1928년 경성의 장티푸스 유행과 상수도 수질 논쟁

백선례 서울역사편찬원 2019 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.101

During the colonial period, Typhoid fever was one of the most common infectious disease in Joseon. Typhoid, a water-borne disease, occurred at a certain time each year, although its fatality rate was lower that of the same water-borne disease, cholera. Typhoid was not a priority of the sanitary authorities, but it was more difficult to prevent because it was a common disease. Milk, vegetables and fruits were also the causes of typhoid, but the main cause was water. In the colonial Joseon, people were supplied with drinking water primarily through wells and water supply facilities, and wells were generally blamed for the cause of typhoid. However, the typhoid epidemic of Seoul(Gyeongseong) in 1928 was different. In 1928, typhoid epidemic broke out in Seoul from midwinter to early spring and the patients of typhoid were mostly Japanese. Therefore, the water supplies were pointed out as the cause of typhoid. The deficiencies and water quality of the water supply facilities were embroiled in controversy. There was a disagreement between the Gyeongseong city government and the medical community that water supply was the cause of typhoid outbreak. Japanese of all levels of society, including medical circles, Gyeongseong city government officials, citizens, and journalists, argued over water quality and water supply facilities, but as typhoid faded away, the debate on water quality ended without a conclusion. In the debate about water quality, the problems of the Gyeongseong Water Supply System, which used to be the largest facilities of the time, were clearly revealed. The medical community also failed to win a complete victory. In 1928, the typhoid epidemic and the debate about water quality did not serve as a momentum for the management or establishment of the water supply of Seoul. The water supply expansion plan went ahead as scheduled, but the improvements to the water supply facilities was carried out more later. In the end, in 1928, in the debate about water quality, the Keijo Imperial University Medical School and the Gyeongseong city government were busy trying to shift the responsibility to others. In 1928, the typhoid epidemic ended up in exposing the weaknesses of medical knowledge and modern facilities until then. 식민지시기 내내 조선에서 장티푸스는 가장 흔한 전염병 중의 하나였다. 물을 매개로 전파되는 전염병인 장티푸스는 같은 수인성 전염병인 콜레라처럼 치사율이 높지 않았고 매년 일정한 시기에 발생하는 전염병이었기 때문에 방역당국의 우선순위는 아니었다. 그러나 한편으로 일상적으로 발생하는 병이었기 때문에 방역에 더 어려운 점도 있었다. 장티푸스를 매개하는 것으로는 물, 우유, 야채, 과일 등이 있었으나 장티푸스가 발생할 경우 가장 큰 의심을 받는 것은 주로 물이었다. 식민지 조선에서 사람들이 식수를 공급받는 방법은 크게 우물과 수도였고 대개는 우물이 더 강력한 병원으로 지목되었다. 그러나 1928년 경성의 장티푸스 유행은 상황이 달랐다. 1928년 경성의 장티푸스 유행은 한겨울부터 초봄까지 발생하였으며 일본인들에게 주로 발생하였다. 이러한 특이점에 따라 장티푸스의 병원으로 우물이 아닌 수도가 더욱 부각되었다. 상수도 시설의 불완전함과 수질이 논란의 중심이 되었고 수도가 병원이 아니라는 경성부측과 수도가 장티푸스 발생의 원인이라는 의학계측의 의견이 대립하였다. 의학계, 경성부 관계자, 시민, 언론인 등 각계각층의 일본인들이 수질과 상수도 시설을 둘러싼 논쟁을 펼쳤으나, 장티푸스가 점점 사그라지면서 1928년 상수도 수질 논쟁은 결론도 없이 흐지부지 마무리되었다. 이러한 결과와는 별개로 상수도 수질 논쟁 과정에서 당대 최고이자 최대의 시설을 내세웠던 경성 상수도 시설의 문제점이 여실히 드러났으며, 의학계로서도 완전한 승리를 거두지는 못했다. 1928년의 장티푸스 유행과 수질 논쟁은 이후 경성의 상수도 관리나 시설 개선의 특별한 계기가 되었다고 보기는 어렵다. 경성의 상수도 확장 계획은 예정대로 진행되었으나 문제가 되었던 상수도 시설의 개선은 좀 더 이후에 진행되었다. 결국 1928년 경성의 수질 논쟁은 조선 의학계에서 최고의 권위를 지닌 경성제대 의학부와 조선 내 최고의 상수도 시설을 내세운 경성부의 책임회피와 함께 당시까지의 의학 지식과 근대적 시설이 가지는 취약점을 노출한 채 마무리되었다.

