환자들의 대체조제에 대한 위험도 인식과 관련 요인

송찬희,정규인,염근상,송상욱,김철민,김경수 大韓臨床藥理學會 2001 臨床藥理學會誌 Vol.9 No.1

카르복시메틸셀룰로오스의 치환도 분석을 위한 분광분석법의 적용

이용주,차지은,강나영,김재협,김형진 한국펄프·종이공학회 2023 펄프.종이기술 Vol.55 No.1

In this study, the degree of substitution of CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) was calculated through a titration method, and the data were compared with the measured value of the degree of substitution measured by EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and the degree of substitution measured by IR (Infrared spectroscopy), and the correlation was analyzed to calculate the degree of substitution of CMC more conveniently. In addition, by identifying the chemical properties of CMC according to the degree of substitution, we tried to provide basic data for the application of CMC in the future. When the degree of substitution of CMC analyzed through EDS analysis was compared with the result of the degree of substitution by the titration method, it was confirmed to have relatively high accuracy, but expensive equipment and remaining NaCl may affect the result. So, it was judged that commercialization may be somewhat difficult. It was easier to analyze the degree of substitution through IR analysis, and more accurate results could be expected than analysis through EDS. Using the Savitzky-Golay algorithm and PCA (principal component analysis), it was possible to identify CMC’s chemical properties and analyze classification according to the degree of substitution. Therefore, it is believed that the application of IR when analyzing the degree of substitution of CMC will simplify the investigation of the relationship between the structure, physical properties, and applications of CMC in the future. .

대체탄성치를 이용한 수출시장에서의 농산물 통합 경쟁력(Aggregate Competitiveness) 분석

김성용,김윤식,전상곤,남경수 한국농업경제학회 2012 農業經濟硏究 Vol.53 No.3

It is of great importance to analyze the competitiveness of Korea's agricultural products at international markets in that such an analysis provides us with the knowledge on where our agricultural products are and how strong the competition is. The main factors to determine the competitiveness of a product at market is degree of differentiation that reflects the consumers' preferences. Differentiation could be cnsidered a process that makes a product more heterogeneous to its substitutes. In general, the demand of highly differentiated products is hardly affected by the change in price of substitutes. Thus, the degree of substitution can be used as one of the indices of competitiveness. Feenstr suggested a way of measuring substitution elasticities through CES utility function.The elasticities estimated can be interpreted to indicate the competitiveness of a country at world market. Estimated elasticites of substitution of Korea are much larger than those of other countries, which says that agricultural products of Korea are even less competitive at international markets. The US's elasticity of substitution was smallest among the estimates, so the US products have the strongest competitiveness at exporting market. It is of great importance to analyze the competitiveness of Korea's agricultural products at international markets in that such an analysis provides us with the knowledge on where our agricultural products are and how strong the competition is. The main factors to determine the competitiveness of a product at market is degree of differentiation that reflects the consumers' preferences. Differentiation could be cnsidered a process that makes a product more heterogeneous to its substitutes. In general, the demand of highly differentiated products is hardly affected by the change in price of substitutes. Thus, the degree of substitution can be used as one of the indices of competitiveness. Feenstr suggested a way of measuring substitution elasticities through CES utility function.The elasticities estimated can be interpreted to indicate the competitiveness of a country at world market. Estimated elasticites of substitution of Korea are much larger than those of other countries, which says that agricultural products of Korea are even less competitive at international markets. The US's elasticity of substitution was smallest among the estimates, so the US products have the strongest competitiveness at exporting market.

