Design of a Fully Reconfigurable Multi-Constellation and Multi-Frequency GNSS Signal Generator

ByungHyun Choi,Young-Jin Song,Subin Lee,Jong-Hoon Won 사단법인 항법시스템학회 2023 Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Vol.12 No.3

This paper presents a multi-frequency and multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal generator that simulates intermediate frequency level digital signal samples for testing GNSS receivers. GNSS signal generators are ideally suited for testing the performance of GNSS receivers and algorithms under development in the laboratory for specific user locations and environments. The proposed GNSS signal generator features a fully-reconfigurable structure with the ability to adjust signal parameters, which is beneficial to generate desired signal characteristics for multiple scenarios including multiconstellation and frequencies. Successful signal acquisition, tracking, and navigation are demonstrated on a verified Software Defined Radio (SDR) in this study. This work has implications for future studies and advances the research and development of new GNSS signals.

경주 월성과 신라 왕성체제의 변천

최병헌(Byunghyun Choi) 한국고고학회 2016 한국고고학보 Vol.98 No.-

경주 월성은 1, 000년 왕국이라 하는 신라의 역사가 오롯이 담긴 신라의 왕성유적이다. 신라는 긴 역사에서 수도를 경주 밖으로 옮긴 적이 없으며, 경주 안에서도 월성은 신라의 모태가 된 사로국시기부터 서기 935년 신라가 국권을 고려에 넘겨줄 때까지 줄곧 신라의 왕성이었다. 『三國史記』를 비롯한 문헌에는 월성과 신라의 궁궐에 대한 기록이 적지 않고, 또 그동안 월성의 주변 지역에 대한 고고학적 조사가 진행되어 왔다. 이 글에서는 이를 종합하여 경주 월성을 중심으로 한 신라 왕성체제의 변천과정을 살펴보고자 하였다. 경주 남천변의 자연 구릉이었던 월성과 그 주변에서는 선사시대부터 사람이 살기 시작하였으나, 월성구릉이 사로국의 국읍이 된 것은 서기 2세기 후반 원삼국(사로국) 후기부터였다. 신라가 낙동강 이동의 영남지방을 지배하는 왕국으로 발전한 마립간시기(AD 356~514)에 월성 구릉에는 토성이 축조되어, 월성은 사로국의 국읍에서 신라의 왕성으로 변모되었다. 신라 중고기(AD 514~654)에 월성은 도성적 성격의 왕성에서 궁성으로 바뀌어, 월성지구는 대궁이 존재한 궁궐 중심의 월성 내부와 월성 밖의 관아지구로 분화되었다. 또 월성지구 북쪽에는 서기 553년 창건된 황룡사를 중심으로 그 주변에 격자형 도로망으로 구획된 民里가 조성되면서 신라의 왕경이 형성되기 시작하였다. 삼국을 통일한 문무왕은 7세기 후반 월성 밖 동쪽에 연못-月池를 조성하고 동궁을 건설하여, 신라의 왕성은 월성의 정궁과 월성 밖의 동궁으로 확대되었다. 신라는 달구벌 천도계획이 무산된 뒤 8세기에 들어와 왕성체제를 다시 개편하여 월성 밖에 북궁과 남궁을 건설하였고, 왕경의 도시구획도 확대하여 8세기 후반에는 완성되었던 것으로 보인다. 이와 같은 신라의 왕성체제 변천과정은 중국 도성제와 궁궐 배치의 영향을 받았지만, 이를 그대로 모방하지는 않았다는 특징이 있다. Wolseong Fortress, in Gyeongju, is the site of the Royal Fortress of Silla, which contains completely the remains of this 1000 year old kingdom. Never once was the Silla capital located outside of Gyeongju, and Wolseong continued to be used as the Silla Royal Fortress from the time of the state’s inception in the Saroguk phase to until 935 CE when the kingdom fell to Goryeo. There exist many written records on Wolseong and the Silla palaces in literary sources such as the Samguk Sagi, and the area around Wolseong