The contribution of neighbours to an individual's risk of typhoid outcome

CHAO, D. L.,PARK, J. K.,MARKS, F.,OCHIAI, R. L.,LONGINI Jr., I. M.,HALLORAN, M. E. Cambridge University Press 2015 Epidemiology and infection Vol.143 No.16

<P><B>SUMMARY</B></P><P>An individual's risk of infection from an infectious agent can depend on both the individual's own risk and protective factors and those of individuals in the same community. We hypothesize that an individual's exposure to an infectious agent is associated with the risks of infection of those living nearby, whether their risks are modified by pharmaceutical interventions or by other factors, because of the potential for transmission from them. For example, unvaccinated individuals living in a highly vaccinated community can benefit from indirect protection, or living near more children in a typhoid-endemic region (where children are at highest risk) might result in more exposure to typhoid. We tested this hypothesis using data from a cluster-randomized typhoid vaccine trial. We first estimated each individual's relative risk of confirmed typhoid outcome using their vaccination status and age. We defined a new covariate, <I>potential exposure</I>, to be the sum of the relative risks of all who live within 100 m of each person. We found that potential exposure was significantly associated with an individual's typhoid outcome, and adjusting for potential exposure affected estimates of vaccine efficacy. We suggest that it is useful and feasible to adjust for spatially heterogeneous distributions of individual-level risk factors, but further work is required to develop and test such approaches.</P>

산란계 합성종의 가금티푸스 저항성 비교 연구

김기석,이영주,강민수,한성욱,오봉국 한국가금학회 2002 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.29 No.1

1992년에 국내에서 최초로 가금티푸스 발생이 확인된 이래로 이 병 방제를 위한 여러 가지 예방 및 치료 방안의 강구에도 불구하고 최근까지 전국 양계농가에 만연하여 질병 발생에 의한 경제적 손실이 막대한 실정이다. 따라서 이질병에 대한 질병 저항성이 강한 것으로 널리 알려져 있는 백색란 산란계를 이용하여 갈색란 산란계와의 교배종 육성으로 국내 소비자들이 선호하는 유색란을 생산하면서 생산성이 우수하고 동시에 가금티푸스에 대한 높은 질병 저항성을 가진 합성종의 닭 품종 개발을 목적으로 현재 국내에 도입하여 사육하고 있는 몇가지 품종의 백색란 및 갈색란 생산 종계를 대상으로 선발한 동종 및 이종간의 교배 합성종 계통 닭에 대하여 가금티푸스 저항성을 비교 시험하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. White Leghorn(WL), Rhode Island Red(RIR) 및 WL$\times$RIR교배종의 가금티푸스에 대한 질병 저항성 WL, RIR및 WL$\times$RIR닭 품종에 대하여 2주, 5주 및 8주령시에 각각 가금티푸스에 감염시킨 다음 2주간에 걸쳐 폐사율, 증체량, 접종균 회수율 및 응집항체 양성을 등을 비교 조사하였던 바, 폐사율에 있어서 WL은 시험 주령에 관계없이 전혀 폐사가 없었던 반면에 RIR은 감염 일령이 높아질수록 다소 감소는 하였으나 평균 86.2~64.1%의 높은 폐사율을 나타내었다. WL$\times$RIR교배종은 평균 20.7~2.9%의 폐사율을 나타내어 WL보다는 다소 높았으나 RIR보다는 훨씬 낮았다. 증체량에서는 공시 품종의 감염군 모두가 대조군 보다는 낮았으나 한편 감염 군간에 있어서는 WL과 WL$\times$RIR이 서로간에 유의차 없이 RIR보다 훨씬 더 높았다. 시험계의 뇌, 심장, 간장, 비장 및 맹장 등 체내 장기로부터 접종균의 회수율은 WL이 일령 증가에 따라 점차 증가하였으나 다른 품종들 보다는 현저히 낮았던 반면에 RIR은 80~90% 이상으로 매우 높았으며 WL$\times$RIR 교배종은 WL보다는 다소 높았으나 RIR보다는 상당한 차이로 낮았다. 항체 양성을에 있어서는 WL$\times$RIR이 WL 및 RIR보다도 높게 나타났다 2. Hyline white$\times$ Hyline brown(HwHb) , Hw$\times$ Isa brown(HwIb), Isa white$\times$Ib(IwIb), Iw$\times$Hb(IwIb) 및 Ib$\times$Iw(IbIw) 등 합성 교배종의 가금티푸스에 대한 질병 저항성 HwHb, Hwlb, Iwlb 및 IwHb 등 4가지 합성품종과 IbIw의 역교배종을 공시하여 6주령 시험계에 감염후 2주간에 걸쳐 폐사율, 증체량, 접종균 회수율 및 응집 항체 양성율 등으로 가금티푸스에 대한 질병 저항성을 비교 시험하였던 바, 공시 품종 모두가 가금티푸스에 대해 현저한 질병 저항성이 있는 것으로 인정되었으며 품종간 비교에서는 HwHb가 공시한 다른 품종들보다 더 강한 저항성을 가지고 있었다. The present study was conducted to compare the disease resistance to fowl typhoid among White Leghorn (WL) known as possessing greater genetic resistance to Salmonella, Rhode Island Red (RIR) susceptible to the disease and their mating crossbreed, WL ${\times}$RIR. Also, it was carried out to compare fowl typhoid-resistance among Hyline white${\times}$Hyline brown(HwHb), Hw${\times}$lsa brown(Hwlb), Isa white${\times}$lb(Iwlb), Iw${\times}$ Hb(IwHb) and Ib ${\times}$ Iw(IbIw) in order to select crossbreed chickens which have disease resistance to fowl typhoid and simultaneously produce the brown eggs which our domestic consummers prefer There was no death of WL chickens challenged with Sal. gallinarum at each 2, 5 and 8 wk of age, while average 86.2 to 64.1% of RIR chickens tested died at the same challenge age during the test period of 2 weeks. Their maiting crossbreed, WL ${\times}$ RIR were intermediate between the two breeds. weight gains of tested chickens were significantly higher in WL and WL ${\times}$RIR without difference between them than RIR. In recovery rate of tested strain of Sal. gallinarum from braun, heart, fiver, spleen and cecum of chickens challenged, WL ${\times}$RIR fell between the other two breeds, with somewhat higher rate then WL but much lower then RIR. In the disease resistance determination test using HwHb, Hwlb, Iwlb, IwHb and IbIw$.$ crossbreed chickens experimentally infected with Sal. gallinarum, it was recognized that all of crossbreeds tested developed marked resistance to fowl typhoid, based on the results judged by the measurement parameters of mortality, weight gain, recovery rate of challenged strain of bacteria, and positive rate of agglutination antibody, and HwHb had a tittle higher disease resistance then ethers.

