Studies of bioethanol production and heavymetal adsorption using macroalgae

선우인영 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2016 국내석사

해양거대조류를 이용한 바이오에탄올 생산 및 중금속 흡착 선 우 인 영 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 해양바이오융합과학전공 요 약 본 연구에서는 G. amansii, S. japonica 그리고 E. intestinalis를 이용하여 열 산 가수분해, 효소당화 그리고 3종의 균주로부터 바이오에탄올 생산의 최적조건을 확립하는 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 에탄올 생산 후 폐기되는 해조류를 재사용하여 도금공장에서 배출되는 폐수의 중금속을 흡착하는 연구를 진행하였다. 바이오에탄올 생산의 최적 조건은 G. amansii의 경우 8% (w/v) 슬러리와 0.1 N의 황산을 이용하여 121℃에서 90분간 열처리 후 Celluclast 1.5L과 Viscozyme L을 섞은 혼합효소를 이용한 조건에서, S. japonica와 E. intestinalis의 경우 8% (w/v) 슬러리와 0.18 N의 황산을 이용하여 121℃에서 60분간 열처리 후 S. japonica의 경우 Celluclast 1.5L과 Spirizyme Fuel의 혼합효소에서, 또한 E. intestinalis의 경우 Celluclast 1.5L과 Viscozyme L을 섞은 혼합효소를 이용하여 효소당화 한 결과 각 각 36.4 g/L, 29.9 g/L 그리고 20.6 g/L 의 monosaccharide를 얻었다. 에탄올 발효를 한 결과 G. amansii를 S. cerevisiae로 발효하여 14.8 g/L의 에탄올을 얻었으며, 생산수율(YEtOH)은 0.41로 나타났고, S. japonica를 P. angophorae로 발효하여 11.6 g/L의 에탄올을 얻었으며, YEtOH은 0.34를 나타났다. E. intestinalis를 C. lusitaniae로 발효하여 9.9 g/L의 에탄올을 얻었으며 YEtOH은 0.48을 얻었다. 이 결과로 홍조류에서 가장 높은 농도의 에탄올을 생산하였다. 이 후 Cr(Ⅲ), Ni(Ⅱ) 그리고 Cu(Ⅱ)가 함유된 폐수에 폐기되는 슬러리를 10에서 130 g/L로 조절하여 흡착 실험한 결과 세종의 해조류 모두 슬러리양을 증가시킬수록 흡착은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Cu(Ⅱ)의 경우 10 g/L의 G. amansii 폐 해조류 슬러리를 첨가하여도 85.2%의 흡착률을 보이며 가장 높은 친화도를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 세 종의 폐 해조류 중 홍조류가 가장 높은 흡착능을 나타내었다. 이결과로서 홍조류가 바이오에탄올 및 바이오흡착에 가장 적합한 바이오매스라고 판단된다. 이전 실험에서 가장 많은 에탄올을 생산했던 홍조류 4종 (Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria verrucosa, Kappaphycus alvarezii 그리고 Eucheuma denticulatum)을 이용하여 바이오에탄올을 생산하는 실험을 진행하였다. 열 산 가수분해와 효소당화과정 이후, G. amansii, G. verrucosa, K. alvarezii 그리고 E. denticulatum로 부터 각 각 38.5 g/L, 39.9 g/L, 31.0 g/L 그리고 27.5 g/L의 단당을 얻었다. 에탄올 발효에는 고 농도의 galactose에 순치한 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 1129를 사용하였다. G. amansii, G. verrucosa, K. alvarezii 그리고 E. denticulatum을 통한 최종 에탄올 생산양은 각 각 18.8 g/L (YEtOH=0.49), 19.1 g/L(YEtOH=0.48), 14.5 g/L(YEtOH=0.47), 13.0 g/L(YEtOH=0.47)의 에탄올을 얻었다. 에탄올 생산 이후 남은 폐 해조류 슬러리를 이용 하여 Cd(II), Pb(II) 그리고 Cu(II)에 생물 흡착실험을 진행하였다. Langmuir 평형 모델을 이용하여 흡착능을 평가한 결과, Cu(II)가 세 종의 중금속 중 가장 높은 qmax 값과 전기음성도를 나타내며 폐해조류와 가장 높은 친화도를 보였다.

