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여인석 한국의철학회 2011 의철학연구 Vol.12 No.-
The relationship between experience and reason has been one of the main topics in the history of philosophy. Experience and reasoning are the main ways through which human beings acquire knowledge. Experience and reason, however, have not always co-existed peacefully as is well shown in the antagonism between Empiricism and Rationalism in the 17th century European philosophy. Historically speaking, medicine has been the major source of empiricism. The Empiric School of the Hellenistic period claimed the superiority of experience over theory in justifying medical practice, which provoked a hot debate between empiricism and rationalism in medicine. The debate, which was philosophical by nature, has not received the due attention that it deserved. Again the problem of experience in medicine is fully discussed by a Swiss doctor and philosopher J. G. Zimmermann(1728-1795). He distinguished the true experience guided by proper reflections and the false experience which is the blind collection of simple facts. Based on this distinction, he admired Serapion, the founder of the Empiric School, as the possessor of the true experience, and criticized the empirics of his time who had been satisfied with false experience. This paper aims at clarifying the problem of experience in medicine by Zimmermann’s reevaluation of ancient Empiric School.
여인석,임경희 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.5
A method to extend the region of validity of the critical-scaling equations is presented and is tested by fits to the vapor/liquid equilibria (VLE) of ethane, propane, and n-butane. In this method there are two elements. One of them is to find an appropriate order parameter (OP) and the other one is how to fit the equations to equilibrium data. As for the OP, the nonlinear OP Smith and Ferer proposed [7] has been used. For the critical scaling equations, terms different from those they used have been employed. This leads to better results and physically sounder value of exclusion-volume-like fitting parameter b. As for the fitting method, first the critical parameters, Tc and Vc are determined and then linear regressions for the fits to VLE data have been adopted. Otherwise, nonlinear regressions have to be essentially employed. Pre-determination of Tc and Vc and the different terms for critical scaling equations provide relatively significant advantages; (i) it makes fits to VLE binodals linear, (ii) the exclusion-volume-like fitting parameter b is approximately equal to the van der Waals parameter bvdW, and (iii) the fits are in excellent agreement with the VLE data. In fact, the calculated values trace the VLE data almost exactly.
『주제군징(主制群徵)』에 나타난 서양의학 이론과 중국과 조선에서의 수용 양상
여인석 大韓醫史學會 2012 醫史學 Vol.21 No.2
The Jesuits were great transmitters of Western science to East Asia in the 17th and 18th century. In 1636, a German Jesuit missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell (湯若望, 1591-1666) published a book titled Zhuzhiqunzheng (主制群徵, Hundreds of Signs Testifying Divine Providence). The book was not Adam Schall’s own writing, but it was the Chinese translation of De providentia numinis (1613) of Leonardus Lessius (1554-1623) who was also a Jesuit scholar. The book was a religious work which particularly aimed at converting the pagans to the Christianity by presenting them with hundreds of signs testifying the divine providence. One group of the signs is those manifested in the human body. The bodily signs in question include anatomical structures and physiological processes. It gives a brief survey of bodily structures with bones and muscles. The translator had much difficulties in explaining muscles for there was no corresponding concept in Chinese medicine. The theory of human physiology was a simplified version of medieval Galenism. Three kinds of pneuma were translated into three kinds of Qi respectively. ‘Natural pneuma’ was translated into ‘Qi of the body nature 體性之氣’, ‘vital pneuma’ into ‘Qi of life and nourishing 生養之氣’, ‘psychic pneuma’ into ‘Qi of movement and consciousness 動覺之氣’. The book of Schall von Bell and other books on Western science written in Chinese were also imported to Korea during the 17th and 18th century. Unlike China, Korea was very hostile to Christianity and no Jesuit could enter Korea. Only the books on Western science could be imported. The books, which were called Books on Western Learning (西學書), were circulated and read among the progressive Confucian literati. However, Western medicine thus introduced had little influence on the traditional medicine of East Asia. However, some intellectuals paid attention to the physiological theory, in particular the theory of brain centrism, which fueled a philosophical debate among Korean intellectuals of the time.