A Reflection on the Theories of Meaning in Physical Education

Yang,Jin-Bang 師範大學 體育硏究所 1996 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.17 No.2

의미의 문제는 오랫동안 철학과 심리학, 그리고 언어학 등에서 중심적인 논의 주제의 하나로 다루어져왔다. 전통적으로 의미론은 지칭이론, 관념론, 그리고 자극-반응이론 등으로 분류되어 왔는데, 이러한 전통적 의미론은 대개 사물과 지칭수단, 즉 언어 사이에 직접적인 대응관계가 존재한다는 가정을 중심전제로 하로 있다. 교육에 있어서도 역시 의미의 문제는 오랫동안 교육철학의 핵심적 주제로써 다루어져 왔던 바, 특히 Phenix (1964)의 The realm of Meaning의 출판이래 활발하게 논의되어왔다. 체육학에서 의미의 문제가 본격적으로 논의되기 시작한 것은 Metheny (1965, 1075)이래이며, Amold (1979, 1988), Jewett 등 (1977, 1985)은 인간의 운동경험 특히 신체교육의 의미를 중점적으로 분석하였다. Metheny는 인간의 운동행위 자체에 내재한 고유한 의미를 파악하기 위한 시도의 일환으로서 Kinestruct, kinescept, kenesymbol의 세 가지 개념을 제시하고, 인간의 운동경험은 운동상징적 전환과정 (Kinesymbolic transformation process)을 통해서 상징화된다고 보았으며, 이 상징화 과정이 운동에 의미를 부여하는 중심기제로 파악하였다. Amold는 인간 운동경험의 의미를 세 차원, 즉 primordial meaning, contextual meaning, existential meaning으로 분류. 제시하였다. Jewett등은 새로운 체육교육과정 구성의 핵심개념으로써 22가지의 신체활동 경험의 잠재적 의미요소들을 제시하였다. 그러나 이러한 전통적 의미이론은 운동과 의미의 관계를 이해함에 있어서, 언어와 사회-문화적 요인들의 능동적 역할의 인식이 미흡하다는 비판을 받기도 하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 비판에 대한 대안의 일환으로써 구성론자 (constructionist)들의 의미이론을 고찰하였다. 구성론자들은 의미와 대상간의 절대적 일대일 대응관계를 부정하고, 사회적 과정 속에 놓여진 개인의 주관적 해석과정을 의미론의 중심적 문제로 파악하고자 하였다. 따라서 사회구성론자들은 의미를 언어와 사회-문화 및 그 안에서 이루어지는 상호작용 속에서 구성되어지는 상대적인 것으로 파악하였다. 이러한 사회구성론자들의 의미이론은 체육활동의 의미 문제를 운동의 생물학적, 역학적 관점에서 이해하려는 경향에서부터 언어적, 문화적 맥락에서 파악하려는 경향으로 초점을 옮길 것을 요구한다. 체육을 지도하는 과정에서 학습자에게 주어지는 의미는 특정 신체활동의 유형 자체만에 의해서가 아니라, 그 운동에 관련된 문화, 가치, 그리고 그것과 관련된 다양한 담론들에 의해서도 영향을 받을 수 있다는 가능성을 시사하고 있다. 특히 체육수업에 있어서 운동주체, 즉 학습자가 자신의 운동경험을 주관적으로 해석하는 과정이 곧 운동경험에 의미를 부여하는 과정이라는 사실에 주목할 필요가 있다. 따라서 체육교육과정에 관련된 의미에 관한 연구는 학습자의 능동적 구성 능력, 즉 이해와 해석의 역동적 과정에 대한 이해를 충분히 고려해야 할 것이다.