에너지 발전형 LED 모듈의 열전달 경로 해석과 Heat sink 설계 최적화

정지영 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2016 국내석사

Variation of thermal resistivity depending on temperature difference and measurement of thermal resistivity of thermoelectric device in LED lighting engine module were studied. Generated power from waste heat and photometric characteristics of LED engine module were measured. From the measured and analysed data, we can concluded as follows. Control of temperature difference at the low temperature pare than at high temperature part was advantageous for LED module. The sum of the measured thermal resistance of LED module and thermoelectric device was 2.654 K/W and the measured total thermal resistance was 2.41 K/W. As a result of thermal simulation, minimum LED p-n junction temperature was 69.3 ℃ when the pin number is 23 pieces and 1mm of thickness. When 700 mA was applied to the LED engine module, 0.086 W of maximum power was obtained with 0.15 A of load. Light efficiency of LED module with thermoelectric device was 126.9 lm/W and it was confirmed 3.7 lm/W of efficiency decreement.

A novel peptide purified from Low molecular weight Ark shell (Scapharca subcrenata) protein hydrolysates enhances osteogenic differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein signaling

HyungJunHo 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2016 국내석사

Aging of human bone is characterized by decreased bone formation and bone mass. These changes demolish a balance between bone formation by osteoblast and bone resorption by osteoclast in bone tissues. The imbalance causes bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget’s disease. Recently, various therapeutic approaches to the diseases are investigated, but the conventional drugs have side effects because most of the remedies are principally based on anti-resorptive agents (e.g. bisphosphonates, raloxifen). A number of natural bioactive peptides have diverse biological activity and certain products have shown beneficial effects on osteoblast differentiation unlike previously other studies. Thus, these peptides can be useful as alternative agents to treat bone-related diseases. In this study, it was suggested that ark shell protein hydrolysates (ASPHs) with low molecular weight contributed to osteoblast differentiation and the effects of ASPHs through modulating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling were investigated by measuring osteoblastic biomarkers such as BMP-2, p-Smad1/5, runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), Dlx5, osterix, and MAPKs in mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs, D1 cells). ASPHs were generated by pepsin at E/S ratio of 1:500 with 2 h hydrolysis indicated the highest ALP activity. Further ASPHs were separated according to molecular weight using molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane with 10, 3, and 1 kDa. Low molecular weight peptide fraction (ASPH<1 kDa) exhibited the highest stimulation effects among the others in a dose-dependent manner. Also ASPH<1 kDa significantly increased activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and amount of hydroxyapatite related bone mineralization in MSCs as indicated by ALP staining and Alizarin red S staining. The most bioactive peptide fraction (ASPH<1 kDa) was fractionated by ion exchange chromatography using Sephadex C-25 and purified by RP-HPLC on Hypersil GOLD column. At each stage of isolation, one of potential peaks was selected by measuring ALP activity and finally the single most active peak was identified. The purified peptide enhanced osteoblast diff-erentiation by regulating BMP signaling. Thus, Ark shell peptides offer the possibility to be highly valuable application as therapeutic substances.

LED 히트싱크용 금속 발포체 개발 및 특성분석

장형일 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2016 국내석사

LED is attracting the interest due to its important impacts on illumination industry. However, currently, the thermal problem that is brought by heat generated within the LED itself is still a barrier that limits the stability, reliability and lifetime of LED. Therefore, effective heat dissipation of LED packages with low thermal resistance are significant to improve the performance of LED. The previous method of manufacturing the Aluminium heatsink needs high temperature. This generally leads to growth of manufacturing cost. It is possible to make the heatsink without high temperature for the melting process of previous method. In this study, first of all, the metal foam heatsinks were fabricated by using various metal powders and binders. The component of metal foam were investigated by using the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS). The microstructure was examined through field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The compressive strength was measured by universal testing machine. The Strength of Zn based matal foam was about 4.14 MPa, whice was the highest among various metal foam. BET surface area of Zn based metal foam was about 9.467 m2/g, which was much higher in comparison with other metal foams. Finally, the performance of heat dissipation were measured by using a thermal imaging camera. The metal foam heatsinks and the commercial aluminium heatsink were combined with each LED lighting fixture. We measured the actual heat dissipation effect of heatsink, the temperature of LEDs combined with Zn based metal foam and Al based metal foam is about 48.6 and 48.2 ℃, which showed an efficient heat dissipation by 95% compared with commercial LED heatsink. These metal foams are expected to fine potential application such as heatsink of LEDs and other electronic devices.

Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-natural Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Fucoidan Biomaterial based Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering

LOWE BABOUCARR 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2016 국내석사

Tissue engineering processes involve the design and development of functional biomaterial substitutes which can serve as carbon copy of the extracellular matrix and produce the essential information for cells to capacitate tissue development processes. Bone tissue engineering provides us with the option to repair damage bone tissues emanating from injuries sustained as a result of bone fracture, osteoarthritis, tumor, trauma and other congenial diseases. As a result of growing demand for bone grafts, research in the area of artificial organ development using functional biomaterials as suitable prostheses in reconstructive surgery for the treatment of loss or damage tissue or organs is gaining momentum. In this respect, Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHA) was isolated from salmon bone via an alkaline hydrolysis. The resulting nHA was characterized using several analytical tools, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to determine the purity of the nHA sample. The removal of organic matter from the raw fish was confirmed by TGA. FT-IR confirmed the presence of a carbonated group and the similarities to synthetic Sigma HA. XRD revealed that the isolated nHA was amorphous in nature. Microscopic examination further revealed that the isolated nHA possessed a nanostructure with a size range of 6–37 nm. The obtained nHA interacted with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was non-toxic. Increased mineralization was observed for nHA treated MSCs compared to the control group. Further, a solid three dimensional (3D) composite scaffold with a high potential usage for bone tissue engineering was prepared using freeze drying method composed of chitosan (C), natural nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) isolated from salmon bones and fucoidan (F), (C-nHA-F). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM) were used to determine physiochemical constituents and morphology of the scaffold. The addition of nHA in the C-F composite scaffold reduce the water uptake and water retention ability. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of carbonated group in the scaffold which is due the presence of nHA that was isolated via alkaline hydrolysis from salmon fish bones. Microscopic results indicated that dispersion of nHA and fucoidan in the chitosan matrix were uniform and showed the pore size (10 to 400 µm) of the composite revealing a suitable micro architecture for cell growth and nutrient supplementation. This was further elucidated in vitro using Periosteum-derived Mesenchymal Stem cells (PMSCs) and revealed profound biocompatibility and excellent mineralization. Thus, we suggest that with further in vivo and clinical investigations, Chitosan-nHA-Fucoidan nanocomposite will be a promising biomaterial for use in bone tissue regeneration applications.

LED 광원을 이용한 항해등 조명광학계 개발

맹필재 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2014 국내석사

This study is for enhancing the reliability of the navigation light by replacing the halogen lamp, the light source of the existing navigation light, for LED. As the light source was replaced with LED, the light source part and the lens part were required to be designed, and the drawback of the existing navigation light that the stability was vitiated by two-layer lamination was required to be supplemented. A LED illuminating optical system is comprised of a light source part, lens part and shielding part, and should be designed to finally have light intensity distribution conforming to the COLREG (Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea). The design was carried out using the “LightTools” program, and the light intensity distribution of the final product was obtained by measuring the back light (Goniophotometer NEO LIGHT 9700). Five LEDs arranged at a uniform interval were used in the light source part, and each light source part of the navigation light with the exception of that of the Masthead Light was organized using only 3 LEDs. The light source part was produced in a thickness enough to control the heat of the LEDs, and was made considering the optical characteristics so that it can satisfy the light intensity distribution together with the lens part. Also, the reliability of the LED navigation light was enhanced by arranging 5 LEDs at 50 mm intervals as two systems. The lens part was designed using a spherical lens instead of the existing Fresnel lens, and a lens with two curved surface at an interval of 50 mm was optimized to fit the LED light source organized by two systems. The outer radius of the lens was set to be 91 mm for coupling with the outer box, and the radius of curvature was calculated to be 72 mm. The lens was made of polycarbonate with the reflective index of 1.56. The shielding part which was used to shield the light beyond the range of plain light was designed in two types, the cutoff plate and the back shield plate, and was designed to be suitable for each navigation light in accordance with the light intensity distribution regulation of each navigation light specified in "COLREG". Comparing the light intensity distribution of the final design of navigation light and the actual product with that specified in "COLREG", were found to be conforming.

균일한 휘도를 갖는 선형 타입 LED 조명용 비대칭 광지향각 렌즈에 관한 연구

원예림 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2017 국내석사

In this paper, we studied the asymmetric wide angle lens suitable for linear type LED lamp which has uniform luminance and appropriate light distribution. Light distribution of the lens for X-axis is designed such that the maximum light intensity peak angle is ±70°, light intensity at the center of the lens is 15% of the maximum light intensity, and light distribution of the lens for Y-axis is about 160°. According to the lens design, the asymmetric wide angle lens were manufactured by injection molding method. As a result, it was confirmed that the lens can satisfy not only the uniform luminance but also the proper light distribution compared with design targets on light distribution and uniform luminance. The efficiency of optical output for manufactured lens was 93.5%. The optical characteristics of tubular LED lamp using lens were measured to be equal or better, and the light distribution was found to be wider than what of coventional products. The luminance uniformity was 74.3% for 28EA LEDs and 80.4% for 32EA LEDs.