Widal 검사는 지속되어야 하는가?

김선의,김신규,박일규,강정옥,최태열 대한임상병리학회 1999 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.19 No.2

닭 티푸스의 발생상황과 Salmonella gallinarum의 항균제 감수성

박노찬 ( No Chan Park ),도재철 ( Jae Cheul Do ),조광현 ( Kwang Hyun Cho ),장성준 ( Sung Jun Chang ),권헌일 ( Heon Il Kwon ),박덕상 ( Duk Sang Park ) 한국가축위생학회 1995 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalent characteristics of Fowl Typhoid and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from 56 infective or dead chickens of 20 egg laying farms in Kyung Buk province during the period from August to December 1994. 1. Among 416,000 chickens of 92 flocks in 20 egg laying farms, 17,360 chickens of 31 flocks were died of Fowl Typhoid. 2. Salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 56 chickens in liver and spleen, and then blood of infective chickens was positive to Pullorum antigen. 3. In the survey of gross lesion of 56 chickens, 43 chickens(76.8%) were swelled at liver, 39(69.6%) were swelled at spleen, 12(21.4%) were changed with bronze, 3(5.4%) were hemorrhagic in peritoneal cavity. 4. In transmission pattern, 4 farms were outbreaked the entrance of chicken house at first, but the others were outbreaked at various place. They were transmitted at right and left directions in flock. 5. 2 farms confirmed at the early stage of infection were eradicated by removing infective chickens and administrating antibiotics, but 18 farms at chronic stage were not. 6. The biochemical properties of 112 Salmonella gallinarum from chickens were generally identical to those of the referance, but H2S was not productive, cellobiose was fermentive. 7. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 20 isolates was performed by using. 21 antibiotics, MICs of Amikacin(Ak), Gentamicin(Gm), Kanamycin(Km), and Tetracycline(Tc) were below 1.6 ug/ml, Ampicillin(Am), Furazolidone(Fu) and Neomycin(Nm) were below 3.1 ug/ml, Cephalothin(Ce), Cefazoline(Cf) and Chloramphenicol(Cm) were below 6.3 ug/ml, Nalidixic acid(Na), Polymyxin(Po) and Rifampicin(Rf) were below 12.5 ug/ml, Penicillin (Pm) was below 25 ug/ml, Colistin(Co) and Streptomycin(Sm) were below 50 ug/ml, Sulfamerazine(Sr) and Sulfamethazine(St) were below 200 ug/ml, Lincomycin(Lm) and Spiramycin(Sp) were below 400 ug/ml, Bacitracin(Ba) was below 800 ug/ml. 8. Among the 20 isolates, all(100%) of those were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cf, Cm, Fu, Gm, Km, Na, Nm, Po, Rf, Sr, St and Tc, but 6 isolates(30%) were resistent to Co, 20(100%) to Ba, Lm, Pm, Sm, and Sp. The drug resistance patterns were simple which 6 strains were BaCoLmPmSmSp type, and 14 were BaLmPmSmSp type.