has been subject to archaeological investigation. The aim of this paper is to compile information from the existing research in order to examine the Royal Fortress system of Silla, with focus on Wolseong Fortress. Settlements were established in the area of Wolseong, which consisted of a naturally formed hill located on the banks of Namcheon River, and its environs from the prehistoric period. Wolseong hill became the central town (gukeup) of Saroguk from the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period in the late second century CE. During the Maripgan Period (356-514 CE), when Silla developed into a kingdom that maintained control of the Yeongnam region east of the Nakdong River, a earthen wall was constructed around the hill at Wolseong. It was during this period that Wolseong developed from the central town of Saroguk to the Royal Fortress of Silla. In the Middle Ancient Period of Silla (514-654 CE) the nature of Wolseong Fortress was transformed once again, so that it was no longer the capital fortress of a kingdom but became the site of a palace fortress. As a result, the Wolseong Complex evolved to consist of two areas. The area within Wolseong Fortress became the center of the palace complex, where the main palace structure was located. The area outside Wolseong Fortress came to house the administrative complex. In addition, with the establishment of a system of ‘common roads’ (民里) laid out in a grid-like fashion, at the center of which was Hwangryongsa Temple (founded in 553 CE to the north of the Wolseong Complex), the Royal Capital of Silla began to develop. In the late seventh century, Wolji Pond was created and the East Palace established in the area east of Wolseong Fortress by King Munmu, who had achieved unification of the Three Kingdoms. As a result, the Royal Fortress of Silla was expanded to the area beyond Wolseong Fortress in order to include the East Palace. After the plan to move the state capital to Dalgubeol (present day Daegu) broke down, the Royal Fortress System was re-organized once more in the eighth century, accompanying which was the construction of the North and South Palaces outside the walls of Wolseong Fortress. In addition, the perimeters of the city grid were expanded, and by the late eighth century, the shape of the Royal Capital appears to have been finalized. These processes in the development of the Silla Royal Fortress system were influenced by the capital city systems and palace layouts of China. However, a distinctive feature of the Silla Royal Fortress system is the fact that the Chinese examples were not imitated indiscriminately.

