWOT 분석을 통해 회사의 장점, 단점, 기회 및 위협 측면에서 내부 환경을 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구는 PEST 분석을 통해 정치적 요인 측면에서 TF 엔터테인먼트 회 사는 정부 정책의 영향을 받고 회사의 발전에 일정한 제한이 있음을 발견 하였다. 경제적 요인 측면에서 최근 몇 년 동안 문화 산업 소비가 지속적으 로 증가했음을 알 수 있다. 사회적 요인 측면에서 문화 소비 수요의 증가와 다양한 문화 제품에 대한 소비자의 추구는 TF엔터테인먼트 회사에 기회를제공하고 있다. 기술적 요소 측면에서 기술 진보와 디지털 전환은 회사의 비즈니스 모델과 제품 혁신에 기회를 가져옴을 알 수 있었다. SWOT 분석에서 TF엔터테인먼트 회사의 강점은 강력한 브랜드 이미지와 좋은 시장 인지도를 가지고 있었다. 그러나 회사는 치열한 시장 경쟁, 열악 한 비용 관리 등과 같은 몇 가지 단점에 직면해 있다. 기회 측면에서 회사 는 시장 확장, 제품 혁신 및 국제 협력을 통해 더욱 발전할 수 있다. 위협 측면에서 회사는 시장 변화 및 규제 제한과 같은 도전에 대응해야 한다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 중국 엔터테인먼트 산업은 콘텐츠 다변화, 글로벌 전략 수립, 뉴미디어 활용 등을 고려하여 경쟁력을 강화해야 한다는 결론을 도출하였다. 콘텐츠 다변화는 다양한 장르와 형식의 콘텐츠를 개발하고 제 공하는 것을 의미하며, 이를 통해 다양한 시청자와 수요를 충족시킬 수 있 다. 글로벌 전략을 수립하여 해외 시장에 진출하고 글로벌 네트워크를 구축 하여 국제적인 영향력을 확대할 필요가 있다. 또한 뉴미디어를 활용하여 인 터넷과 모바일 등의 새로운 미디어 플랫폼을 활용하여 다양한 콘텐츠를 제 작하고 유통해야 한다. 이러한 연구 결과는 중국 엔터테인먼트 산업의 발전에 기여하고, 중국 기 업들이 경영 전략을 수립하는 데 도움을 주며, 중국 엔터테인먼트 기업들이 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 경쟁력을 강화하고 지속적인 성장을 이뤄나갈 수 있도록 학술적 뒷받침이 될 것으로 기대된다. 그러나 연구에는 여전히 데이터 가용성, 분석 방법에 대한 제한이 있으며 이러한 한계점을 개선하기 위해 앞으로 다른 기획사들과의 비교분석과 같 은 연구들이 지속적으로 이루어져야 될 것으로 보인다. 키워드: 엔터테인먼트, 연예 기획사, 아이돌 육성, 문화 경제, SWOT, PEST

휴대형기기에 적합한 내장형 3차원 그랙픽 렌더링 처리기 설계

우현재 연세대학교 대학원 2003 국내석사

기존의 3차원 그래픽 가속기는 전력소모 및 규모가 커서 휴대형 기기에는 적합하지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 휴대형기기에 적합한 저전력 소규모의 3차원 렌더링 처리기를 제안한다. 소규모의 구현을 위하여 반복연산 및 고정소수점 연산을 사용하였다. 또 저전력의 고려를 위해 텍스쳐 유무에 따라 효율적으로 파이프라인을 관리하였고, 삼각형 셋업 및 에지워킹 단은 순차적으로, 3차원 영상 가속기의 성능을 좌우하는 스켄라인처리와 스판 처리 단은 병렬적으로 처리하게 설계하였다. 설계한 렌더링 처리기는 800*600의 해상도 지원과 32비트의 트루칼러를 지원하며 플립프롭 기반으로 설계하였다. Xilinx Virtex2 6000을 사용하여 검증을 하였고 전체 LUT의 55%를 차지하며 36.4 Mhz의 동작 주파수를 갖는다. 0.25μm ASIC공정에서는 50Mhz로 동작하여 초당 47.88M 개의 픽셀과 33.25 프레임을 처리하며 텍스쳐 매핑을 포함 64만 게이트를 가지며 면적은 6.1254mm*6.1186mm 이이며 파워소모는 263.7mW이다. The conventional 3D graphic accelerator is mainly focused on high performance in the application area of computer graphic and 3D video game. However they are not suitable for the portable devices which usually have tight power budget. In this thesis, we propose low power 3D graphic rendering processor for embedded 3D graphic accerlerator, which is applicable in portable devices. The proposed rendering processor adopts fixed point number instead of floating point number and implements functional operation to be iterative rather than parallelized to lower hardware cost. Furthermore, the proposed architecture manages pipeline flow in smart manner according to existence of texture for low power consumption. Triangle set-up stage and edge walking stage are executed sequentially while scan-line processing stage and span processing stage which control performance of 3D graphic accelerator are executed parallely. The proposed rendering processor supports 800 by 600 pixel resolution and 32-bit true color. It is verified that the proposed rendering processor runs in up to 36.4 Mhz and in up to 50Mhz when it is implemented with FPGA and 0.25μm ASIC technology respectively. The ASIC chip can execute 47.88M pixels per second. The size of ASIC chip is 6.1254mm*6.1186mm and the power consumption is 263.7mW with 50Mhz operation frequency.