Detection and analysis of immunological genes in response to the Infection of Salmonella gallinarum in chicken

Baatartsogt. O,H. K. Lim,Urantulkhuur. B,S. W. Suh,J. D. Kang,B. G. Jang,J. H. Kim,S. H. Kim,J. H. Lee,K. D. Choi 한국가금학회 2007 한국가금학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.24 No.-

Fowl typhoi d (FT) i s a severe systemic disease of chickens causing heavy economic losses to the poultry industry through mortality, reduced egg production and culling of precious breeding stocks. It is hard to be discovered by clinical sign, pathology and immunology. The immune response to S. gallinarum is poorly characterized because of its virulence. In this study, the total RNA isolated by spleen lymphocytes for Affymetrix GeneChip and RT-PCR analysis. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). These results indicate that expression of LY86, FN1, K60, CCL19, ah22 increased and during immune response at chickens B-FVI was decreased in fowl typhoid. In conclusion, the differential expressed genes in spleen lymphocytes from S. gallinarum infected and uninfected control groups were related with immunological defense system of chickens. The several identified gene may be used as valuable in formation for immune response mechanims of FT biology.

Protective efficacy and immune responses by homologous prime-booster immunizations of a novel inactivated <i>Salmonella</i> Gallinarum vaccine candidate

Won, Gayeon,Chaudhari, Atul A.,Lee, John Hwa 대한백신학회 2016 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.5 No.2

<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P><I>Salmonella enterica</I> serovar Gallinarum (SG) ghost vaccine candidate was recently constructed. In this study, we evaluated various prime-boost vaccination strategies using the candidate strain to optimize immunity and protection efficacy against fowl typhoid.</P><P><B>Materials and Methods</B></P><P>The chickens were divided into five groups designated as group A (non-immunized control), group B (orally primed and boosted), group C (primed orally and boosted intramuscularly), group D (primed and boosted intramuscularly), and group E (primed intramuscularly and boosted orally). The chickens were primed with the SG ghost at 7 days of age and were subsequently boosted at the fifth week of age. Post-immunization, the plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) levels, and the SG antigen-specific lymphocyte stimulation were monitored at weekly interval and the birds were subsequently challenged with a virulent SG strain at the third week post-second immunization.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Chickens in group D showed an optimized protection with significantly increased plasma IgG, sIgA, and lymphocyte stimulation response compared to all groups. The presence of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> and CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells and monocyte/macrophage (M/M) in the spleen, and splenic expression of cytokines such as interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the immunized chickens were investigated. The prime immunization induced significantly higher splenic M/M population and mRNA levels of IFN-γ whereas the booster showed increases of splenic CD4<SUP>+</SUP> and CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T-cell population and IL-6 cytokine in mRNA levels.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Our results indicate that the prime immunization with the SG ghost vaccine induced Th1 type immune response and the booster elicited both Th1- and Th2-related immune responses.</P>

장티푸스환자의 혈청내 Salmonella typhi에 대한 IgG subclass항체의 분포

김영중,황응수,강재승,차창룡,장우현,김윤원,조민기,민창홍,Kim, Young-Jung,Hwang, Eung-Soo,Kang, Jae-Seung,Cha, Chang-Yong,Chang, Woo-Hyun,Kim, Yoon-Won,Cho, Min-Ki,Min, Chang-Hong 대한미생물학회 1986 大韓微生物學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