중부지방 백제 한성기 축조·신라 재사용 석실분과 고구려·신라 연속조영 고분군

최병현(Choi, Byunghyun) 중부고고학회 2015 고고학 Vol.14 No.2

지배국가가 여러 차례 교체된 삼국시대 중부지방에서는 삼국의 고분문화가 차례로 전개되었다. 삼국은 처음에는 각각 특색있는 고분문화를 발전시켜 나갔으나, 후기에는 모두 한 석실에 추가장을 할 수 있는, 동질성이 강한 횡혈식의 석실봉토분을 축조하였다. 그런데 지금까지 중부지방에서 조사된 횡혈식석실분 중에는 백제 한성기에 축조되어, 신라가 한강 하류역에 진출한 뒤까지 매장행위가 이루어진 고분들이 존재한다. 이들은 6세기 중기 신라가 중부지방에 진출할 무렵의 특수 상황에서 백제 한성기의 석실분을 열어 재사용한 것으로, 한시적이고 예외적인 사례들 이라고 판단된다. 그러나 그 중 가락동 3호분이 백제 한성기에 축조된 것으로서, 서울 석촌동・가락동 백제고분군 소속의 횡혈식석실분으로 재해석되는 의미는 각별하다. 이는 백제 한성기 수도의 중심고분군에서 석실봉토분이 기단식의 석실적석총과 함께 축조되고 있었을 가능성을 높여주는 것이기 때문이다. 한편, 중부지방에는 1~2기의 고구려 횡혈식석실분과 그보다 많은 수의 신라 횡혈식석실분 또는 횡구 식석곽분들로 이루어진 소규모의 고분군들이 존재한다. 이들은, 중부지방이 고구려의 지배하에 있을 때 시작된 고분 조영이 신라의 영토가 된 뒤에도 계속되어 형성된 것으로, 지역의 토착 세력들이 두 국가의 지배기에 걸쳐 연속 조영한 고분군들이라 판단된다. 이 고구려・신라 연속조영 고분군들은 고분 구성상 몇가지 유형으로 나누어지는데, 그것은 지배국가 교체기 지방 토착사회의 동향을 살필 수 있는 근거가 될 수 있다. 이와 같이 중부지방의 고분문화에는 다른 지방에서는 볼 수 없는 다양성이 존재한다. The central region of the Korean Peninsula fell under the domination of various states during the Three Kingdoms period. As a result, the burial cultures of the Three Kingdoms came to established consecutively in this region. At first, the burial cultures of the Three Kingdoms were characteristically different from one another but in the later period, the use of stone chamber tombs with earthen mounds and corridor entrances, which allowed additional internments into a single burial chamber, came to be commonly adopted by all Three Kingdoms. Amongst the stone chamber tombs with corridor entrances identified thus far in the central region of Korea are examples which were first constructed during the Hanseong Baekje period and also evidence use during the period following Silla expansion into the lower reaches of the Han River. These Hanseong Baekje tombs, which had originally been sealed off, had come to be opened and reused again in the sixth century amidst the extraordinary circumstances of the time, which witnessed Silla expansion into the central region in the mid-sixth century. Such examples of reuse are considered to be temporary and exceptional. One example is Garak-dong Tomb 3, which was constructed during the Hanseong Baekje period - the reuse of this tomb located within the Seokcheon-dong and Garak-dong Baekje burial ground into a stone chamber tomb with earthen mound and corridor entrance is particularly significant. This is because it shows that stone chamber tombs with earthen mounds may have been used alongside stone-mound tombs with stone chambers and stair-shaped stylobates in the central burial ground of the Baekje capital of the Hanseong period. Also located within central Korea are a number of small burial grounds which consist of one or two Goguryeo stone chamber tombs with corridor entrances alongside a greater number of Silla stone chamber tombs with corridor or horizontal entrances. It is believed that these burial grounds were first established at the time when the central region was under Goguryeo control and continued to be used even after this region became Silla territory. These burial grounds were used by the indigenous communities of the region that experienced both Goguryeo and Silla rule. Such burial grounds can be divided into a number of categories, according to the different compositions of the Goguryeo and Silla tombs, which can provide insights into the strategies of the indigenous groups at this time of transition in the hegemony of the region. Due to such circumstances, a diversity in burial culture can be witnessed in the central region of Korea which cannot be observed elsewhere.