조선 초 관원 범죄 收贖 제도의 성립

박경 조선시대사학회 2016 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.77 No.-

이 연구에서는 조선 초 관원 범죄 수속법 제정의 배경과 성격을 살펴보았다. 조선 시대 범죄 처리는 『대명률』 형률 체계를 기반으로 이루어졌다. 또한 여성, 장애인, 노인, 어린아이 등에 대한 수속은 『대명률』 규정을 따랐다. 그러나 관원 범죄 수속은 세종대에 제정된 법에 의거하여 처리했다. 관원 범죄 수속법 제정 전에도 왕이 관원의 범죄를 최종 판결할 때 수속 여부를 함께 명했다. 그런데 이 사례들을 검토해보면 『대명률』에는 존재하지 않는데 조선에서는 행해졌던 수속 방식이 나타난다. 최종 형량이 도형[杖徒刑] 이상일 때 도형이나 유형은 집행하면서도 장형을 수속하도록 명한 사례들이 그것이다. 다수의 태형, 장형을 수속하도록 한 것은 물론이고, 장형과 도형, 장형과 유형의 집행을 분리해서 장형만을 수속하도록 하는 방법이 행해진 것이다. 이를 통해 조선에서는 『대명률』 형률 등급 체계를 수용했지만 장형과 도형, 유형을 별도로 인식하는 사고체계도 존재했음을 알 수 있다. 또한 “형벌이 위로 大夫에게까지 미치지 않는다”는 개념 하에 관원들에게 태형이나 장형을 집행하는 것을 꺼리는 인식이 행형에 반영되고 있었다는 점도 파악할 수 있다. 이러한 상황에서 1423년(세종 5)에 관원 범죄 수속법이 제정되었고, 1425년(세종 7)에 개정되었다. 『대명률』 규정에서 관원 범죄 수속의 범위는 公罪 태형에 한정되어 있었고, 군관의 경우에만 私罪 태형까지 수속하도록 했다. 그리고 그 이상의 범죄는 황제의 은전에 의해 감형 혹은 수속하는 것이 가능했다. 반면에 이 관원 범죄 수속법은 법 제정시에는 태형과 장형 모두를 수속할 수 있도록 했고, 2년 뒤 법 개정시에는 공죄 장100, 私罪 장90까지 수속하도록 규정되었다. 『대명률』에 비해 수속 범위가 확대되었는데, 이는 사대부에게 태형이나 장형을 가하는 것을 꺼리는 인식이 제도화된 것이다. 『대명률』의 관원 범죄 수속 규정에서 행정의 효율성을 지향하고, 관원에 대한 우대는 황제의 은혜의 영역으로 남겨둔 것과 대비된다고 하겠다. 이렇게 이 법은 士族 출신 관원들이 자신들의 집단적인 권익을 보호하고자 제정된 것이었다. 그런데 세종은 법 제정 이후 신분에 의해서가 아니라 관원으로서 이 법에 규정된 혜택을 받도록 하는 방향으로 법의 성격을 일부 전환했다. 한편, 관원 범죄 수속법이 제정된 이후 관원이 사소한 불찰로 가벼운 죄를 지었다 하더라도 특정 사안에 대해서는 수속하지 않고 태형이나 장형을 집행하도록 하는 한시적, 상시적 법들이 제정됨으로써 관직 사회의 기강을 다잡고 지방 관원들을 통제하려고 했다. 이와 같이 관원 범죄 수속법은 사대부들의 권익을 보장하기 위한 제도였지만 법 제정 이후 관료 사회를 존중하고 관직 기강을 확립하는 제도로 일정부분 전환되었다. 이러한 관원 범죄 수속법의 제정과 시행은 ‘사대부 존중’을 법제화하는 움직임과 관료 사회의 존중과 조직화를 이루려는 움직임이 함께 발현되던 조선 초 제도 정비 과정을 보여준다. This study explores the circumstances surrounding the establishment of the early Joseon law on substituting fines in lieu of corporeal punishments in the cases of crimes committed by officials and explores its nature. Joseon handled criminal matters using the criminal law system of the Great Ming Code(大明律) as its basis. Yet in early Joseon, while this practice of fines substitution(收贖) was applied to women, children, elderly, and the disabled in accordance with the Great Ming Code, instances of fines substitution for the punishment of crimes committed by officials were handled in accordance with the fines substitution law(收贖法) established during Sejong’s reign(1418-1450). This was the result of the difference in the ruling structures of Ming China and Joseon Korea. Even prior to the establishment of the fines substitution law for officials, the king – in making the final decision on the punishment assigned to an official for some said crime – would at times substitute some amount of fines for the punishments recommended by the relevant office. Yet a closer examination of these cases reveals an aspect of fines substitution unique to Joseon: in certain cases, punishment assigned met or exceeded the combination of “beating with a heavy stick and penal servitude”(徒刑), while the penal servitude or exile components were carried out, the beating component was substituted for fines. This method of administering punishments did not exist within the Great Ming Code; it was a practice found only in Joseon. As noted above, in such cases, the combined “beating and penal servitude”(徒刑) or “beating and exile”(流刑) punishments were split into their individual components, with fines substituting for the beating component of each. Through this, we can see that while Joseon adopted the penal classification system of the Great Ming Code, there existed on the peninsula a different way of thinking about punishment – one in which beatings, penal servitude, and exile were seen as separate entities. Moreover, within a system in which criminal punishment was not commonly associated with the realm of scholar-officials(大夫), the influence of an aversion to beatings – light or heavy – of such officials is clearly reflected within Joseon’s administration of punishments. It was against this background that the Fines Substitution Law for punishing officials was implemented in 1423(Sejong 5) and revised in 1425(Sejong 7). According to the Great Ming Code, for civil officials, the range of crimes eligible for punishment substitution was quite limited. Only public crimes(公罪; those committed while acting in one’s official capacity and not in service of any private interest) warranting beating with a light stick(笞刑) could have their punishments substituted. On the other hand, for military officials, this range extended to private crimes(私罪). In addition, more severe crimes could have their sentences commuted or punishments substituted by the emperor’s grace. In contrast, Joseon’s Fines Substitution Law initially allowed all light and heavy stick beating sentences applied to officials to be substituted for fines; two years later, this was amended to allow substitutions for public crimes sentenced to 100 lashes of the heavy cane or fewer, as well as private crimes sentenced to 90 lashes of the heavy cane or fewer. Compared with the Great Ming Code, this represented a broadening of the range of substitutable sentences, indicating that Joseon’s reluctance to use flogging with the light or heavy cane in order to punish scholar-officials had become institutionalized. This stands in contrast with the Great Ming Code, which tended toward efficiency in the administration and substitution of punishments against officials, and which left the matter of granting preferential treatment to officials as the emperor’s prerogative. In this way, we see that the establishment of Joseon’s fines subs...

