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이원배 역사학연구회 2008 사총 Vol.66 No.-
The purpose of this study is to analyse and comment on the tendencies in China concerning studies about Koguryo's origin. China began his Northeast Project from February 2002 in the aim of examining their northeast region. Based on political hegemony and armed with the “theory of unified whole comprised of various multi-national entities” which comprises all the histories raised in present China as a category of their own history, this project set as main goal the inclusion of the history of Koguryo, which is part of the history of Korea. The problem of the origin of Koguryo(高句麗: B.C.37~A.D.668) is one of the fields in which China invest the most of their efforts. The traditional opinion on this problem, before modern times was that Koguryo originated from Buyeo(夫餘). This opinion is confirmed by the official history book compiled in China. There are 13 official records, beginning from the Records of Three Kingdoms(三國志) up to 11th century's Xin Tang shu(新唐書), in which Koguryo is mentioned as a separate clause in the series of biographies. 10 out of the above 13 mentioned records are describing Buyeo as the origin of Koguryo. What is more interesting in these records is that they are all placing Koguryo under the category of ‘Dong-i(東夷 ; alien people living in the east of China)’, ‘I-yeok(異域 ; foreign region)’ or ‘foreign country(外國)’. This clarifies the fact that Koguryo originated from Buyeo, and therefore has no genetic relation with China. Moreover, another official history book, Songshi(宋史) describes Koryo(高麗:918~1392), a Korean dynasty during the Middle Age, as the descent from Koguryo. However this recognition has greatly differed since modern times. To speak more precisely, tendencies to consider the origin of Koguryo, Buyeo(夫餘) or Yemaek(濊貊), as a local power subjected to China is strengthen from the beginning of 1980s. On that ground Chinese scholar Jiāng Mèng-shān(姜孟山) argues that the history of Koguryo is included both in Chinese and Korean histories. From the end of 1980s new opinions gradually took force. These opinions can be divided according who they set as the origin of Koguryo ; Go-i people(高夷族), Shang people(商人), Yeomjae people(炎帝族) or multi racial. The fact that they insist that Koguryo generated from the mainstream in Chinese history makes the difference between them and the former ones, saying that Koguryo raised from a branch of Chinese history. Among these new opinions the multi racial origin theory, supported by the majority, assorts that Koguryo's origin is diversified and that the Han people, the leading people in Chinese history, also led the history of Koguryo. Studies in China concerning the origin of Koguryo have been exposed on critics saying that they understand history from the point of view of the “theory of unified whole comprised of various multi-national entities”, which involves a political position. The present study reinforced the aspect of documentation which was a weak point in the former critics. Especially it critics the problems inheriting in The Lost Book of Zhou(逸周書), the principal document for the supporters of Chinese origin in the history of Koguryo, and its annotator, the scholar Kong Chao(孔晁) of the Jin dynasty(晉:265~419). In the first place, it should be noted the problem that although the The Lost Book of Zhou(逸周書) is a text of the period of Zhou dynasty(周:B.C. 1046~B.C. 771), facts belonging to the Han dynasty(漢:B.C. 202~A.D. 220) are added. Moreover The Lost Book of Zhou(逸周書) unfits as a history book because it is originated from a Chinese novel. Also, though there is no other proof than the phonetical resemblance between ‘Go-i(高夷)’ and ‘Koguryo(高句麗)’, the annotator Kong Chao(孔晁) maintained that ‘Go-i(高夷)’ is ‘Koguryo(高句麗).’ Before modern times no other text said ‘Go-i(高夷)’ equal ‘K...
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Accurate Measurement of Total Arsenic in Rice and Oyster by Considering Arsenic Species
이원배,이선화,이용훈,남상호 대한화학회 2019 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.40 No.12
Toxicity due to arsenic (As) in food has been mostly assessed by the determination of total As amount. Although the toxicity depends on the chemical forms, the sample can be determined to be safe if the total As concentration is less than the maximum allowable amounts of the toxic arsenic compounds. In this work, the accuracy of total As analysis for rice and oyster samples was significantly influenced by the matrix effect and the chemical forms. The matrix effect could be effectively corrected by employing the appropriate internal standard, tellurium. The As species such as As(V), As(III), monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and arsenobetaine showed significantly different sensitivities in the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis for rice and oyster samples. This indicates that the total As determined without any information of the chemical species and matching sensitivities of samples and standards may be inaccurate.
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