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요한복음의 ‘여자’(γύναι)의 이해와 번역에 관한 소고
김형동 (재)대한성서공회 성경원문연구소 2022 성경원문연구 Vol.- No.50
This article revisits the use of γύναι in the Johannine Gospel (2:4; 19:26), and asks why Jesus addresses his mother as woman from the literary context perspective. Eugene Nida had long argued that γύναι was a common highly respectful address form for mother. But Gert Knepper argues, “Nida for long time did not realize the real problem with γύναι.” Recently Vitaly Voinov tried to rebut Knepper’s argument. He also argues for translating γύναι as mother in the light of pragmatics and corpus analysis. But the article shows that within exegetical research, the use of γύναι is recognized as a symbol by means of two criteria, conventional plausibility and textual plausibility, which Ruben Zimmermann suggested to identify symbols. Symbols are only defined by way of the conventions of a linguistic community, and can only be recognized through evidence from the text itself. Γύναι is a recurring image throughout the Gospel. It is named for the sake of inclusio at the first sign and the last. Γύναι has a traditional, compositional-technical, theological function within the literary work, which is characterized as a woman who gives birth to a child like the Old Testament themes of Lady Zion’s giving birth to her offspring. Γύναι is not an expression of proper filial respect. Within the literary context of the Gospel of John, γύνη represents those who bear the words of Jesus and witness the death of Jesus as his love caring for his own to the end (cf. 13:1). The Gospel of John, therefore, applies this tenor of expression to Jesus’ mother in relation with the beloved disciples, who constitute the new family of faith and are now called brothers (20:17). The writer argues as Knepper does, “under no circumstances should γύναι be translated with a term meaning mother.”
肝吸蟲症 治療前後에 있어서 血淸 및 尿의 抗體價變動에 관한 比較硏究
金亨東,嚴基善,林漢鍾 고려대학교 의과대학 1987 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.24 No.3
The changes of IgG levels of sera and urine were observed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at before and after medication in human clonorchiasis. Sera and urine from 68 cases of confirmed clonorchiasis were tested at before and at 9 and 18 month after treatment with Distocide® (praziquantel). Group I (n=22) was cured after first medication and then followed up for 18 months. And Group Ⅲ (n=24) of patients with eggs in their feces after first medication showed egg reduction rate of 90%. Thirteen normal controls were parasite free healthy persons for clonorchiasis in non-endemic area. The antigen used was saline extract of crude Clonorchis sinensis adult worm with the protein concentration of 14.3㎍/㎖ and the results obtained were as follows: 1. When a serum dilution of 1:400 was used, the absorbance values (488 nm) were 1.122, 1.373 and 1.632 in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ respectively before medication. Antibody level decreased significantly at 9 months after medication showed 0.572, 0.749 and 1.155 in the respective group. Then the levels decreased slightly to 0.464, 0.516 and 1.107 at 18 months after medication. But the control group showed relatively constant absorbance values of 0.291 at before 0.301 and 0.286 respecively at 6 and 18 months. 2. Urine showed absorbance values of 0.484, 0.629 and 0.849 in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ respectively before medication. Then the values decreased about a half level revealed 0.261, 0.226 and 0.467 in the respective group at 18 months after medication. Control group showed relatively constant absorbance values 0.232 at before and 0.252 at 18 months. 3. The diameter of wheal size (mm) by intradermal test did not show substantial changes, i.e. 11.7, 13.3 and 12.7 in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ respectively before medication; 11.7, 12.9, and 11.4 in the respective group at 18 months after medication. 4. The relation of the absorbance values between sera (y) and urine (x) made the regression equation: y=0.707X+0.908, and showed relatively high correlation (r=0.619, n=68, p<0.001) before medication; y=0.760X+0.387 with some correlation (r=0.582, n=68, p<0.001) at 18 months after medication. 5. The relation between the absorbance values of urine and log EPG (eggs per gram of feces)/100 revealed more or less irregular correlations, i.e.r=0.566(p<0.01), 0.661(p<0.001)and 0.384(p<0.10)in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ respectively before medication. 6. The relation between the absorbance values of urine and the wheal size (mm) by intradermal test showed low correlation, i,e, r=0.416(p<0.10), 0.416(p<0.10)and 0.421(p<0.05)in groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ respectively before medication.
The Dual-Strategy Hypothesis Whereby Motor Control Is Assessed From a Position of Quiet Stance
김형동,박래준,Kim Hyeong-Dong,Park Rae-Joon The Korean Society of Physical Therapy 2002 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.14 No.3
본 연구의 목적은 다음과 같이 네 가지이다. 첫째, dual-strategy hypothesis 모델의 이론적인 배경을 서술한다. 둘째, 보행시작 시 (Gait Initiation)와 장애물 보행시작 (Stepping over obstacles)시의 motor task를 dual-strategy hypothesis 모델의 관정에서 서술한다. 셋째, 파킨슨씨 환자군과 뇌졸증 환자군을 이 모델의 관점에서 서술한다. 마지막으로, dual strategy hypothesis모델의 임상적용 가능성에 대해서 간단히 서술하는 것이다.