지체 부자유인의 스포츠 센타 이용이 생활체육 만족도에 미치는 영향

오광진,김의수 師範大學 體育硏究所 1997 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.18 No.2

This study investigated the perception and satisfaction of facilities, leaders, and activity programs among the physically handicapped. Specially, the focus of the study was to examine the relationship between the use of sport centers (e.g., frequency, duration) and the users' satisfaction of participating in the program. The subjects of this investigation were 102 person with orthopedic disabilities, (52 male, 50 female) living at K and S city utilizing sport centers for the disabled. For this survey, 19 questions concerning sport facilities, 12 questions concerning instructors and 10 questions concerning programs were selected. These questions were based on the questionnaire by Han, Woojin (1994). These questions were made into 5 Likert Scale Questions. The survey was made into two parts. First, eight questions on various circumstances of the subjects, such as sex, age, occupation, educational background, monthly salary, frequency of facility utilization, and duration of facility utilization. Second, the degree of satisfaction at the facilities (main facilities, direct auxiliary facilities, indirect auxiliary facilities and athletic instruments), instructors (traits of instructor, teaching abilities and teaching methods) and programs (operation of programs and effects of programs) for the disabled at the facilities in which one participates were prepared into 41 questions rated on a Likert scale of 1 to 5, with 1 representing dissatisfaction and 5 representing satisfaction. For the survey, partially or incompletely answered questionnaires were excluded. Only sincerely answered questionnaires were used and coded for statistical treatment, Regression utilizing SPSS/PC" package. The results indicated that occupation, education, and monthly salary of the users contributed significantly to the satisfaction of participating in "sports for all" activities. In addition, only the frequency of use was found to be a significant variable predicting the users' satisfaction.

초등체육지도교사의 효율적 체육수업에 대한 인식 분석

류태호,신기철 師範大學 體育硏究所 1997 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this study was to analysis elementary school teachers' perception on effective teaching and to examine the underlying rationales behind these definitions. The participants were 10 elementary school teachers and three methods of data collection were employed: critical incidents technique, Q-sort technique, and informal interviews. Inductive content analysis was used to examine the themes included in critical incident forms, and then constituted the items in the Q-sort. The teachers' underlying rationales for the rankings in the Q-sort were examined with the informal interviews. The majority of the teachers in this study defined effective teaching with various factors (10 themes): student participation, organization and management, teaching strategy, student-student interacton, student decision-making, teachers' goals and objectives, explanation, student success, and discipline and control through their teaching episodes (Critical Incident Technique). Especially teachers sorted the factors according to the degree of importance for the effectiveness (Q-sort technique). On the basis of the result, teachers considered that some themes such as student participation, teaching strategy, teachers' goals and objectives are more important factors on the effectiveness of teaching than other themes such as student success, explanation, and discipline and control. This fact reveals that the concept of effective teaching elementary teachers have defined is different from the prior studies about effective teaching which have focussed only on student success. This concept has limitation to be explained through prior studies. In fact, the concept of effectiveness teachers think is not same with the concept the prior studies define. Therefore, in this study the successful teaching is presented for understanding teachers' perception of effective teaching. This study concluded with the presentations of practical implications for physical education teacher education (PETE) and follow-up research based on the teachers' perception of teaching.

體育敎師 敎育의 質管理 方案 硏究

姜信福,金文圭 師範大學 體育硏究所 1982 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.3 No.1

Various factors interrelate in determining the direction of future change for professional preparation. To meet the challenges of a new era, the future school teachers of the emerging post-modern society must receive an education commensurate with the dynamics of a rapidly changing environment. One of the major objectives of teacher education at colleges and universities is to produce good teachers in terms of high standards needed to teaching environment. The professional undergraduate program in physical education is constantly being examined and evaluated in order to determine whether or not it is adequately preparing prospective physical education teachers with respect to the major objectives of the profession. Efforts are being made to improve the nature and quality of professional education. The increasing demand for well-trained school teachers will lead to the expansion of opportunities for teacher education at the institutions of higher education. However, the quantitative change in higher education for teachers will affect on the development of teacher education and its quality. Some of the critical factors determining the quality of teacher education are students, faculty members, and curriculum. Establishing long and short term guidelines for quality control for teacher education makes the basic purpose of the study. Specifically, this study seeks: (1) to determine the present problems of teacher education for physical education in terms of the quantity and quality of the program; (2) to review the various theories related to the quality control of the program; and (3) to develop a practical guidelines of the quality control for the program. The principal methods used in this study include. (1) analyzing the related references, research reports, and statistical data, and (2) develop suggested guidelines for further development of the program for physical education. The contents of the study include selecting of students, recruiting, selecting, and training of faculty members, and curriculum offered for the program. On the basis of the literature and data related to the study, a suggested guideline of teacher education for physical education was developed.

