國語 聲調 硏究

南基卓(Nam, Ki-tak) 중앙어문학회 2013 語文論集 Vol.56 No.-

현대국어의 慶尙方言 또는 中世國語가 聲調言語라는 前提에 대하여 聲調起源論의 입장에서 재검토해볼 필요가 있다. 현재 韻律類型論의 論議, 上聲의 성격論議 以前에 聲調의 生成 過程이 있었는가가 확인되어야 한다. 이를 위해 우선 2章에서 聲調의 定義를 다시 한 번 살펴보고, 類型論 觀點에서 논란이 되는 聲調의 실현 단위에 대한 논의를 하였다. 이를 확대하여 3章에서는 聲調와 音高의 비교, 최소대립쌍의 확인 등을 통해 聲調言語의 必要充分條件이 현대국어의 慶尙方言 또는 中世國語에서 확인될 수 있는지를 검토해보았다. 4章에서는 중세국어의 傍點이 당시 聲調의 表記라는 주장에 대해 聲調의 發生 측면에서 그 필요성을 논의하였는데, 傍點 表記의 소멸이 곧 聲調의 소멸로 보는 것은 聲調와 傍點을 일체화한 잘못이라고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 중세국어나 현대 국어의 慶尙方言에 존재하는, 제한된 최소대립쌍(a minimal pair)에서 확인할 수 있는 音高의 대립은 强勢에 덧붙은 聲調로 볼 수 있을 것이다. Most of the tone-related research in Korea based on the premise that the Mid-Korean and some dialects of the modern Korean were a tonal language and also they are focused on whether it is the true tonal language or the pitch accent language. However, the goal of linguistics have to explain why it may be, than to classify it based on the characteristics of the type of language. In this paper I argue for a tonogenesis-driven approach to identify the natures of Korean tone system. Rather than seeking to classify or label languages, the central goal of linguistics is to determine how different natures of tone systematize the phonetic substance available to the Mid-Korean and some dialects of the modern Korean. The paper focuses on the definition of tone-syllable morphemes, not every unit of a broad representation of lexical tone recognition that having a distinctive character as a small second articulation integral relationship between family relationships and attitudes is needed that includes both. The most necessary and sufficient condition for the control of pitch except the contrastive feature, is a distinctive feature. The primary purpose of bangjum(side dot) in Mid-Korean was that is expressed sino-Korean in Chinese tone system and the demise of the bangjum(side dot) can be said to be wrong. It may be seen the loss of one position of need because Korean tone system did not doing an actual functionality or were not distinctive features at the time of the Middle Ages in Korea. In sum, Korean has a stress system, which happens to be realized in terms of non-obligatory, non-culminative H tone (as well as by other means, e.g. lengthening of a vowel). In other words, Korean tone system offers a case of where tone is superimposed on stress, someth ing which might be designated as metrical tone system for convenience.

한국어문교육연구회(韓國語文敎育硏究會) 선정(選定) 특급(特級)Ⅱ 배정한자(配定漢字) 대표훈음(代表訓音)에 관한 고찰(Ⅰ)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 한국어문교육연구회 2007 어문연구 Vol.35 No.1

This paper succeeds the paper that “A Study of the Key Means and Pronunciations of 1,145 Chinese Characters (Ⅰ), (Ⅱ)” in last June and September as the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 1,154 Hanja (Chinese Characters) which except char- acters of 1st degree from 4,888 characters of assignment on semi- highst degree for Nation Wide Hanja Proficiency Test (NWHPT). Many kinds of the dictionary of classical Chinese explained in Korean present the means of Chinese characters differently with each other. It makes many people who studing and learning Chinese characters are thrown into confusion. So this paper is for making out the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 226 characters from 1,154 Chinese Characters of assignment on semi-special degree. And also this intented to setting up the key means and pronunciations according to the authority and use of modern language bases on the general and reasonable rules in Korean like last paper.

