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고등학교 중국어과 대입 평가 문항분석을 통한 대입 평가 방법 연구 : 以曆代考試問題的分析爲基礎
박소연 이화여자대학교 교육대학원 2003 이화교육논총 Vol.13 No.-
曆代代入考試明顯地影響了我國高中學校的敎育. 雖然代入考試按照高中學校敎育課程實行, 而其結果應該再反映了高中學校敎育課程, 但是曆代考試只是敎育課程的終点, 不會擔任타本然的脚色. 從這樣的問題出發的本硏究, 首先調査了在高中學校敎育課程中漢語課的內容, 同時考察了在曆代大入考試里漢語課的地位. 本고分析的對象是從1985到1992學年度「大學入學學力考試」和2001和2002學年度「大學修學能力考試」. 這個考試是在第3次~第6次敎育課程期進行的, 那時期高中漢語課的目標在于啓發語言技能而培養溝通能力, 以可以加强韓中兩國文化的理解. 漢語課敎育內容以「語言技能」與「語言材料」爲標准提示了具體的內容. 1985學年度實施的漢語考試問題50個題, 以50分爲滿, 考生可以選澤在漢語, 德語, 法語, 日語, 西班牙語英語中一個外語. 1986和1987學年度的問題是20個題, 以20分爲滿. 1987年的考生要選擇漢語類的第二外語課和實業課中一門. 在1988~1992年的考試中, 考生要對最后3個問題直接寫出答案, 對其他14個問題選擇唯一的答案. 其后, 漢語課考試在大入考試中停止了, 2001年再復活了. 2001~2002年的考試都是30個題, 以40分爲滿, 整個題用選擇答案的方法進行的. 漢語課不是所有考生考的課. 而是志愿者才能考的. 本고基礎資料「大學入學學力考試」和「大學修學能力考試」的分析標准在于「言語技能」與「言語材料」. 因爲타們都是在高中敎育課程里的標准, 用這個標准來看大入考試, 可以知道曆代考試是否保持敎育課程的目標和敎育內容. 本硏究把言語技能分成廳·說·讀·寫的四個技能, 把語言材料分爲發音·詞匯·語法和句型·資料文. 經過語言技能的結合, 我們可以溝通意見, 獲得知識, 所以語言技能和溝通能力的培養是語言敎育最重要的目標, 可是分析的結果說明了曆代告試不太重視語言技能和溝通能力. 聽力考試從來沒有實施過, 說話有關的考試也只是以簡接方式進行, 所以不能說眞正地評价了說話能力. 而且有關讀的內容太多, 對詞匯知識和語法知識的問題也超過了40%. 最近兩年, 有關寫的問題都是選擇型問題, 所以不會知道考生不能寫漢字和漢語병音寫得正確. 這樣的事實就證明了曆代考試不太遵守敎育課程的目標, 沒有充實反映了敎育內容. 同時, 因爲大部分考的內容是獨立的語言知識, 不能評价實際語言的使用能力. 大入告示應該克服這些問題而包括敎育課程的評价要素, 對高中敎育産生了好影響. 爲此, (1) 要進行聽力考試. 發音, 漢語병音和文字的關係, 通過聽力考試又直接又正確地評价了. (2) 說話有關的評价, 無可奈何地以書面方式而進行, 然而積極地采用各種各樣的資料文, 問題方式才能解除타的限制, 比如說, 用照片和地圖之類的視覺資料, 讓考生說明타的內容. 讀一部分的說話, 讓考生想想타的結構而完成了整個對話. (3) 詞匯和語法等的閱讀評价, 必須理解資料文以后才能深求答案. 因爲使用語言時我們不把這樣的語言材料分開, 接受了"一塊語言". (4) 寫方面的評价, 尤其直接寫出答案, 不要濫用選擇答案的方式. 타要與有關聽·說·讀的評价結合, 讓大入考試更接近我們溝通意見的方式. (5) 對發音, 語法和句型, 首先要進行漢語和韓語的比較, 以比較內容爲基礎啓發考試. (6) 考試資料文的素材求于考生的生活方面, 利用韓中文化關的內容, 加强理解文化背景. (7) 一般語言評价的重点在于語言使用的熟練, 不在于語言使用的正確. 雖然大學考試是評价語言的正確, 但是在一般課堂敎學里爲了熟練地掌握語言能力, 讓學生積極地參加敎學活動. 通過以上的硏究, 希望大入考試更加接近敎育課程的內容, 以高中漢語課加强語言溝通能力.
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박소연,엄중식,이진서,주영수,박지영 대한감염학회 2018 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.50 No.2
Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative bacteria has resulted in reconsideration of colistimethate sodium (CMS) as a last resort for treatment of such infections. However, acute kidney injury (AKI) may represent a major limiting adverse effect of use of CMS. Early AKI detection in CMS-treated patients can help prevent progression to acute failure and reduce the need of renal replacement therapy. We hypothesized that plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) may be an early biomarker of AKI in CMS-treated patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients aged ≥20 years who received intravenous CMS between March 2014 and November 2015. AKI was defined according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. The primary endpoint was the difference between the average time to AKI onset based on serum creatinine and empirically derived plasma NGAL levels. Results: Among 109 CMS-treated patients, 23 patients (mean age, 61.3 ± 16.1 years; men, 65.2%) were evaluated. Thirteen (56.5%) patients fulfilled the AKI criteria. The mean time to AKI onset based on serum creatinine after CMS initiation was 78.15 ± 30.49 hours. AKI was detected approximately 22 hours earlier using plasma NGAL than when using serum creatinine as an indicator of AKI (P = 0.035). The baseline plasma NGAL level was 264.0 ± 167.3 ng/mL and 192.7 ± 65.3 ng/mL in patients with and without AKI, respectively (P = 0.218). The area under the curve for plasma NGAL level at 56 hours was 0.796 (95% confidence interval, 0.609–0.983; P = 0.017), with a sensitivity and specificity of 69.2% and 90.0%, respectively (cutoff value, 285 ng/mL). Conclusion: NGAL level was found to be a strong predictor of AKI. This study provides additional evidence of the utility of NGAL for AKI in patients with treated CMS. Plasma NGAL represent sensitive and specific predictive early biomarkers for AKI in patient treated CMS.