Understanding and Evaluating Students Competence in a Multi-Cultural Context : The Case of the Taekwondo Club at The Ohio State University

Kim, Bang-Chool 師範大學 體育硏究所 1999 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.20 No.2

인간과 환경은 끊임없이 상호 작용한다. 그런데 만약 그 문화가 단일하지 않고 다중적일 때 상호작용의 양식은 개인마다 다양할 것이다. 이런 환경 속에서의 학습은 교실 안에서만 발생하는 특정한 개념적 현상이 아니다. 즉 다양한 문화 속에서 학습이란 개인 주체가 특정한 참여 구조 속에서 개인적 생경험을 통해서 특정한 능력을 길러나가는 사회적, 언어적, 문화적 현상이다(Mehan, 1980). 본 연구는 다중의 문화 배경 속에 놓여진 학생들이 그 문화에 어떻게 참여하여 자신들의 능력을 길러 나가는지 학생들의 관점에서 그 과정을 기술하고, 이해 및 해석해 보는 것에 초점을 둔다. 본 연구는 오하이오 주립대학교에 있는 한국의 국기 태권도 클럽을 연구 장소로 삼아, 여러나라 사람들이 어떻게 이질적인 문화에 대하여 각각 다른 방식으로 상호 작용하여 발전해 나가는지 기술하고 분석하고자 한다. 여기에서의 "발전"이라 함은 태권도 기술상의 증진만을 의미하는 것이 아니다. 본 연구의 주제하에서 "발전"은 상이한 문화에 얼마나 익숙해 지는가를 포함하는 개념이다. 어떤 학생들은 문화적 배경에 대한 이해 없이도 태권도의 기술을 익힐 수 있을 것이며, 반면에 어떤 학생들은 이러한 고도의 기술 습득이 없이도 타 문화에 대한 깊은 이해를 증진시킬수 있을 것이다. 이들 중 누가 더 "발전"을 경험한 것인가? 이 질문의 답을 위한 명쾌한 기준을 제시하긴 힘들다. 오하이오 주립대학교 태권도 클럽 학생들의 "발전"은 다양한 문화에 열린 자세를 갖고 익숙해져 보려는 자발적인 의도와 같은 총체적인 시각에서만 파악될 수 있다. 질적인 경험(양적인 경험에 대비되는) 은 객관적/수량적으로 명료하게 측정될 수 없기 때문이다. 본 연구자가 살펴보고자 하는 구체적인 내용들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 태권도 강습의 특성을 파악한다. 둘째, 태권도 학습의 특성을 파악한다. 끝으로 학생들의 문화적 상호 작용 과정을 통한 내외적 능력 발달 과정을 기술한다. 구체적인 연구 방법으로 한 학기 동안의 클럽 활동 및 수업의 관찰 및 태권도 클럽 강사와 5 명의 다양한 국적의 학생들(남 4: 여 1)과의 심층적 개별 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 본 연구는 특정 문화에 대한 학생들 개인적 경험의 "발전"양식을 깊이 이해 할 수 있었고, 이에 따른 문화적 해석 능력과 기능 습득 능력과의 상관 관계를 다양한 각도에서 조명해 볼 수 있었다.

實存主義 哲學과 體育

鄭應根 師範大學 體育硏究所 1984 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.5 No.1

This study was to investigate existentialist's view about physical education. The summary of results are as follows; 1. Existentialists are interested in promoting the total fitness. 2. Physical education program should provide some freedom of choice on the part of the student. 3. The teacher is a counsellor or stimulator. He believes that it is most important to give students the opportunity to try out their judgement in activities. 4. Play results in the development of creativity So existentialist emphasise dance and gymmastics in physical education program.