한국어문교육연구회(韓國語文敎育硏究會) 선정(選定) 특급(特級) 배정한자(配定漢字) 대표훈음(代表訓音)에 관한 고찰(Ⅲ)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 한국어문교육연구회 2008 어문연구 Vol.36 No.3

This paper succeeds the paper that “A Study of the Key Means and Pronunciations of 1,051 Chinese Characters(Ⅰ), (Ⅱ)” in this year as the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 1,328 Hanja(Chinese Characters) which except characters of semi-special degree from 5,978 characters of assignment on highst(special) degree for Nation Wide Hanja Proficiency Test(NWHPT). Many kinds of the dictionary of classical Chinese explained in Korean present the means of Chinese characters differently with each other. It makes many people who studing and learning Chinese characters are thrown into confusion. So this paper is for making out the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 180 characters from 1,328 Chinese Characters of assignment on special degree. And also this intented to setting up the key means and pronunciations according to the authority and use of modern language bases on the general and reasonable rules in Korean like last paper.

한국어문교육연구회(韓國語文敎育硏究會) 선정(選定) 특급(特級)Ⅱ 배정한자(配定漢字) 대표훈음(代表訓音)에 관한 고찰(Ⅱ)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 한국어문교육연구회 2007 어문연구 Vol.35 No.2

This paper succeeds the paper that 「A Study of the Key Means and Pronunciations of 1,149 Chinese Characters(Ⅰ)」 in last March as the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 1,149 Hanja(Chinese Characters) which except characters of 1st degree from 4,888 characters of assignment on semi-highst degree for Nation Wide Hanja Proficiency Test(NWHPT). Many kinds of the dictionary of classical Chinese explained in Korean present the means of Chinese Characters differently with each other. It makes many people who studying and learning Chinese Characters are thrown into confusion. So this paper is for making out the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 179 characters from 1,149 Chinese Characters of assignment on semi-special degree. And also this intented to setting up the key means and pronunciations according to the authority and use of modern language bases on the general and reasonable rules in Korean like last paper.

한국어문교육연구회(韓國語文敎育硏究會) 선정(選定) 특급(特級) 배정한자(配定漢字) 대표훈음(代表訓音)에 관한 고찰(I)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 한국어문교육연구회 2008 어문연구 Vol.36 No.1

This paper succeeds the paper that “A Study of the Key Means and Pronunciations of 1,154 Chinese Characters(Ⅰ), (Ⅱ), (Ⅲ)” in last year as the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 1,328 Hanja(Chinese Characters) which except characters of semi-special degree from 5,978 characters of assignment on highest(special) degree for Nation Wide Hanja Proficiency Test(NWHPT). Many kinds of the dictionary of classical Chinese explained in Korean present the means of Chinese characters differently with each other. It makes many people who studing and learning Chinese characters are thrown into confusion. So this paper is for making out the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 235 characters from 1,328 Chinese Characters of assignment on special degree. And also this intented to setting up the key means and pronunciations according to the authority and use of modern language bases on the general and reasonable rules in Korean like last paper.

한국어문교육연구회(韓國語文敎育硏究會) 선정(選定) 특급(特級) 배정한자(配定漢字) 대표훈음(代表訓音)에 관한 고찰(Ⅱ)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 한국어문교육연구회 2008 어문연구 Vol.36 No.2

This paper succeeds the paper that “A Study of the Key Means and Pronunciations of 1,149 Chinese Characters(Ⅰ), (Ⅱ), (Ⅲ)” in last year as the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 1,328 Hanja(Chinese Characters) which except characters of semi-special degree from 5,978 characters of assignment on highest(special) degree for Nation Wide Hanja Proficiency Test(NWHPT). Many kinds of the dictionary of classical Chinese explained in Korean present the means of Chinese characters differently with each other. It makes many people who studying and learning Chinese characters are thrown into confusion. So this paper is for making out the tentative plan of the key means and pronunciations of 260 characters from 1,328 Chinese Characters of assignment on special degree. And also this intented to setting up the key means and pronuncia-tions according to the authority and use of modern language bases on the general and reasonable rules in Korean like last paper.