신라 조기 경주지역 목곽묘의 전개와 사로국 내부의 통합과정

최병헌(Byunghyun Choi) 한국고고학회 2015 한국고고학보 Vol.95 No.-

본고에서는 경주지역의 신라 조기 고분유적들을 분석하여 목곽묘의 전개과정과 고분군의 변화과정을 통해 사로국으로부터 신라국가로 전환되어 갈 무렵의 경주지역, 즉 사로국 내부가 통합되어 가는 모습을 추적해 보고자 하였다. 경주지역은 형산강이 관통하는 분지지구와 형산강의 본류 및 그 지류가 흐르는 4개의 곡간지구로 이루어져 있는데, 원삼국시대 후기 이래 신라 조기에는 분지지구의 월성북고분군을 정점으로 하여 각 지구에서 고분군들이 조영되었다. 그런데 원삼국시대 말부터 고분군들 사이에서는 목곽묘의 구조에 차별성이 표출되기 시작하여, 신라 조기에는 그 차별성이 더욱 강화되었다. 묘곽의 형식이 분화되어, 월성북고분군에서는 이혈주부곽식 목곽묘가 배타적으로 조영된 것으로 보이는 반면 다른 고분군들에서는 가장 상위 위계의 목곽묘로도 동혈주부곽식이나 좀 규모가 큰 단독곽식의 목곽묘가 축조되었고, 유적에 따라 목곽묘의 구조와 출토 유물에서도 차별성이 드러난다. 한편 목곽묘들은 묘곽의 규모가 5개의 그룹으로 나누어지고, 그에 출토 유물을 결합한 목곽묘의 랭크도 5단계로 구분되는데, 시기가 내려오면서 유적에 따라 묘곽 규모의 그룹 분포 위치와 목곽묘들의 랭크에 변화가 있었다. 그것은 월성북고분군 조영세력, 즉 사로국의 중심세력이 각 지구 고분군 조영세력들을 재편해 나갔던 과정으로, 각 지구 고분군에서는 목곽묘의 규모가 축소되고 부장유물은 격감하여 그 조영세력의 위상이 격하 재편되는 것이 일반적이었지만, 울산 방면의 동남부지구에서는 그와 반대로 오히려 위상이 강화된 결과를 나타내는 유적들도 있었다. 이들은 중심세력의 전략적 필요에 의해 일시적으로, 또는 상당 기간 그 후원을 받고 있었던 것으로 보인다. 이와 같이 경주지역 신라 조기 목곽묘들의 전개과정은 사로국 내부의 통합과정을 보여 주고 있으며, 그때 표출된 고분군별 차별성은 중심고분군과 각 지구 고분군 사이의 격차가 심해지면서, 그리고 중심세력의 각 지구 고분군 조영세력에 대한 차별적인 지배 관계에 따라 나타난 것이었다. This paper analyzes the burial grounds of the Incipient Silla period in order to explore how wooden chamber burials developed over time, as well as to examine the developmental process of each burial ground. Based on the results of the study, attempts are made to trace the internal consolidation process of Saro-guk, which was based in the Gyeongju region, around the time at which it developed into the Silla state. The Gyeongju region consists of a central basin zone, through which flows the Hyeongsan River, and four local valley zones formed by the main stream and tributaries of the Hyeongsan River. From the late Proto-Three Kingdoms period to the Incipient Silla period, burial grounds came to be established and maintained in all of the zones; of these, the Wolseong North burial ground was the paramount burial ground. From the end of the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, differentiation between burial grounds began to emerge in terms of the structure of the wooden chamber burial, and this differentiation became more pronounced during the Incipient Silla period. This differentiation involved burial chamber structure, with the type of wooden chamber burial consisting of a main burial chamber and an additional grave goods compartment located in a separate pit (異穴主副槨式) used only at the Wolseong-ro North Burial Ground. In contrast to this, even the higher ranked burials of the other burial grounds consisted only of wooden chamber burials which had the additional grave goods compartment located within the same pit as the main burial chamber (同穴主副槨式) or wooden chamber burials featuring only the main burial chamber, albeit larger in scale. Inter-site variation in terms of the architecture of the wooden burial chamber and the grave goods assemblage could also be observed in the case of some sites. The wooden chamber burials were divided into five groups according to burial chamber size, and in conjunction with the grave goods assemblage, five ranks were established for the burials. Diachronic change could be observed at the burial grounds, in terms of the rank composition of the burials and the location of the differently sized burials within the burial ground. This can be seen to be associated with the re-organization of the groups that established the respective burial grounds by the central political group of Saro-guk, as represented by the Wolseong North Burial Ground. The majority of the burial grounds witnessed a reduction in burial chamber scale and a sharp decrease in the quantity of grave goods, indicating that this political re-organization was accompanied by a marked decline in the status of the relevant groups. However, in the case of the burial grounds of the south-eastern zone, neighboring the Ulsan region, the opposite was observed. It may be that these specific groups had received the backing of the central political group, either temporarily or for a considerable length of time, according to the strategic needs of this central group. It can thus be suggested that the developmental process of the wooden chamber burials of the Gyeongju region of the Incipient Silla period well represents the process of internal consolidation of Saro-guk. Differentiation between the Wolseong North burial ground and the other burial grounds, as well as differentiation amongst the latter, which emerged around the dawn of the Incipient Silla period and became more marked over time, can be seen to represent the different types of relationships of control that were established between the central political group and the political groups of each burial ground.

