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이동원 한국경영법률학회 2017 經營法律 Vol.28 No.1
The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act(hereinafter "the MRFTA"), on the one hand, has a competitive legal structure according to the global standards, but on the other hand it is strongly influenced by our own political, economic, and social circumstances. These national standards usually reflect national economic conditions and legal and cultural characteristics, but there should be legitimate reasons to maintain such standards and ensure system legitimacy. Therefore, we need to decide whether to choose a competitive legal model or our own economic justice model in light of the system of the MRFTA, but we need to adjust the legal system according to each choice. First, if we intend to remodel the MRFTA by giving priority to the competitive value, the revision should be centered on the type of competition and the prohibition of abuse of market dominant position in Article 3-2 in Chapter 2 should be limited within the exclusionary abuses just like the obstruction of the other competitors' activities or entries, or exclusion of the other competitors. And the Fair Trade Commission should not directly deal with price management. In Chapter 3, we will drastically remove the constraint on the concentration of economic power, which is not related to competition and has little regulatory legislation around the world. In Chapter 5, the prohibition of unfair trade practices must be focused on competitive regulations just as unfairly refusing any transaction, or discrimination against a certain transacting partner, unfairly excluding competitors, and trading under the terms and conditions which unfairly restrict business activities of a transacting party of disrupting business activities of another enterpriser etc. Second, in the case of remodeling the MRFTA by focusing on the value of economic justice, the revision of administrative, tax, criminal and civil regulations will be possible in addition to the existing regulations. Or punitive damages, and indirect purchaser lawsuits or class actions. In addition, the name of the Fair Trade Commission will be transformed into an Economic Justice Commission or an Economic Prosecutor's Commission. However, the important criteria for these two options should be the national consensus, which is the prototype of the law, rather than the theoretical justification. And in both cases, sanctions, particularly penalties, should be minimized to the extent necessary, and legal systematic adjustments, such as balancing behavior and sanctions, will be needed. 우리 공정거래법은 한편으로는 글로벌 스탠더드에 충실하게 경쟁법적 면모를 갖추고 있기도 하지만, 다른 한편으로는 우리만의 정치적·경제적·사회적 상황에 영향을 받아 우리 고유의 색채를 강하게 드러내고 있다. 그런데, 이러한 국내적 기준(national standard)은 통상 각국의 경제사정과 법문화적 특성을 반영한 것이지만, 그러한 기준을 계속 유지하려면 그에 합당한 정당한 사유가 있어야 하고 법체계적 정당성을 확보하고 있어야 한다. 따라서 우리는 공정거래법의 전체 체계에 있어서 경쟁법적 모델을 선택할 것인지, 아니면 우리 고유의 경제정의적 모델을 선택할 것인지에 관하여 결정하되, 각 선택에 따른 법체계를 조정할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 경쟁적 가치를 우선시하여 공정거래법을 리모델링하고자 한다면, 제2장의 시장지배적 지위의 남용금지 부분에서는 제3조의2 제1항의 다른 사업자의 활동을 방해하거나 진입을 방해하거나 다른 경쟁사업자를 배제하는 것과 같이 경쟁과 관련된 배제남용 유형을 중심으로 개정이 이루어져야 하고, 공정거래위원회는 직접 물가관리와 관련된 업무 등을 하지 말아야 한다. 또한, 제3장에서 경쟁과 관련이 없고 세계적으로 규제 입법례가 거의 없는 경제력집중의 억제 부분은 과감하게 삭제하는 한편, 제5장에서도 경쟁과 관련성이 부족한 부당한 고객유인이나 거래상 지위남용과 같은 유형 역시 삭제되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 사업자단체 금지 규정과 재판매가격유지행위나 적용제외 규정도 기존 실체법 규정들에 포함시키고, 조직적으로도 공정거래위원회는 경쟁 관련 업무에 충실하며, 사업자에 대한 제재 또한 시정조치 위주로 바뀌는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 둘째, 경제적 정의라는 가치에 방점을 두어 공정거래법을 리모델링하는 경우에는 기존의 규정에 더하여 행정적, 조세적, 형사적, 민사적 규정들이 대폭 보완되는 개정이 가능할 것이고, 현재 논의되고 있는 공정거래 집단소송이나 징벌적 배상, 간접구매자 소송 등도 포함될 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 그 명칭도 가칭 경제정의위원회나 경제검찰위원회로 바꾸어 명실상부한 기관으로 거듭나야 할 것이다. 그런데 이러한 두 가지 선택에 있어서 그 중요한 기준이 되는 것은 이론적 타당성보다는 이 법의 수범자인 국민적 합의이다. 즉, 경쟁과 관련이 없는 공정거래법 규정의 일부를 다른 법률로 제정하여 규율하든, 우리 공정거래법에 모두 포함시키든, 이 법의 적용대상이 되는 국민들이 알기 쉽게 이해하고 따를 수 있다면 모두 가능할 것이다. 다만, 두 가지 경우 모두에 있어서 제재 부분, 특히 형벌은 필요한 범위로 최소화되어야 할 것이며, 행위와 제재 사이에도 균형성을 맞추는 등의 법체계적 정비는 필요할 것이다.