대화상(對話上)의 가로채기와 공백(空白)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 한국어문교육연구회 2005 어문연구 Vol.33 No.2

The purpose of this article is to study interruptions and silences in conversations of Korean language. Interruptions and silences in conversations was proposed by Zimmerman and West (1975), West and Zimmerman (1977, 1983), etc. Interruptions are violations of the turn-taking rules of conversation. Next speaker begins to speak while current speaker is still speaking, at a point in current speaker's turn which could not be defined as the last word. Silences are those between the end of one speaker's turn and the first utterance of the other speaker. According to Zimmerman and West (1975), West and Zimmerman (1977, 1983), both interruptions and silences contribute to topic-control by the man. We conclude that interruptions and silences are not necessarily the conversational strategies which take of the initiative of conversations, and there are two kinds of interruptions and silences, one of them is negative and passive aspects in the initiative of conversations.

효과적인 한자(漢字) 학습서(學習書) 개발-한자능력검정시험(漢字能力檢定試驗)을 기초로-

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ),신현규 ( Shin Hyun-gyu ) 한국어문교육연구회 2003 어문연구 Vol.31 No.4

The aim of this thesis is to make an alternative plan of overissuing the undistinguishable knowledge system for the people who apply for the hanjaneungryukgeomjeongsiheom. It has to be executed to develop a learner-centered education materials like special quality analyst and learning plan according to the level. The effective education material must check the learner's attribute and try to supplement their good points and weak points. Also, I classified the principle of education material development according to 3 elements of Chinese Characters, principle of characters, writing order, reading, writing allocation Chinese Characters, practical use example and 4 letters phrase according to the level etc. The course for the effective development of Chinese Characters education materials has to consider the level-centered learning and association of ideas learning with illustrations related to the letter. It will make learners improve their faculty of comprehension and recognition skill.

국어(國語) 한자어(漢字語) 장단음(長短音)의 발음(發音) 양상(樣相)

남기탁 ( Nam Ki-tak ) 국어학회 2012 국어학 Vol.64 No.-

This paper aims to identify a long sound on syllables of Sino-Korean words in modern. I analyzed a phonetic data from broadcasting by the method of acoustic phonetics. Because speeches in broadcasting have the least effect from factors like speed, tone, emotion etc. Firstly I did not agree the claim that the tone of middle Korean changed to the length of modern. The reasons are there are restricted distribution of a minimal pair, the tone appears on two or more syllables per word and no evidence that the tone turned into today's length. The analyzed results show a ratio of 78.11% in data are pronounced correctly. This suggests the existence of a long sound as a Suprasegmental in modern Korean. It made length significant and distinctive that the first syllable pronunciation took 1.60 times longer than the second syllable. This point can be founded from the fact that there is a distinctive length regardless of phonological form. More than 60% of the first syllables with long sound were low tone.

新語 形成 過程과 再分析

南基卓(Nam, Ki-tak) 국어국문학회 2013 국어국문학 Vol.- No.163

The human community is steadily growing and developing, just as the tool we use to communicate: Language. When new inventions and changes enter our lives, we are in the need of naming them and of course to communicate about them. Accounting for speakers’ word-formation needs reanalysis the complex words. In our approach to word-formation, a word formation pattern emphasizes the active role of language users. If a new word, however silly it may be, is used by many speakers of a language, it will probably survive and it can happen that one day, it is an everyday word and entered our dictionaries. Especially in these days, many word creations are spread amongst the language community. Now, abbreviations were and still are everywhere, thanks to the brevity and economical efficiency. In the past and the present, people used ?and still use - a variety of methods to create new words, such as compounding, derivation or shortening. A blending is a combination of two words to create a new one, but Korean sino character should be treated specially. Initialisms and Acronyms are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase or name. Borrowing is the process of actually borrowing words from foreign languages. Other examples for other word formation processes include clippings, with which the word is shortened or folk etymology, where words from other languages are taken and then, over time, people try to make sense of them. So finally, if we take a look around, we will see a mass of new words surrounding us, brought to us both consciously by language trends or advertising and unconsciously through language change over time.