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특허청구범위 해석에 있어서 일원론과 이원론에 대한 타당성 검토
조현래 한국지식재산학회 2014 産業財産權 Vol.- No.43
There are two standards for claim construction: (a) claims must be read in view of the specification; and (b) It is improper to read a limitation from the specification into the claims. These two standards generally apply in the same way for both judging the requirements for patentability and for judging patent infringement. However, in some cases when the claim language is broader than the embodiment, these two standards are applied differently for judging the requirements for patentability and judging patent infringement. During judging the requirements for patentability, the Patent Office must give claims their broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification and it is improper to import claim limitations from the specification. Because the applicant has the opportunity to amend the claims during prosecution, giving a claim its broadest reasonable interpretation will reduce the possibility that the claim, once issued, will be interpreted more broadly than is justified. But during judging a patent infringement, it is proper to import claim limitations from the specification. This is because it is against the principle of the patent system to give a right to the invention that was not disclosed in the specification by the patent owner. Therefore, in some cases, claims may be construed in the same way for judging the requirements for patentability and for judging patent infringement. In some other cases, claims may not be construed in the same.
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조현래 大田大學校 社會科學硏究所 1996 社會科學論文集 Vol.15 No.2
산업화와 경제발전으로 인하여 오존층의 파괴, 산성비, 지구 온난화 및 사막화 등의 환경문제가 전 지구적 차원으로 확대되어 국가간의 협력이 시급히 요청되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 선진국을 중심으로 한 환경과 무역 규제를 연계시키려는 논의가 표면화되고 있다 . 환경과 무역의 연계는 각국 환경정책의 조화 문제와 지구 환경문제에 대한 국제적 합의의 문제를 부각시키고 있는데 이러한 논의를 환경라운드 또는 ‘그린라운드 (Green Round)’라고 통칭하기도 한다 . 환경라운드는 협의로는 무역자유화와 지구환경보전 을 위한 수단을 조화시키는 국제 규범의 정립을 위한 다자간협상 을 의미하나 광의로는 지 속 가능한 개발 (ESSD Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development)의 이점을 실현하기 위하여 무역과 환경의 상호보완적 연계를 위한 모든 국제적 논의를 통칭한다 . 따라서 환경을 보전하는 것이 국가의 성장과 산업화와 직접 연결되어 있어 기업의 환경관리 책임의 중요성이 중대되고 주요 선진국의 환경 규제가 점차 강화되면서 환경관련 국제 표준 재정이 활발히 진행되어 오고 있다 . 환경표준은 기업의 제품, 생산 공정 뿐만 아니라 사업 활동 전반에 대한 관리규격을 제정하는 것으로 그 적용대상이 자국 내 기업뿐만 아니라 수입 대상국의 기업에까지도 확대되고 있어 국제표준화기구 OSO) 주관 하에 공통된 환경 표준 제정이 추진되고 있다 .
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The microeconomic foundation of portfolio balance models
조현래 대전대학교 사회과학연구소 1996 社會科學論文集 Vol.15 No.1
We tried to provide the microeconomic foundation of portfolio balance models developed by Metzler and Tobin. Following Merton’'s method, we could justify the “" postulated" assert demands, especially employed by Branson and Henderson, solving the optimization problem faced by a logarithmic investor. Money has been integrated by assuming that real money balances enter the investor’'s objective function. However, the home habit at preference assumption is not compatible with a logarithmic investor. In case of non-logarithmic strong risk-averter, we found that money demand depends not only on the return on the security denominated in that country’'s currency but also on the return on securities denominated in other currencies. The microeconomic theory of asset demands implies some but not all of the properties of the basic specification of postulated asset demands at the macro level. Since the conclusions of macroeconomic analysis depend crucially on the form of asset demand functions, it is important to continue to explore the implications of micro foundations for macro specification.
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조현래 한국지식재산학회 2013 産業財産權 Vol.- No.42
Functional claim uses the language of function to partially define the subject matter of an invention. The US Patent Act gives special treatment to a functional claim. According to 35 U.S.C. §112 ∏6, “An element expressed means-plus-function in a claim shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof.” However, the Korean Patent Act does not have a provision corresponding to 35 U.S.C. §112 ∏6. The Korean Supreme Court does not have a unified opinion on the interpretation of a functional claim in determining infringement. For example, some Korean Supreme Court Cases limit the functional claim to the embodiment in the specification but some Cases do not. I insist that the interpretation of the functional claim should be conducted to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification plus something obvious from the structure, material, or acts because the embodiment in the specification and something obvious from the embodiment are the parts which were made public from the functional claim. So the interpretation of the functional claim operates more like the reverse doctrine of equivalents rather than the doctrine of equivalents because it restricts the coverage of the literal claim language. However, the doctrine of equivalents should be used for the interpretation of a functional claim when the claimed function is not literally found in the accused product and the accused product was developed after the patent was issued.
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조현래 한국지식재산학회 2005 産業財産權 Vol.- No.18
In this paper, I have examined ways of strengthening university technology transfer offices in Korea with regard to this organization, its budget and human resources. First, concerning the organization, it is necessary to have policy enabling professors to produce excellent inventions and ensuring these inventions can be protected properly. Also, universities should set their administrative support systems to be able to perform all services; from research contracts to technology transfers. Futhermore, university technology transfer offices should build strong networks with companies and other related specialized offices. Second, concerning the budget, it is desirable that the government amend some provisions of the research expenses regulations so that university technology transfer offices use a certain percentage of the research expenses for the professor's patent applications and technology transfers. As well, as technology transfer falls on the public domain, the national and the regional governments should support the aiding of budget for university technology transfer offices. Last, regarding human resources, it is preferable that the persons who are engage in university technology transfer offices are guaranteed regular job and can obtain specialization through the use of strengthened training courses.
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