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鄭然植,蔡政旻 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1984 東洋文化硏究 Vol.11 No.-
It is obvious that equality is the fundamental idea of democracy with freedom and human dignity. We can find the idea of equality in the Korean Shil-Hak that come into exsistence from retort of ideological metaphisics indulging in academic discussion in the exhausted society of the latter Li-dynasty. At that time, Shil-Hak scholars criticized political, social, economic and cutural systems and presented many new reformationary bills. Most of Shil-Hak scholars asserted that man had to be treated equally, recognizing the importance of individuality and rights of human being. So, they denied traditional social class systems of Li-dynasty and asserted that any one who has capable of taking charge of public affairs could be oppointed to the positions of governmental institutions. Also, they maintained to abolish the slavery, discriminative treatment to illegitimate son and discriminative requirement to enter school by social class. But the idea of equality of Shil-Hak scholars had been restrainted by the social and economic situations as compared with modern sense of equality. And they couldn't define the conception of equality demanding right to the government to correct the social discrimination as modern time. But the conception of equality they insisted is very significant in the history of Korean political thoughts because it was succeeded to modern Enlightened-thoughts in the late Li-ldynasty and to modern idea of human right in Korea.
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鄭然植,李咏桓 한국의정연구회 2015 의정논총 Vol.10 No.2
지난 이명박 정부에서는 청년층의 빠른 사회진출과 대학진학이 어려운 취약계층에게도 공평한 임용기회를 제공하기 위해 9급 공무원 채용시험 과목을 개편하였다. 그러나 조사결과, 세무직공무원의 경우 개편의 취지와는 달리 신규채용 합격자 중에는 고졸출신은 한명도 없는 것으로 나타났다. 채용시험 과목개편 시 선택과목간의 점수조정제도가 도입되었지만, 모집단이 작은 과목은 상대적으로 불이익을 받을 가능성이 높다. 조사결과, 관련 자격증을 소지한 수험생들도 이러한 제도상의 불이익을 우려해 별도의 시험과목을 선택하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 개편취지는 충분히 이해를 할 수 있고, 일반 행정직 공무원을 선발할 때에는 유용할 수도 있다. 그러나 특히 세무직공무원 등 전문성이 요구되는 직렬의 공무원을 선발할 때는 엄청난 위험이 따를 수도 있는 제도로 평가된다. 따라서 우수하고 적응력이 높은 세무직공무원을 선발하기 위해서는 현행 선택과목제도를 폐지하고, 업무와 관련성이 높은 과목들을 필수과목으로 조속히 지정할 필요가 있는 것으로 평가된다. There During the administration of former President Lee Myung-bak, the examination subjects for Grade 9 government employees were revised to expand the hiring of government employees who are high school graduates. The intent was to lower the age of economically active population by facilitating early entry of youth into society and provide vulnerable groups who have difficulty in entering colleges with fair employment opportunities. The goal of revisionary actions was not to heighten the practicability of the examination subjects through the testing of topics that are closely related to actual work, but to provide an environment that motivates high school graduates to actively apply for the employment examinations. However, according to a survey, contrary to the goal of system revision, there were no high school graduates among the new employees hired as tax officials. A more serious problem is the classification of the required subjects as elective subjects and the implementation of a score adjustment system between them. These changes caused applicants who already obtained related license(s) to select and study non-required subjects in an effort to ensure that they did not suffer any disadvantages due to the score adjustment system. Although the goal of system revision is understandable, and while such system may be useful in selecting government workers for general administrative work, it presents tremendous risk when selecting government workers in fields that require specialization, such as taxation. Therefore, in order to select government workers who are outstanding and have high adaptability, it is necessary to abolish the elective subject system that commonly contains social studies, sciences, mathematics, and administrative science, and expeditiously designate subjects that are closely related with actual work.
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Making an American Citizen:Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, and the Silent Comedies of Assimilation
정연식 한국영미문화학회 2013 영미문화 Vol.13 No.3
Early twentieth-century American silent cinema served to homogenize European immigrant audiences and integrate them into American culture and society. Recent debate on the role of silent film as a social institution has tended to center around its external aspects such as a low entrance fee to movie theater and minimal language barriers, which enticed immigrants to theater and introduced them to American box-office democracy and consumerism. Relatively little attention, however, was paid to "content-oriented" analysis of American silent films in terms of their assimilationist impulses except for those in the "ghetto film" that dealt explicitly with poverty and ethnic difference of the immigrant. It was also rarely the case that slapstick comedy, the single most popular movie genre during the silent film era, received critical attention from this perspective. This paper argues that Buster Keaton, who with Charlie Chaplin had been a comic giant of silent film, incorporated the immigrant subject into his slapstick comic films fragmentarily and allegorically, in some cases adopting many characteristics of the ghetto film. Unlike Chaplin's films, political and social concerns are less often directly at issue in Keaton's silent comedies such as The Cook, Neighbors, My Wife's Relations, College, Our Hospitality, and Steamboat Bill, Jr. Yet the struggles of Keaton's protagonist, as a visitor, to accommodate to an unfamiliar place, from which his funny, acrobatic gags are derived, metaphorically illustrate the hardships of the immigrants in the new land who frequented movie theaters to escape from the realities of work and tenement life. His films that often conclude with a happy ending thus convey a strong assimilationist message to immigrant audiences who projected their situations onto those portrayed by Keaton and managed to get consolation from them. Discussing Keaton's films along with selected American ghetto films and Chaplin's anti-social films like The Immigrant, In the Park, Easy Street, Modern Times, and Monsieur Verdoux, this paper explores the representations of immigrant experiences underlying his entire film oeuvre.
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