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Interface and bulk properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell with a cracker-ZnS buffer layer
이우정,조대형,윤지수,유정수,위재형,한원석,남윤성,이연진,장수경,정용덕 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.4
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells were fabricated by varying the film thickness of the cracker-ZnS (c-ZnS) buffer layer from 0 nm to 20 nm, and performance was found to depend on c-ZnS film thickness. The best cell efficiency of approximately 8% was obtained from the CIGS solar cell with an 8 nm thick-c-ZnS buffer layer. To investigate the primary factor to determine the cell performance, we utilized the impedance spectroscopy (IS) reflecting interface qualities, and capacitance-voltage (CV) profiling sensitive to bulk properties. In IS results, an equivalent circuit model including the resistance and capacitance was proposed to interpret cell performance, and carrier lifetime was obtained in connection with recombination probability at p-n junction. In CV profiling, the carrier concentration in the CIGS bulk, the depletion width, and the charge distribution related to the defect states along the depth direction were evaluated. The formation mechanism of c-ZnS buffer layer is suggested by measuring the chemical states, which is closely associated with the IS and CV results. The depletion width substantially increased at c-ZnS film thickness more than 15 nm due to the diffusion of Zn atoms toward CIGS layer, resulting in negative influence on cell performance. From this study, we demonstrated that IS and CV profiling are complementary analysis tools for interpretation of the solar cell operation concerning the interface and bulk properties.
외식기업 관리자의 변혁적 리더십이 직무열의와 직무수행에 미치는 영향
이우정,김윤서,신형철 한국식공간학회 2023 식공간연구 Vol.18 No.1
본 연구의 목적은 외식 기업 내 관리자의 변혁적 리더십이 종사원들의 직무열의와 직무수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것이다. 이러한 목적 달성으로 첫째, 외식기업 내 변혁적 리더십에 대한 이론적 토대를 제공하고, 둘째, 리더의 자세 및 조직 구성원의 상호작용에 대하여 미래지향적인 방안을 모색하며, 셋째, 현재 외식기업 경영의 효율성을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 외식기업에서 근무 중인 직원들을 대상으로 비확률 표본 추출 방법 중 편의추출 방식을 이용하여 구글 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사는 2022년 11월 26일부터 배포하여 2022년 11월 29일까지 진행하였으며 총 289부를 통계 분석하였다. 본 연구의 가설의 검증결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 변혁적 리더십은 직무열의에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 변혁적 리더십은 직무수행에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 직무열의는 직무수행에 영향을 미치지 않는다. 넷째, 변혁적 리더십은 직무열의를 매개로 해서 직무수행에 긍정적 영향을 미친다. 이러한 결과는 외식기업 관리자가 변혁적 리더십의 방향성을 가지고 리드를 하였을 때, 인적자원 관리에 대해 효과적인 결과를 보여주며 조직의 발전이 될 것이라는 점을 시사하고 있다.
Evaluation of the Bite Forces in Patients with Unilateral Temporomandibular Disorders
이우정,김미은,김기석,Lee, Woo-Jung,Kim, Mee-Eun,Kim, Ki-Suk Korean Academy of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine 2006 Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain Vol.31 No.4
Most patients suffering from TMD appear to have unsatisfactory masticatory function and compromised values of bite force. The purposes of this study were to investigate and compare bite force between affected and unaffected sides of patients with unilateral TMD and to evaluate its relation with duration of TMD. 42 patients with unilateral TMD, from Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital, were selected for this study. The ratio of men to women was 9:33 and their mean age of $27.2{\pm}10.4$ years. The bite forces were measured over both canines (for anterior bite force) and $1^{st}$ molars (for posterior bite force) using a bite force recorder while all the subjects were asked to clench successively for 3 seconds not until pain was felt. They were compared with those measured from bilateral TMD patients(N=6, M:F=1:5, mean age: $23.0{\pm}27.3$ years). The unilateral TMD patients were divided into time groups according to duration of TMD on the basis of 1 and 6 months, respectively. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Unilateral TMD patients in this study showed that the affected sides had significantly lower bite force than the unaffected sides(force difference of about 7-8 kgf, p<0.05) while there was no significant sides difference in the bilateral patients. Nor did bite force on the affected sides reveal significant difference between unilateral and bilateral TMD patients. With regards to TMD duration, there was significant difference between the patients with TMD < 6 months and $\geq$ 6 months (p<0.05) while no significant difference existed between < 1 month and $\geq$ 1 month. The results of this study indicated that unilateral TMD patients can exhibit more reduced bite force on the affected sides compared with that on the unaffected sides and that bite force on the unaffected sides might be deteriorated more as longer did TMD last.