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이동원,유대현 대한의사협회 2011 대한의사협회지 Vol.54 No.1
The goal of nipple-areolar reconstruction is to create a nipple that is appropriately located on the breast mound and has adequate projection, shape, color and texture to match the contralateral nipple-areolar complex. Despite various reports of techniques, no single technique is considered as an established method. The common methods of nipple reconstruction consist of composite grafts and local flaps, and the areolar is usually reconstructed by skin graft and tat-tooing. The authors introduce a systematic approach to select the appropriate reconstructive techniques for nipple-areolar complex reconstruction. If the patient has sufficient projection of the contralateral nipple and is willing to use it as a donor site, the composite graft of nipple is pri-marily considered. When the composite graft is not indicated, the methods using local flap such as skate flap and CV flap are proposed. Skate flap is best suited to maintain the contour of reconstructed breast mound. Although CV flap may distort the shape of breast mound, the met-hod is popular for its simplicity. For creation of areolar, tattooing is widely performed to minimize the donor site morbidity rather than skin graft. Despite the algorithm of reconstructive techni-ques, it is important for the surgeon to choose the most familiar technique for superior outcomes. The nipple-areolar complex reconstruction is an integral step in the long treatment journey. Although the techniques of nipple reconstruction seem simplistic, they play a major role and demand meticulous attention to achieve good aesthetic outcomes.
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이동원 한국교육학회 대구·경북지회 1997 교육학논총 Vol.18 No.-
The present research is to find out the human traits expected in the educational reform , for the purpose of directing the educational evaluation In the educational reform, which has been promoted here in our country for the past two years, wants students to possess personality, creative, and independent learning ability. Therefore, the educational evaluation must appropriately verify these new criteria. Traditional approach and old ways of evaluating will no longer be suitable. So, in this research, new approach of educational evaluation has been investigated from many different perspectives; such as; the purpose of the educational evaluation, evaluator, evaluation content, evaluation method, using practical evaluation. The results are as follows: First, the evaluation must be able to appropriately evaluate the human traits required in the educational reform. Not only this, it must be able to confirm the degree of independent learning ability, personality, and creativity along with the attitudes and skills of the students' affective psychomotor domain. Second, in order to synthetically evaluate the whole development of the students, the evaluator must be a teacher, parent, or a peer. Third, the contents of the evaluation must contain not only the curriculum studied in school, but also curriculum not studied in school. Fourth, evaluation method must continue to use the traditional method, while developing alternative methods. The alternative evaluation methods which includes; performance assessment, authentic assessment, student portfolios, group evaluation, parent's and peer's evaluation should be actively investigated and applied. Finally, the result of the educational evaluation should be used by the students themselves. Through the use of the educational evaluation result, the students can improve their independent learning ability. The success of the educational reform can be achieved only when these changes are initially accepted and promoted in the classrooms. Specifically, it should show the changes in the students' behavior. Therefore, for the success of the educational reform, alternative methods of educational evaluation will be continuously investigated through teachers and educators.
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이동원,Min Jin Lee,Ah Reum Khang,강양호 대한골다공증학회 2022 Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Vol.8 No.4
Objectives: To investigate the association between serum uric acid (UA) and relative hand grip strength (HGS) in comparison with metabolic syndrome components. Methods: We analyzed the data of 5247 Korean adults aged ≥ 20 years (2422 men and 2825 women) who participated in the KNHNES VII (2018). Results: Among women, relative HGS was significantly lower in participants with hyperuricemia (1.65 ± 0.04) than in those without (1.95 ± 0.01) and was significantly decreased in the highest quartile (4Q: 1.77 ± 0.02) of serum UA compared with that in the lowest quartile (1Q: 1.98 ± 0.02). Among men, relative HGS was lower in participants with hyperuricemia (3.09 ± 0.04 vs. 3.16 ± 0.02) and decreased in 4Q (3.08 ± 0.03) of serum UA compared with that in 1Q (3.15 ± 0.03); however, these results were not statistically significant. In age- and multivariate-adjusted analyses in men, relative HGS was significantly lower in 4Q compared with that in 1Q in model 1 (adjusted for age), but there were no significant differences in model 2 (adjusted for age, BMI, and waist circumference) and model 3 (adjusted for age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Meanwhile, in women, relative HGS was significantly decreased in 4Q compared with that in 1Q in all models. Conclusions: A significant inverse correlation was observed between serum UA levels and relative HGS in women, and their significance was maintained even after adjusting for age and metabolic syndrome components.
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