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대학생들의 자존감 구성요인에 있어서 문화적, 성차의 효과
홍기원 한국여성심리학회 2008 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.13 No.3
Cultural and gender differences of Korean students were tested in this paper. Korean Self-esteem Scale developed by Cha, Hong, Kim, & Han, 2006) and Multiple Self-esteem Indicator((MSEI) proposed by E. J. B'Brien & S. Epstein(1988) was employed to test the commonalities and differences in both gender of Korean students in study 1. Nine factors were emerged among Korean students through factor analyses: Ability, acknowledgement, self-confidence, appearance, volition, morality, body, and liking. On the other hand, 11 factors of self-esteem were identified among American students: Appearance, body function, personal power, moral self-approval, identity-integration, ability, defensive self-improvement, general self-esteem, self-control, loveability, likability. Hence, appearances, morality, ability, volition, and likability were common while approval from others of Korean and personal power and defensive self-improvement of American were distinguished between two cultures, which can be interpreted as a characteristic patterns of Korean and American as collectivism and individualism. And there was gender difference between Korean males and females on the factor components, which is a significant validation of this scale. Interdependent and independent aspects of both gender's components of self-esteem were tested in study 2. There was a significant gender gap in the independent dimension of self-esteem, but no difference was showed in the interdependent dimension. Korean male students were far more independent compared to Korean female students. Also, no gap in collective interdependence and relational interdependence, which are two sub-components of interdependence expected different in both gender, was shown between Korean male and female students. Suggestions and limitations centered on differences in interdependent dimension between both gender were discussed.
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홍기원,이종택 한국사회및성격심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.24 No.2
Two studies were conducted to fill the lack of psychological exploration on the study of ideological topology in Korean adults and the possible psychological bases of such topology. Differential demographic effects like economic status, educational levels, gender, and age would related to liberal-conservative ideology in Korean setting compared to Western culture were examined in analysis 1. Psychological bases related on the ideological topology were probed in the analysis 2. To test the generality of the theoretical model relating personality and world views to ideological trends (conservative-liberal), prejudice (attitudes towards North Korea, rich people, and enterprisers), and life style by using structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables in a sample of Korean students and adults living in Cheonan and Seoul. 500 persons, 238 (47.6%) males and 262 (52.4%) females with an average age of 35 years old completed a survey questionnaire based on authoritarianism, social dominance, social conformity, life style, social attitudes and social world views. Different correlations between variables were analyzed, and the goodness of fit statistics and path coefficients for the structural equation modeling were interpreted. More conservatives evidenced in lower education, higher economics, and more liberal attitudes in females than males and married than not-married. But differential ideological configurations effects were revealed according to political, economical, and social domains. However, there was age effect, which is not for granted in Western society, which suggest there might be a cultural difference between Western countries and Korea. Generally, SEM model proposed by Duckitt, Birum, Wanger, and Plessic(2002) was supported, which means ideological trends and related social beliefs can be explained by the right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance (SDO), which in turn connected with social conformity, dangerous world view, tough mindedness, competitive jungle world. Especially, RWA and SDO had positive, reciprocal, and causal impacts each other, path prediction from RWA to SDO than vice verse though, which suggest strong ideological orientations were established in Korea like Europe and America. More closer link political and social domains to RWA while economic domains to SDO and more strong relation between social confirmity and RWA, competitive world view and SDO. RWA than SDO can predict more conservatism but lesser RWA and SDO in females than males since more competitive world view and dangerous world view are prevalent in males than females. Finally, the limitations and future directions of the presents study were discussed. 진보와 보수를 가르는 이념적 지형에 대한 연구는 정치적 상황의 변화와 함께 많이 연구 되어 왔으나, 인구학적 변인에 따른 차이에 대한 심리학적 분석과 그러한 이념적 지형의 뒤에 있는 심리적 요인에 관한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 서울과 천안에 거주하는 500명을 대상으로 Duckitt, Birum, Wanger, 및 Plessic(2002)이 제안한 이념적 태도와 성격변인들을 재는 질문지에 응답하게 한 결과, 교육수준이 낮고, 경제적 수준이 높을수록 더 보수적인 태도를 보였고, 남성보다는 여성이 기혼보다는 미혼자가 더 진보적인 태도를 갖고 있었다. 그러나, 진보와 보수에 대한 지지는 정치적, 경제적, 사회적 분야별로 다르게 나왔다. 서구인들은 연령과 무관하게 진보-보수의 이념적 분리가 강하여 연령에 따른 보수화가 낮은데 비하여 한국의 성인 집단에서는 연령에 따른 이념적 분리가 강하게 나타났다. 이념적 지형에 깔려있는 심리적 요인을 탐색하기 위하여 우익 권위주의, 사회적 지배성이라는 두 가지 성격들(RWA, SDO), 두 가지 세계관(위험한 세계관, 경쟁적 세계관), 세 가지 외집단에 대한 편견적 태도(북한, 부자, 기업인)들 간의 경로계수들의 결과, 한국 성인들의 이념적 지형은 이들 성격들, 세계관들로 잘 예언할 수 있는 것으로 나왔다. 한국 성인들의 보수성은 사회적 지배성보다는 우익 권위주의로 더 잘 예언할 수 있으며, 서구 사회에서처럼 강한 이념적 지향을 경험한 결과로 우익 권위주의로부터 사회적 지배성으로의 경로도 확인되어, 우익권위주의와 사회지배성을 중심으로 한 이중과정 모형을 지지하는 결과를 얻었다.
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