차세대 이차전지 개발 현황 및 전망

최병현(Byunghyun Choi),지미정(Mijung Ji) 한국신재생에너지학회 2016 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.5

Ni/YSZ core shell 입자를 이용한 SOFC 출력 특성

최병현(Byunghyun Choi),지미정(Mijung Ji),홍선기(SunGi Hong),설광희(Kwanghee Seol) 한국신재생에너지학회 2016 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.5

신라 전기양식토기의 성립

최병현(Choi, Byunghyun) 중부고고학회 2013 고고학 Vol.12 No.1

Early Silla style pottery, which followed Incipient Silla style pottery, was established in the Gyeongju region from around the mid-fourth century CE. The Early Silla style mounted cup emerged through the modification of Incipient Silla style mounted cups with cylindrical and trumpet-shaped pedestal foots, such as those from the Okjeon burial ground at Hapcheon. This modification consisted of the elongation of, and the addition of perforations to, the pedestal foot. The Early Silla style long-necked jar emerged through the elongation of the neck section of the Incipient Silla style globular jar, which had centrally placed raised bands. Phase 1, the phase in which Early Silla style pottery was established, can be divided into Phase lA (dating to the mid-fourth century) and Phase 1B (dating to the late fourth century). The former phase witnessed the co-existence of mounted cups with cylindrical and trumpet-shaped pedestal foots which had four tiers of perforations. In the latter phase, the mounted cup with cylindrical pedestal foot disappeared and only the mounted cup with trumpet-shaped pedestal foot which had three tiers of perforations came to be used, along with the mounted cup with a pedestal foot shaped like a flat topped cone and two tiers of perforations. During Phase lA in the Gyeongju region, mounted cups with flame-shaped perforations were used alongside mounted cups with cylindrical pedestal foots. Based on the evidence from the Hwasan-ri kiln site in Gyeongju, it is clear that these vessels were produced in the Gyeongju region. In Phase 1, the Early Silla style mounted cups demonstrate very rapid stylistic change, with two stylistic stages observable for Phase lA and three stylistic stages observable for Phase lB. On the other hand, the Early Silla style long-necked jars demonstrate very slow stylistic change, which no significant changes observable from Phase lAa to lBa. It is only afterwards that certain changes, such as the addition of pedestal foots and the adoption of straight necks, came to take place. 