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Brain Abscess Caused by Enterococcus avium: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
박소연,박기호,조영현,최상호 대한감염학회 2013 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.45 No.3
Brain abscesses can be highly lethal if appropriate treatment is not administered, and reports of such an abscess caused by Enterococcus avium are very rare. Here,we report a case of a 48-year-old man presenting with chronic otitis media. He initially presented with a headache and right otalgia. An otoscopic evaluation performed on the day of admission showed exudation of fresh pus from the right ear. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a hypodense area in the right temporoparietal lobe, suggestive of a brain abscess. A culturing of the ear discharge and brain abscess aspirate proved of E. avium infection. Following stereotactic aspiration of the brain abscess and proper antimicrobial treatment, the patient recovered completely. In this report, we also review and discuss the available medical literature on previous cases of E. avium infection associated with brain abscess.
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직업에 복귀한 요통산재근로자에 대한 작업강화 프로그램의 효과
박소연,김현욱 대한작업치료학회 2008 대한작업치료학회지 Vol.16 No.4
Objective : This study was performed to examine the effects of a work-hardening program on workers who returned to their jobs after medical treatment for work-related low back pain. Methods : This study was conducted in a domestic car manufacturing company from August through November, 2005, and all participants returned to their jobs after over 6 months of medical treatment for work-related low back pain. Experimental (N=18) and control groups (N=20) were selected for the study. For the experimental group, an individualized education and exercise program built on a fear-avoidance beliefs model was provided for 2 hours a day, 5 days a week for approximately eight weeks. For the control group, workers who returned to their normal jobs through a long adaptation period after returning to work were selected. The characteristics of the two groups were compared by the scores of fear-avoidance beliefs, disability of activities of daily living, pain intensity, depression, and the safe maximum weights in pre- and post-tests. Results : Statistically significant decreases in the scores of fear-avoidance work beliefs (FABQ1-work), disability of activities of daily living due to low back pain (RDQ), pain intensity (VAS), and depression (K-BDI), and the safe maximum weights assessed at three different heights were found after intervention in the experimental group (p<.05). The mean working period after returning to work in the experimental group was 6.1 (±3.2) months, while that of the control group was 22.4 (±14.9) months, which were statistically and significantly different (p<.05). The results showed that, in adapting to their job, the functional status of the experimental group improved up to the level of the control group in about 8 weeks. Conclusion : This study confirmed that an individualized work-hardening program in the workplace is an effective means for improving workers' functional capacity and for decreasing the duration of a period of adaptation to work. We expect that in the future, the study of work-hardening programs to support an early return of workers with low back pain will be vitalized. 목적 : 연구의 목적은 산재요양 후 복귀한 요통산재근로자의 업무적응을 위해 개발한 작업강화 프로그램의 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 이를 위해 창원의 소형자동차 생산업체에서 6개월 이상 산재요양을 한 후 복귀한 요통산재근로자를 대상으로 2005년 8월 1일부터 11월 30일 사이에 연구를 실시하였다. 작업강화 프로그램에 참여할 실험군(18명)과 대조군(20명)은 노사협의를 통해 선정하였다. 실험군은 두려움-회피 신념 모델을 기초로 개발된 개별화된 작업강화 프로그램에 하루 2시간씩, 주 5회, 약 8주간 참여하였다. 대조군은 기존의 방식대로 2주간을 적응기간을 거쳐 이미 복귀한 상태에 있었다. 본 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 실험군의 프로그램 참여 전․후의 두려움-회피 신념, 요통 장애, 시각적 통증 수준, Becks 우울 척도의 점수, 그리고 안전한 최대 중량의 차이를 비교하였다. 그리고 이들 평가항목들에 대해 대조군의 평가결과와 비교하였다. 결과 : 실험군은 프로그램 참여 전에 비해 참여 후에 업무와 관련된 두려움-회피 신념(FABQ1-work), 요통 장애 수준, 시각적 통증 수준, Becks 우울 척도의 점수 및 안전한 최대 중량이 통계적으로 유의하게 향상되었다(p<.05). 그리고 실험군은 평균 35.8(±6.4)일, 약 6~8주간 작업강화 프로그램에 참여하였는데, 이를 통하여 이미 정상적으로 업무를 수행 중인 대조군과 대등한 수준까지 기능적으로 향상되었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 실시한 개별화된 작업강화 프로그램은 복귀한 요통산재근로자의 업무적응 기간을 단축시키는 데 효과적이었다. 그러므로 요통산재근로자의 조기 직업복귀 지원을 위해 작업강화 프로그램 도입이 정책적으로 검토되어야 할 것이다.
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