Synthesis and Surface Modification of Gadolinium Compounds for Improvement of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : MRI 영상 이미지 개선을 위한 Gadolinium 화합물의 합성 및 표면 개질 연구

박성준 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2017 국내석사

Several morphologies of Gd(OH)3 and Gd2O3:Eu3+ particles (nano rods, micro rods, nano particles, nano plates, hexagonal hollow tubes, spheres, hexagonal prisms and hexagonal rods) were synthesized by a solvothermal reaction method and were used to enhance the photoluminescence intensity and magnetic resonance image (MRI) brightness. In the case of Gd(OH)3 particles with nano rods, micro rods, nano particles and nano plates, the influence of types (De-ionized water (DI-water), ethanol (EtOH), acetone (AC) and 2-propanol (2-PrOH)) and solvent ratio (mL) (40/0, 30/10, 20/20, 10/30 and 0/40) on the size and morphology of Gd(OH)3 particles was analyzed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were confirmed the hexagonal structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images exhibited the morphology alteration of Gd(OH)3 with different solvents (DI-water: nano rods, EtOH: micro rods, AC: nano particles and 2-PrOH: nano plates) due to the solvent effects (solubility, dielectric constant and surface tenstion). The growth mechanism, morphology and size of the Gd(OH)3 particles were found to have a crucial influence on the solvents. Their one-, two- and three-dimensional structures affect materials to change magnetic property. Therefore, the MRI brightness of these particles also was affected. The relaxivity values of Gd(OH)3 particles have 3.47 mM-1s-1 (nano rods), 2.58 mM-1s-1 (micro rods), 7.17 mM-1s-1 (nano particles), 6.01 mM-1s-1 (nano plates). The influence of solvent ratio (DI-water/toluene (TL)) (mL): 40/0, 30/10, 20/20, 10/30 and 0/40) on the size and morphology of Gd2O3:Eu3+ particles (nano rods and hollow tubes) were analyzed. The XRD patterns were confirmed their cubic structure. The FE-SEM images exhibited the morphology alteration of Gd2O3:Eu3+ with different solvent ratios which induce the property variation (luminescence intensity and MRI brightness). The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and photoluminescence emission (PL) spectra exhibited the broad band with dominant excitation wavelength of 266 nm due to the charge transfer band (CTB) and sharp band at 612 nm (red color). The PL intensity of Gd2O3:Eu3+ particles with DI-water 40/TL 0 is much higher than others. The MRI of Gd2O3:Eu3+ with DI-water 0/TL 40 is much brighter than others. Gd2O3:Eu3+ particles (spheres, hexagonal prisms and hexagonal rods) with the influence of pH values (pH 6: nitric acid, pH 10: ammonium hydroxide and pH 12: ammonium hydroxide) on the size and morphology of Gd2O3:Eu3+ particles were analyzed. The XRD patterns appeared the cubic structure. The FE-SEM images exhibited the morphology alteration of Gd2O3:Eu3+ with different pH values (pH 6: spheres, pH 10: hexagonal prisms and pH 12: hexagonal rods) which induce the property variation (luminescence intensity and MRI brightness). The process is very simple and scalable. In additions, it can be used for fundamental studies of the tunable sizes and morphologies formation which were influenced for the PL intensity and MRI brightness. Therefore, we consider that such multifunctional materials based on multiform Gd2O3:Eu3+ will be of interest for various advanced applications as MRI contrast agent and fluorescence imaging.

히트 스프레더를 적용한 300W급 고출력 LED 투광등의 설계와 열적/광학적 특성에 관한 연구

강민규 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2017 국내석사

In this paper, for weight reduction and improved heat dissipation of 300W high power LED floodlight, design and heat dissipation of the 150W LED lighting engine using the heat spreader were investigated. The heat spreader applied to the 300W high power LED floodlight was fabricated to have optimum working fluid(acetone) filling ratio by thermal transfer performance test. As result, it was found that heat spreader with 15% of filling rate was most effective in thermal transfer property with of thermal transfer coefficient. LED optical light engine A with heat spreader was lighter 5.3kg of weight than LED optical light engine B with fin type heat sink. As a result of heat dissipation analysis, the maximum and average temperatures of the LED package using LED lighting engine A were lowered 2.16℃ and 3.45℃, than those using LED lighting engine B, respectively. Also the surface temperatures of the PCB in LED lighting engine A were lower than those of LED lighting engine B. The temperature difference between LED package and PCB of LED lighting engine A and B were 2.76℃∼2.88℃, respectively. The thermal resistances of LED lighting engine A and B were measured 0.418K/W, 0.411K/W and junction temperatures were measured to be 80.47℃, 85.58℃, respectively. It was confirmed that 300W high power LED floodlight applying the heat spreader was improved in thermal dissipation with CFD analysis, thermal image surface temperature distribution and thermal resistance measurement result. Also weight reduced 60% than fin type heat sink.

Protective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl-chitooligomer on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in BV2 cells

오세훈 부경대학교 과학기술융합전문대학원 2016 국내석사