'This indicates that the different ceramic types of Early Silla style pottery experienced different speeds of stylistic change and different time periods of significant stylistic transformation. It is also possible to observe that, although the Early Silla style mounted cup and the Gaya style mounted cup both developed from a common prototype, difference in vessel form appeared in Phase lA In Phase lB, the distinctive regional ceramic styles of the area east of the Nakdong River (represented by alternating pedestal perforations) and the area west of the Nakdong River (represented by vertically aligned pedestal perforations) came to be respectively established. Cross-dating with the Sueki. vessels of the Japanese K.ofun Period which have been dated through dendrochronological research, as well as with the horse trappings from the northeast region of China and the middle and northern regions of the Korean Peninsula, was attempted in order to establish the dates for the formation of the Early Silla style pottery assemblage. It is noted that the notion that the southern campaign of King Gwanggaeto the Great in 400 CE led to the termination of the Daeseongdong burial ground in Gimhae and the migration of Geumgwan Gaya groups to the Japanese Archipelago, or the notion that the stirrups of Korea or Japan cannot be older than 415 CE based on the stirrups from the Feng Sufu (馮素弗) burial, or the notion that Hwangnam Great Tomb in Gyeongju is the resting place of King Nulji have come to be regarded by certain researchers as mere stereotypical views which only act to impede upon open academic thinking. It is argued that such stereotypical notions, which have not been based upon archaeological evidence but are merely historically recorded circumstances or over interpretations of such circumstances, act only as barriers in the construction of chronologies, based on actual archaeological evidence and archaeolog 신라 전기양식토기는 경주지역에서 신라 조기양식토기에 이어 서기 4세기 중엽에 성립되었다. 신라 전기양식토기 고배는 합천 옥전고분군에서 볼 수 있는 것과 같은 신라조기의 통형고배와 나팔각고배의 기형을 계승하면서 대각이 길어지고, 길어진 대각에 투창을 뚫으면서 성립되었다. 장경호는 신라조기의 짧은 경부 중간에 돌대가 있는 구형호들의 경부가 길어지면서 성립되었다. 신라 전기양식토기의 성립기, 즉 1기는 통형과 나팔형의 4단각 고배가 공존한 4세기 중엽의 1A기와, 통형고배가 시실상 소멸되고 나팔형 3단각 고배와 함께 새로 발생한 직선형 2단각 고배가 존재한 4세기 후엽의 1B기로 구분된다 1A기 경주에는 통형고배와 함께 화염형투창 고배도 존재하였는데, 경주 화산리 요지의 예로 보아 이들은 경주지역에서 생산된 것이 분명하다. 신라 전기양식토기 1기의 고배는 빠른 형식의 변화를 보여 1A기에 2소기 1B기에 3소기의 형식이 구분되는데 비해, 장경호는 그 변화가 느려 1Aa기부터 1Ba기까지는 큰 변화가 없었고, 그 뒤에야 경부의 직선화 대각의 채용 등 형식의 변화가 뒤따랐다. 이로 보아 신라 전기양식토기는 기종에 따라 변화 속도와 주 변화 시기가 달랐던 것을 알 수 있다. 그리고 신라 전기양식토기와 가야토기의 고배는 공동 조형에서 발전한 것이었으나 1A기부터 기형상의 차이를 보이다가 1B기부터는 교차투창 고배로 대표되는 낙동강 이동양식과 일렬투창 고배로 대표되는 이서양식으로 지역권이 완전히 분립되었다. 한편, 신라 전기양식토기 성립기의 연대는 연륜연대를 가진 일본 고분시대의 須惠器, 그리고 중국 동북지방을 비롯하여 한반도 중부 이북지방의 마구와 교차편년하여 설정하였다. 서기 400년 광개토대왕의 남정에 의한 김해 대성동고분군 축조중단과 금관가야 세력의 일본열도 이주설, 馮素弗墓 등자에 의한 한ㆍ일 등자의 415년 상한설, 경주 황남대총의 눌지왕릉설은 이제 일부 연구자들에게 자유로운 학문적 사고를 가로막는 고정관념이 되고 있다. 명확한 고고학적 자료나 근거에 의힌 것도 아니고 역사적 정황이나 이를 확대해석한 주장에 불과한 그와 같은 고정관념은 고고학자료와 고고학적 방법에 의한 동북아시아 고고학자료의 편년을 가로막는 장애물이 될 뿐이다.