제3공화국의 체육정책 및 체육의 전개에 관한 연구

이종원 師範大學 體育硏究所 1999 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of the study is to analyze how the role of the government has contributed to the development of Korean physical education and the limit of the process since the liberation from the Japanese colonial power. Hopefully, the study will be helpful to the problems of the present physical education situation and setting the direction of physical education for the future. In particular, the study intends to reconstruct the the phenomena of the development of physical education from the consistent viewpoint of analyzing the role of government, unlike other studies which have presented the theme in fragmental viewpoints. The results of the study are as follows : (1) The definition of physical education has varied in accordance to the time and place. But due to insufficient social conditions, the physical education policy of the government has been a decisive factor in the development of Korean physical education after the liberation of Korea. The basic orientation of the governmental physical education policy should be set toward 'life-long sport', the popularization of physical education and the well-being of physical education surroundings. (2) In the period of the US Military-Government, the progressivism of American physical education was accepted by partial groups of Korean sportsmen, but physical education could not be developed on account of the absence of a clear policy. In the period of the First Republic of Korea, physical education could not be developed due to the anti-democratic and authoritarian government character which was reflected in the ilminism(一民主義) of educational philosophy. (3) In the period of the Third Government of the Republic of Korea, although the physical education policy of the government was earnestly propelled, it was not determined on the basis of a public consensus, but for purpose of exercising governmental power. As a result, the training of elite athletes for the enhancement of national prestige was emphasized and promoting physical activities for all citizens was disregarded. So civilian organizations like the Koran Sports Council and subsidiary associations could only play a passive role in the development of physical education throughout the period. From the clear difference in physical education budget spending between the elite and the public, the conclusion that the goal of the government was focused on training elite athletes, can be made. This fact was reflected in active sports exchanges with foreign countries at the time. The limit of the physical education policy of the Third Government of the Republic of Korea can be shown by comparing it with the policies of other countries, which mostly aimed at the nationwide promotion of physical activities. (4) If factors of the physical education policy of the Third Government of the Republic of Korea still remain, the government should change its physical education policy as soon as possible. Instead of emphasizing in training only outstanding athletes, the government should promote physical education for all citizens. In order to develop Korean physical education the government shoould not intervene in the process of physical education. In other words, a new interactive relationship needs to be set between physical education and the government.

朝鮮朝의 武士體育에 關한 硏究 : 武士試取制度를 中心으로 with a focus on the Military Service Seletion System

나영일 師範大學 體育硏究所 1999 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study are, first, to clarify the substance of military classification, second, to investigate the changes in the military service selection system, third, to reveal the content and method of military arts and the physical fitness testing system and to investigate the content of the military education and it's institutions. And finally to investigate the possibility of a connection between physical education of military men in the Chosun dynasty and today's physical education. In order to meet the purposes of this study, the records relating to the military service selection system among the primary references in the Chosun dynasty were investigated and analyzed. The main refernces are a code of laws and official as well as private documments such as Kyungguk-taejoen( ≪經國大典≫ 1485), Sog-taejoen( ≪續大典≫ 1744), Mukya-chongyeo( ≪武科總要≫ 1810), Mooyedo-botonggi( ≪武藝圖譜通志≫ 1790), Kwansemusa-sichibang( ≪關西武士試取榜≫ 1792), Chosun-wangcho-silok( ≪朝鮮王朝實錄≫ (1392-1910)), Nanjung-ilgi( ≪亂中日記≫ (1592-1598) ), Mubi-yhoram( ≪武備要覽≫ 1855). The results are as follows. 1. The meaning of a Musa(武士) in the Chosun dynasty is different from the meaning the Musa of in Japan. In the Chosun dynasty, military men and Han Rhang(閑良) who were applicants for military service were refered to as Musa. So in this paper this term's meaning is prescribed as "Sunbi(a classical scholar) who serves in military affairs". The Musa were required to train diligently in order to not only obtain a government position, but to advance in that position as well, and to shorten the length of one's service and to avoid being dismissed. 2. The military service selection system as a system of law lasted about 400 years. This selection system underwent constant change due to questions regarding the rationality of the test item selection and the effectiveness of the enforcement methods. The military service selection system was outwardly a test of military arts and physical strength. But it was not simply a contest of military arts and physical strength in the Chosun dynasty. It was a reflection of the doctrine of the government, especially carrying a strong Confucian influence. The change and the content of the military service selection system could be comprehended through the various laws and documents of the time. 3. The military service selection system was not related with the school system. Accordingly, the education for the Musa was non-systemetic more than systemetic, and somewhat extemporaneous before the examination. In the examination system for government service(科擧), the higher civil service examination(文科) was linked with Songkyun kwan and Hyang kyo(鄕校 a local school annexed to the Confucian shrine), but the military service examination was not related to either. To make matters worse, it was requested that the Confucian classics be added on top of the exsistng items of the military service selection system exam. While this system existed outside of the formal school system there were many codes of law regulating such things as training rules for archery(習射), training rules for martial arts(習藝), rules for reading the martial classics(講書), and many kinds of rules regarding the taking of tests. These kinds of rules had a scholastic function and disciplinary function for the Musa. And shooting clubs(射亭) functioned as preparatory institutions for the examination. 4. Recently, we are confronted with many problems in physical education; which subject of physical education are and should be taught in the school and community, what kinds of subjects should be used to measure physical strength, and in reality should the current systems be maintained in the future?. Among the subjects of the Military service selection exam, running(走), running with weight(力), physical make up(身手), and weight lifting(여력) were similar to today's various physical fitness tests items, and martial arts and reading the classics were similar to today's practice and theory in the field of physical education. It is clear from examining the overall significance of the military service selection system that this system must be preserved as an important historical influence in Korea's heritage.

