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후기 사회주의 체제전환 지리학의 담론 - 국가 사회주의 붕괴 이후 10년과 20년 -
김부헌,이승철 국토지리학회 2015 국토지리학회지 Vol.49 No.4
As it has passed more than 20 years since the collapse of state socialism, there is a need to identify the reflection of post-socialist system transformation over the past 20 years. Therefore, the paper aims to identify ways in which the shift of discourses influences on geographies of the post-socialist system transformations by investigating socio-spatial and political-economic transformations in the former socialist countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union after ‘1989’. Post-socialist system transformations could be regarded as the processes in which contradictory properties reflected from crisis within the social formation are continuously compromised and regulated with the articulation of newly emerged institutions. What is more, post-socialist trajectories have relied heavily on the spirit of post-socialism. The construction of market capitalism has created spaces configurated by specific and various economic practices via articulation with former institutional legacies and the existing social relations, rather than universal and common spaces. Finally, it has attempted to identify the way in which ‘the 20 years discourses’ contribute to understanding ‘the actually existing transition’. In particular, it focuses on domesticating neo-liberalism which highlights practices of everyday life and informal economies. 국가 사회주의가 붕괴한 지 이제 20년 이상이 지났다. 현 시점에서 지난 20년 동안의 후기 사회주의 체제전환을 성찰하는 일이 필요하다. 이에 본 논문은 ‘1989년’ 국가 사회주의 붕괴 이후 중동부유럽 및 구소련에서 나타난 사회-공간적·정치-경제적 전환을 살펴봄으로써, 체제전환에 대한 담론의 변화가 후기 사회주의 지리를 어떻게 변화시켰는지를 파악하고자 한다. 후기 사회주의 체제전환은 사회구성체 내 위기 경향성을 내포하는 모순적 속성들이 새로운 제도와 접합되면서 지속적으로 타협 및 조절되는 과정이다. 아울러 후기 사회주의 정신은 이후 발전 경로에 지속적으로 영향을 미친다. 시장 자본주의 제도를 구축하려는 구사회주의 국가의 노력은 보편적이고 공통적인 공간을 등장시켰다기보다, 구사회주의 체제의 유산, 기존 사회적 관계와의 접합을 통해 특수하고 다양한 경제적 관행으로 점철된 공간을 등장시켰다. 마지막으로 본 논문은 메타서사를 거부하는 ‘최근 20년의 담론’이 ‘실제로 존재하는 전환’을 이해하는데 있어 어떻게 기여하는지 살펴보고자 한다. 특히 이와 관련하여 본 논문은 일상생활의 관행과 비경제를 강조하는 신자유주의 길들이기에 주목한다.
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절합된 (비-)경제적 관행의 공간과 사회적 재생산: 북한 시장화에 대한 경제지리학적 접근
김부헌,이승철 한국경제지리학회 2019 한국경제지리학회지 Vol.22 No.4
The paper aims to identify how North Korean various economic agents respond to the economic crisis in North Korea, and how these multiple practices are entangled with its spatiality by through the questionnaire survey and in-depth interview targeted at North Korean refugees. The paper argues that it needs to examine the marketization in North Korea in terms of the domesticating recently debated in economic geography. In this perspective, the marketization in North Korea could be explained not as a grand project ‘out there’ with hegemonic power, but as various economic agents within their space are constantly (re)constructed through everyday life practices. Economic agents’ responses to economic crisis, economic rupture, and economic marginalization could be identified in terms of articulation between economic and non-economic factors. More specifically, the paper emphasizes everyday life responses are over-determined by their economic and non-economic factors and its effectiveness is differentiated by their power relations. 본 논문은 북한 이탈주민을 대상으로 한 설문조사와 심층 면담 결과를 활용하여 북한 내 여러 경제주체들이 경제위기에 어떻게 대응해왔고 이를 통해 나타나는 다양한 경제관행들이 공간성과 어떻게 얽혀 있는지를 규명하는데목적이 있다. 본 논문은 북한의 시장화를 경제지리학에서 최근 논의되고 있는 ‘길들이기’ 관점에서 바라볼 필요가 있음을 주장하고자 한다. 이와 같은 관점에서 북한의 시장화를 이해할 때 우리는 시장화를 헤게모니 권력을 갖는 거대프로젝트로서 ‘저편에 놓여 있는’ 무엇이 아니라 공간 내 다양한 경제주체들이 일상생활의 관행을 통해 끊임없이 (재) 구성하고 있는 것으로 설명할 수 있다. 경제적 위기와 파열, 경제적 주변화에 대한 경제주체의 대응전략은 경제와 비경제가 절합되어 있는 관점에서 파악할 수 있다. 구체적으로 본 논문은 일상생활의 다양한 대응전략이 경제적, 비경제적 요인들에 의해 중층결정되어 있으며 관행의 효과성은 권력관계에 따라 차별적으로 나타나고 있음을 강조한다.