To diagnose the typhoid fever rapidly and accurately in clinically suspected patients, the levels of IgG subclass antibody were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). With symptom, blood culture and agglutination test, tested persons were categorized into 6 groups as typhoid fever, FUO, paratyphi A or B, other bacterial infctions, cancers, and control. ELISA was performed on the polyvinyl chloride plates coated with killed whole cell($10^8\;cell/ml$) of S. typhi 0901W by poly-L-lysine applied as binding substance (and polyvinyl chloride as solid phase). The distribution of the level of IgG subclass antibodies in each group was analyzed and compared with other groups. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. The optimal dilution of the sera from patients with typhoid fever was 1:160, and those of the sheep anti-human IgG subclass and the peroxidase conjugated rabbit anti-sheep IgG were 1:4000 and 1:5000, respectively. 2. The absorbance levels of IgG subclass in the sera of typhoid fever patients were as follows; a) IgG1 value is $0.439{\pm}0.110$ b) IgG2 value is $0.416{\pm}0.165$ c) IgG3 value is $0.449{\pm}0.145$ d) IgG4 value is $0.525{\pm}0.154$ IgG subclass levels in the sera of typhoid patients were much higher than in control group and patient with paratyphi A or B as well as other infectious diseases. The sensitivity and the specificity in differential diagnosis of typhoid fever and other febrile diseases were 92% and 79% in the assay of IgG1 respectively, whereas those in the assay of IgG2 were 97% and 72%, respectively (above absorbance 0.3). 3. The absorbance levels of IgG subclass in the serial sera of typhiod fever patients tend to decrease to the level of absorbance 0.3 in 10 months from the onset of illness. 4. The order of absorbance levels of IgG subclass in the serum of each group were typhoid fever, paratyphi A or B, other infectious diseases, control and cancer. 5. For the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever against other febrile diseases, the sensitivity and the specificity in the assay of IgG2 activity were 76% and 93% in absorbance 0.4, respectively. 6. In the distribution of the level of each IgG subclass in the sera of FUO patients which were suspected of typhoid fever, the positive rate was ranged from 36% to 82%. This suggest that more than 50% of FUO patients are caused by S. typhi.

Novel Heptaplex PCR-Based Diagnostics for Enteric Fever Caused by Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars and Its Applicability in Clinical Blood Culture

Kim Hyun-Joong,Jung Younsik,Kim Mi-Ju,Kim Hae-Yeong 한국미생물·생명공학회 2023 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.33 No.11

Enteric fever is caused by typhoidal Salmonella serovars (Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C). Owing to the importance of Salmonella serovars in clinics and public hygiene, reliable diagnostics for typhoidal serovars are crucial. This study aimed to develop a novel diagnostic tool for typhoidal Salmonella serovars and evaluate the use of human blood for clinically diagnosing enteric fever. Five genes were selected to produce specific PCR results against typhoidal Salmonella serovars based on the genes of Salmonella Typhi. Heptaplex PCR, including genetic markers of generic Salmonella, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and typhoidal Salmonella serovars, was developed. Typhoidal Salmonella heptaplex PCR using genomic DNAs from 200 Salmonella strains (112 serovars) provided specifically amplified PCR products for each typhoidal Salmonella serovar. These results suggest that heptaplex PCR can sufficiently discriminate between typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars. Heptaplex PCR was applied to Salmonella-spiked blood cultures directly and provided diagnostic results after 12- or 13.5-h blood culture. Additionally, it demonstrated diagnostic performance with colonies recovered from a 6-h blood culture. This study provides a reliable DNA-based tool for diagnosing typhoidal Salmonella serovars that may be useful in clinical microbiology and epidemiology.

Determination of In Vitro Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Properties and Total Phenolic Contents of Ziziphora clinopodioides, Cyclotrichium niveum, and Mentha longifolia ssp. typhoides var. typhoides

Nevcihan Gursoy,Arzuhan Sihoglu-Tepe,Bektas Tepe 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.3

The aerial parts of Ziziphora clinopodioides, Cyclotrichium niveum, and Mentha longifolia ssp. typhoides var. typhoides were screened for their possible antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in addition to their penolic contents. Antioxidant activity was employed by two complementary test systems: 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid. In the first case, Z. clinopodioides was superior to the other species with a 50% inhibitory concentration value of 37.73±1.18μg/mg. Similar results were obtained from the β-carotene/linoleic acid system. Inhibition capacity of the linoleic acid of Z. clinopodioides was 83.56±1.19%. Additionally, antioxidant activities of butylated hydroxytoluene, curcumin, and ascorbic acid were determined in parallel experiments. Methanol extracts obtained from the plants studied were found to have moderate antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms tested. In general, Z. clinopodioides extract exhibited stronger activity than the other extracts. On the other hand, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Candida krusei were the most sensitive microorganisms for the all extracts. The amount of the total phenolics was highest in Z. clinopodioides extract (129.55±2.26μg/mg), followed by M. longifolia ssp. typhoides var. typhoides (93.47±1.84μg/mg). It is extremely important to note that there is a positive correlation between antioxidant activity potential and amount of phenolic compounds.