한국체육학 50년의 오늘과 내일 : 인문사회과학 분야를 중심으로

노희덕 師範大學 體育硏究所 1999 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.20 No.1

The study is to discuss the achievements of research conducted in the area of history of sport in Korea and aboard. Authors believe the discussion to guide the direction of the future study in the area. The first focus of the discussion is to delineate the status of the area within the field of knowledge of the sport and physical education. Second, the discussion in concentrated on the research trend in the area including informations on researchers, major institutes, research methods, and issues. Through the discussion of these topics, the authors intends to suggest a new direction for the future studies. Reflecting the last 50 years, the academic activities of researchers in the history of sport were relatively limited. For example, the numbers of researchers were smaller and events for the international exchanging programs were fewer than other sub-areas of sport and physical education and the area of other countries, particularly Japan and North American. Most researchers were appeared to have a difficulty in pursuing research due to the lack of fluency in Chinese in which most of historical references and literature were written. Interestingly, most college programs consisted of the history of western sport as tha main content, however, most theses and dissertation were on the history of the Korean traditional sport. For the development of academic community of the area, authors suggest a matured culture of academic discourse and trend of the research independent from the study of history in general.

사회복지제도와 체육인복지사업의 비교연구

이용식 師範大學 體育硏究所 1999 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to compare social welfare system and sports welfare system in Korea. This study results as follows. First, sports welfare system is unlike to social welfare system in the dimension of policy system's meaning. That is to say, sports welfare system is to gain mainly symbolic effect(national prestige enhancement, national unity, etc.). But, social welfare system is for mainly social needs satisfaction and solution of problem. Second, sports welfare system is unlike to social welfare system in the dimension of policy system's formation background. That is to say, sports welfare system was to propel unilaterally by policy intention of political leadership than objective and universal determination factor. But, social welfare system was products of conflict and compromise between citizen society and political system or inevitable selection of nation for problem solution in industrialization and liberalization age. Third, sports welfare system is unlike to social welfare system in the dimension of policy system's program composition. That is to say, sports welfare system is intended to merit system and include factor opposite to equality. But, social welfare system is included to equality and equity, citizen' universal life security, social solidarity. Fourth, sports welfare system is unlike to social welfare system in the dimension of policy system's program composition. That is to say, grants and bounty of sports welfare system differ from social insurance, public assistance, social welfare service of social welfare system. But, pension of sports welfare system similar to partly social welfare system. Fifth, sports welfare system is unlike to social welfare system in the dimension of policy system's operation principle. That is to say, finance supply system sports welfare system differ from that of social welfare system. But, distribution standard and benefit pattern of sports welfare system similar to partly that of social welfare system. In conclusion, sports welfare system similar to partly social welfare system in the dimension of pension and national compensation. But, sports welfare system is unlike to social welfare system in the dimension of substantial meaning's policy means. Therefore, sports welfare system in future need to make form correspond with social welfare system as amend portion fairly different from social welfare system.