한국 고대의 單鐙子 자료와 그 의의

최병현(Choi, Byunghyun) 중부고고학회 2021 고고학 Vol.20 No.1

백제와 신라·가야 고분에서는 單鐙子 자료들이 적지 않게 출토되었다. 이들은 고대 한국에서 雙鐙子에 앞서 單鐙子가 사용되었음을 보여준다. 또 이를 통해 고대 한국에서 단등자로부터 쌍등자로 전환되는 과정도 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 동아시아에서 등자가 각 단계마다 처음 발생한 곳은 중국이었다. 서기 302년의 長沙 金盆嶺 21호묘 陶俑에서는 短柄의 단등자 발생을, 서기 322년의 南京 象山 7호묘 陶俑에서는 短柄의 쌍등자가 사용되기 시작한 사실을 알 수 있다. 그러나 이들은 등자의 실물이 아니어서, 중국에서 그 이상 단병등자의 발전과정을 알 수는 없다. 중국 동북지방에서는 서기 4세기 중엽 鮮卑族이 세운 前燕 시기에 長柄鐙子가 출현하였다. 그러나 그 이후 중국에서 장병등자의 발전과정을 알려주는 자료는 출토되지 않았다. 이와 같이 중국에서는 각 단계의 등자가 출현한 사실을 알 수 있지만, 그 발전과정은 알 수 없다. 이에 비해 한국에서는 이제 중국에서 출현한 각 단계의 등자들이 전해져 계기적인 발전을 이루어간 전 과정을 시초부터 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 백제와 신라·가야에서 단등자의 출현과 단병 쌍등자로의 전환, 신라에서 장병등자의 도입은 중국과 대략 한 세대씩의 차이를 두고 단계적으로 이루어졌다. 남중국으로부터 백제와 신라·가야의 단등자 도입과 이어서 短柄 쌍등자로의 전환은 중국의 晉書에서 보듯이 西晉 이래 한반도 남부지방 정치세력들의 대 중국 교섭을 통해 이루어졌을 것이고, 중국 동북지방의 전연시기 장병등자는 고구려를 통해 신라로 들어왔을 것이다. 한국 삼국시대의 고분 편년, 특히 신라·가야고분의 편년은 서기 415년의 北燕 馮素弗墓 등자가 세계 최고의 등자라는 穴澤-小田 프레임과 이에 기반한 서기 400년‘ 고구려군 남정 영향설’에의해 심하게 왜곡되어 있다. 穴澤-小田 프레임은 처음부터 근거가 없는 것이었다. 신라·가야 고분의 편년이 속히 바로잡히기를 기대한다. A considerable number of single-sided stirrups have been recovered from Baekje, Gaya, and Silla tombs. They illustrate that the use of single-sided stirrups preceded the use of double-sided stirrups in ancient Korea, and shed light on the transition from the former to the latter. In East Asia, the earliest use of the respective stirrup types took place in China. It is possible identify the earliest use of short-necked single-sided stirrups from the ceramic figurine unearthed from Jinpenling (金盆嶺) Tomb 21 in Changsha, which dates to 302 CE, and the earliest use of short-necked double-sided stirrups from the ceramic figurine unearthed from Xiangshan (象山) Tomb 7 in Nanjing, which dates to 322 CE. However, as these are not the actual examples of stirrups, it is difficult to gain a clearer understanding of the development of short-necked stirrups in China. In the Northeast region of China, long-necked stirrups emerged in the mid fourth century, during the period of the Former Yan Dynasty, which was set up by the Xianbei people. However, data that may shed light on subsequent developments on the long-necked stirrups of China have yet to come to light. It is thus evident that while it is possible to confirm the emergence of each stirrup type in China, their developmental processes cannot be established. On the other hand, it is possible to identify the development of each stirrup type using the evidence from the Korean Peninsula. The introduction of short-necked single-sided stirrups and their development into double-sided stirrups (observed in Baekje, Silla, and Gaya), and the introduction of longnecked stirrups (observed in Silla), took place with a time gap of approximately one generation from the emergence of their counterparts in China. The introduction of singlesided stirrups from Southern China into Baekje, Silla, and Gaya, and the transition to short-necked double-sided stirrups is likely to have taken place as a result of interactions between the polities of the southern regions of the Korean Peninsula and China which had taken place since the Western Jin Dynasty, as noted in the Jin Shu (晉書, Book of Jin). The long-necked stirrups introduced into Silla, on the other hand, likely originated from the period of the Former Yan period of the Northeast region of China and arrived at Silla via Goguryeo. The current chronological framework for the tombs of the Three Kingdoms Period (particularly, for the Silla and Gaya tombs) has been heavily influenced by (1) the views set forth by Anazawa Wako (穴澤咊光) and Fujio Oda (小田富士雄) which maintain that the stirrups unearthed from Northern Yan’s Feng Sufu (馮素弗) Tomb, dating to 415 CE, are the oldest in the world, and (2) and the‘ Goguryeo southern campaign theory’ (concerning the campaign of 400 CE), which was also influenced by Anazawa and Fujio’s views. Unfortunately, even at the time of their inception, the views of Anazawa and Fujio were unproven. Therefore, it can be argued that the re-examination and reconstruction of the chronological framework for Silla and Gaya tombs is an important task of great urgency.