데이터 망에서 음성 전송을 위한 프로토콜에 관한 연구

최근석 연세대학교 공학대학원 2003 국내석사

지난 수십년간 통신 산업은 인터넷 이용의 증가와 IP를 기반으로 한 어플리케이션의 증가로 인하여 통신의 방법에 있어 급변하게 변하고 있다. 현재 인터넷은 통신의 일반적인 방법으로 전체 IP 트래픽은 전형적인 음성망(PSTN)의 트래픽량을 이미 넘어섰다. 이러한 새로운 기술의 출현으로 통신사업자, 기업, 장비 제조업체의 입장에서 IP의 장점을 최대한 수용한 음성트래픽과 이를 위한 서비스는 차세대 주요 어플리케이션이라는 것이 명백하다. 이러한 예상은 일반적으로 VoIP 혹은 IP telephony라고 하는 새로운 기술의 영향에 기인한다. VoIP는 통신 사업자와 사용자에게 중요한 많은 이득과 특징적인 능력을 제공한다. 음성 트래픽을 IP망으로 전송하는 것에 의해 통신 서비스 사업자와 사용자는 장거리 전화 비용을 줄일 수 있고 대역폭을 보호할 수 있다. VoIP를 이용함으로서 기업은 음성과 데이터에 대한 실제적인 통합망을 구성하여 IP망에서 음성과 데이터를 통합할 수 있다는 관점에서 많은 이득을 제공한다. 이러한 통합된 망은 전형적인 음성망(PSTN)의 신뢰성과 품질을 제공할 뿐만 아니라 기업은 IP를 기반으로 한 새로운 어플리케이션의 장점을 취할 수 있는 유연성을 제공한다. 현재와 미래의 VoIP 네트워크는 기업의 요구 조건과 관련 기술에 맞는 다양한 프로토콜과 어플리케이션을 선정하면서 지속적으로 구축되고 적용될 것이다. IP Telephony가 통신 서비스의 주류를 이루어 공중 전화망과 상호 보완적인 위치를 확보하기 위해서는 통화 품질, 운용의 용이성 및 기능성을 충분히 제공하여 현재 보편적으로 서비스 하고 있는 공중 전화망과 동일한 서비스를 제공하여야 한다. 더 나아가서 VoIP 프로토콜은 첫째, 호설정, 종료 및 호의 관리를 위하여 필수적인 기능을 제공하여야하고 둘째, 많은 가입자를 지원 할 수 있도록 확장성을 제공하여야 한다. 셋째, 과금통계 등을 포함한 망관리 기능을 지원하여야한다. 넷째, 통화 품질을 위한 QoS(Quality of Service)방식을 지원하여야한다. 다섯째, 새로운 서비스 혹은 기능의 추가에 대한 용이성을 확보해야한다. 여섯째, 타제조업체의 시스템과 상호 연동성을 확보해야 한다. 다음으로 다른 신호 처리 체계를 사용하는 공중 전화망과의 상호 연동성을 확보해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 VoIP 기술에 대해 서술하여 관심 있는 분들에게 도움이 되고자 한다. 본 연구의 구성은 위의 일곱 가지 중요 사항을 기본으로 하고 모두 크게 세개의 장으로 구성하여 세 가지의 관점으로 전개한다. 첫째는, 현재 VoIP 프로토콜로서 대부분의 ITSP(Internet Telephony Service Provider)에서 많이 사용하고 있는 H.323 프로토콜에 대하여 고찰하고, HTTP를 기반으로 하여 인터넷의 풍부한 어플리케이션을 수용하는 SIP 프로토콜의 특징에 대하여 고찰한다. 둘째로, 현재 VoIP 프로토콜에서 PSTN과의 상호 접속을 위한 신호 처리 방법 대하여 논하고 IP망에서의 패킷 유실이나 지연을 최소화 할 수 있는 QoS 방법에 대하여 논하였다. 마지막으로, H.323과 SIP 프로토콜의 장단점을 프로토콜의 복잡성, 확장성, 프로토콜에서 수용할 수 있는 서비스의 관점 및 프로토콜에서 지원하는 QoS 방식에 대하여 비교 연구하였다. Over the past decade, the telecommunications industry has been changed rapidly in the way of communication. Many of these changes came from the growth of the Internet and from applications based on the Internet Protocol (IP) to using their advantage. The Internet has become a general means of communication, and the total amount of IP traffic has quickly exceed traditional voice (circuit-switched) network traffic. In the emerging of these new technology, it has become clear to telecommunications carriers, companies, and vendors that voice traffic and services will be one of the next major applications to take full advantage of IP. This expectation is based on the impact of a new set of technologies generally referred to as voice over IP (VoIP) or IP telephony. VoIP provides many capabilities and important benefits to the carriers and customers. By transmitting voice traffic IP networks, Service providers and end users can reduce the long distance traffic charges and also conserve bandwidth. Using VoIP application, companies can build truly integrated networks for voice and data. VoIP offers tremendous advantages in terms of the fact that voice and data can be integrated over the same IP based network. These integrated networks not only provide the quality and reliability of traditional PSTN, they also enable companies to quickly and flexibly take advantage of new applications based on IP. The VoIP networks of today and tomorrow will be continue constructed and deployed choosing various protocols and applications that best fit the associated technology and business requirements. Although VoIP has been discussed in many thesis, This paper provides some differences and important features of these major VoIP protocols, and tries to clarify some of the issues in current VoIP protocol.