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김부헌,이승철,Kim, Boo-Heon,Lee, Sung-Cheol 한국경제지리학회 2017 한국경제지리학회지 Vol.20 No.3
The main purpose of this paper is to identify the spatiality of North Korea and China border regions through investigating the exceptional characteristics of the regions with the concept of positionality, which allows us to realize the relative position between subject and object. Border regions could be identified appropriately by considering the concept of switching positionality, as it is a kind of multiple space in which its sudden closure and opening should be configured in accordance with geopolitical and geoeconomic changes centering around border line. The main arguments of this research concerned with border regions with the concept of switching positionality are fallen into three. Firstly, changes in border regions should be analyzed by investigating more broader contexts and conjunctural perspectives, and even an internal condition stemmed from locality. Secondly, trajectories of border regions could be analyzed by the assemblages of various powers. Finally, the positionality of economic actors should be examined by identifying dynamic relations between geoeconomics and geopolitics. In particular, the concept of positionality has led to a number of insights into discussions on time-space, and spatiality in relational-dialectical, socio-spatial, and power-topological perspectives. Based upon this concept of positionality, the research has identified exceptional characteristics in North Korea and China border regions. It argues that the exceptionality of the region has stemmed from the intersection between the unstability of geopolitical security and various geoeconomic benefits.
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북중 접경지역 단둥의 대북 생산 네트워크의 예외적 성격
이승철,김부헌,정수열,김민호,지상현,Lee, Sung-Cheol,Kim, Boo-Heon,Chung, Su-Yeul,Kim, Minho,Chi, Sang-Hyun 한국경제지리학회 2017 한국경제지리학회지 Vol.20 No.3
Since the late 2000s Korean foreign direct investors in North Korea and China border regions have gone through the closure of outward processing trade(OPT) networks and changes in their location due to UN security council resolution and Korean independent sanctions against North Korea's nuclear and missile tests. However, the introduction of new Chinese OPT policy has led to the invigoration of domestic market-based OPT networks towards North Korea. The main aim of this paper is to identify the exceptional characteristics of Dandong in Liaoning province, a North Korea and China border region by analyzing OPT networks towards North Korea. Fundamentally the establishment of OPT networks towards North Korea is likely to be based on the utilization of a plenty of low wages in North Korea. The main reasons for this are fallen into two perspectives: geo-economics and geo-politics. The first perspective is geo-economics centering on the consolidation of economic exchange between North Korea and China, and North Korean economic development. For example, the introduction of Chinese OPT in border region has enabled Chinese local firms based on domestic market to access a plenty of low wage in North Korea in formal and institutional contexts. The second is geo-politics for the stability of North Korean regime based on the means of geo-economics. As the invigoration of domestic market-based OPT networks might make North Korea possible promoting foreign money earning, it enable North Korea to be sustainable as a buffering region between capitalist and socialist regime for China. It shows Chinese geo-strategic attempts to deal with the economic and regime stability of North Korean as a buffering state. In other words, OPT networks in North Korea should be concerned with the discourse practice of geo-economics and geo-politics which might lead to various and contingent spatial economies in border region. As a consequence, North Korea and China border regions could defined as a space in which is applicable to exceptional institutions and policies, and an exploitative space in which create surplus and rents by utilizing a plenty of low wages in North Korea through OPT networks.
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