新羅初期石室墳의 樣相 - 新羅의 地方石室墳硏究(2)-

崔秉鉉(Byunghyun Choi) 한국고고학회 2001 한국고고학보 Vol.44 No.-

이 논문은 6세기 전반기 이전 신라의 수도 경주에서 적석목곽분이 축조되고 있을 때 낙동강 이동지방에서 축조되고 있었던 초기 횡혈식석실분의 유형, 구조, 장법, 계보, 그리고 이들과 경주 석실분과의 관계를 살피고자 한 것이다. 낙동강 이동지방에 횡혈식석실분이 수용되기 시작한 것은 5세기 전반기부터이며 신라에서는 중앙보다는 지방에서, 중앙귀족보다는 지방세력이 횡혈식석실분을 먼저 수용하였다. 중앙보다는 지방이 새로운 묘제의 수용에서 개방적이었던 것이다. 신라 초기 석실분의 유형과 구조는 신라 후기 경주의 석실분으로 계승·발전되었다. 그러나 신라 초기 석실분의 장법은 당시 수혈식 묘제의 장법을 따르고 있었다. 백제의 초기 석실분과 신라의 초기 석실분은 그 세부구조에 있어서 차이가 있고, 그것은 백제의 초기 석실분이 낙랑·대방고지의 전축분계 석실분에서, 신라의 초기 석실분이 고구려 석실분에서 유래된 것이기 때문이었다. 서울 강남지역 석실분에 대해서 최근 한성기 백제축조 후 신라 재사용설이 제기되었으나 근거가 없다 The aim of this essay is to identify the types, structures, burial modes and its historical derivations of the early stone chamber tomb with entrance in the east of Nakdong river which constructed before the first half of the sixth century, when the wooden chamber with stone mound tombs had been constructed in Kyungjoo, the capitol of the Shilla, and to clarify their relations to those of the stone chamber tombs in Kyungjoo area. In the east area of the Nakdong river, were introduced the stone chamber tombs with entrance from the first half of the fifth century, which found general acceptance first in the periphery rather than in the core, and first among the local gentry rather than among the central aristocrats. Accepting the new burial system, the ruling classes in the periphery were more open than those in the core. The types and structures of the early stone chamber tomb of the Shilla were succeeded and developed in the stone chamber tomb in Kyungjoo area at the period of the later Shilla. However, the burial modes of the early stone chamber tomb followed the burial system of the vertical entrance style tomb. There were many structural differences between the early stone chamber tomb of the Baikje and that of the Shilla. These differences were due to the fact that the early stone chamber tomb of the Baikje originated from the brick chamber tomb with entrance of the Lo- rang, whereas the early stone chamber tomb of the Shilla took its origin in the stone chamber tomb of the Koguryo. Finally, I think the latest thesis on the stone chamber tomb in Kangnam area of Seoul to be historically unsupported that insists on the re- use of the stone chamber tomb of the Baikje builded in the Hansong phase by the Shilla for their convenience.

Nourishing yin method using herbal medicine for skin disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Jun, Ji Hee,Lee, Ju Ah,Roh, Seok-Seon,Choi, Jiae,Choi, Tae Young,Kim, Byunghyun,Roh, Hyo Sun,Jin, Mu Hyun,Hwang, Seung Jin,Choi, Inhwa,Kim, Hyung-Min,Lee, Myeong Soo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.; AMSTERDAM 2017 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE Vol.12 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Introduction</B></P> <P>Nourishing yin is one of the most important treatment methods for skin diseases. The main conditions for which herbal prescriptions are used for nourishing yin are: skin pruritus, psoriasis, eczema, atopy, acne and alopecia. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and analyse trial data on the efficacy and safety of the nourishing yin method using herbal medicine for skin disease.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Eleven electronic databases were searched from their inception through until December 2016, with no language limitation. Randomised controlled trials for nourishing yin using herbal prescriptions used to treat skin disease were identified and their risk of bias of assessed.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Of 725 of the total trials identified, 29 studies were included. Most studies had a high risk of bias. Twenty-five RCTs tested nourishing yin herbal medicines for various skin diseases compared with conventional medicines. Most showed superior response rates compared with conventional medicine, and 7 trials reported equivalent effects. The meta-analysis showed favourable effects of the nourishing yin method using herbal medicine for various skin diseases (n=2813, RR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.26, P<0.00001, I2=62%). Four studies assessed the nourishing yin herbal medicine plus conventional medicine for various skin diseases compared to conventional medicine alone. All of these 4 trials showed positive effects and the meta-analysis also showed favourable effects (n=497, RR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.23, P=0.0009, I2=37%).</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>This review provides superior or equivalent effects of the nourishing yin method using herbal prescriptions for treating skin diseases compared with conventional medicines.</P>