용량한계와 수요대체를 고려하는 항공편의 최적 좌석용량 할당 및 가격 결정

김상원 ( Sang Won Kim ) 한국항공경영학회 2011 한국항공경영학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Revenue management has played a vital role in airline industries and employed dynamic pricing, demand management, optimization, market segmentation and etc. Estimating the exact demand for demand management requires understanding substituted demand, which is classified as inventory-driven substitution and price-driven substitution. Inventory-driven substitution occurs when a customer cannot purchase the originally requested product due to stock-out and might buy a substitutable product. Substitution also occurs when a customer might purchase a substitutable product if the price of the originally requested product changes, which is known as price-driven substitution. In airline revenue management study, customer diversion is interpreted as a kind of substitution and has been ignored in seat capacity optimization allocation. Also, many revenue management optimization studies ignored capacity limit. We consider a deterministic optimization model for joint decisions of the optimal prices and seat capacity allocations for airlines in the presence of price-driven substitution and a capacity constraint. We show how airlines` revenue managers should adapt prices in each fare and arrange seat capacity allocation, taking into account price-driven substitution between different fares. We investigate the impact of price-driven substitution and a capacity constraint on pricing and capacity decisions and present analytical findings and numerical examples are provided for the applicability of the optimization model.

A Stochastic Optimization Model with Firm-driven Substitution for Improving Productivity

( Sang-won Kim ) 한국생산성학회 2019 生産性論集 Vol.33 No.1

Remanufactured product has the same or similar quality as a new product and used products are recovered and sold as new products. Manufactured and remanufactured products can be substitutes for each other. Customer-driven substitution is initiated by the customers and firm-driven substitution is initiated by the firm. In this study, we consider a single-period stochastic optimization model considering firm-driven substitution for the optimal decisions of price and production quantity. The most common type of substitution is inventory-based substitution where consumers substitute for a product that is unavailable or protected from sale to that customer at that time. Customers may switch to a cheaper product regardless of the availability of their original preference and this type of demand substitution is price-based substitution. This model is a profit maximization model for deciding optimal pricing and production quantity where the unsold high-priced products are substituted to the low-priced product demand customers. The customer demands are stochastic and independent. We develop a one-period model for optimal production quantity for a given price and for optimal prices for a given production quantity. We consider inventory-based substitution and price-based substitution in the pricing decisions. The main objective of this study is to develop analytical models to obtain the optimal solutions to support decision-makers in these environments. We develop standard numerical procedures for finding optimal solutions (numerical examples). The numerical study shows that the optimal production quantity of newly manufactured product is greater than that of the equivalent newsvendor problem (with zero holding and shortage costs and no substituted demand), and the optimal production level of remanufactured product is less than that of the equivalent newsvendor problem. The optimal prices are less than those of the equivalent deterministic model. The limitations of this work suggest that the need for future research that enables firms to cope with the general case where there are multiple markets and capacity resource constraint.

Simulation of the AUC Changes after Generic Substitution in Patients

임동석 대한의학회 2009 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.24 No.1

To address the debate on the safety of generic substitution quantitatively, the author compared the change in AUC in virtual patients who were simulated for several different scenarios of generic substitution. In four scenarios of original (branded) to generic and generic to generic substitution, 5,000 virtual patients were simulated per scenario using the programming software R. The mean population AUC of generics ranged from 90-110% (scenarios A and B) and 80-123.5% (scenarios C and D) of the AUC of the original. Those patients who had an AUC change (ratio) as a result of drug substitution of less than 0.67 or greater than 1.5 were considered to be in potential danger due to the substitution. We found that less than 6% of patients fell outside of the cutoff range of 0.67-1.5 as a result of original to generic substitution. However, in the case of generic to generic substitution, the proportion was as high as 9-12%. This alerts us to the potential danger of generic substitution, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices.

적외선 분광법과 기계학습을 이용한 셀룰로오스 아세테이트의 치환도 예측 모델링

이용주,이지은,권재경,이태주,김형진 한국펄프·종이공학회 2023 펄프.종이기술 Vol.55 No.5

The objective of this study is to apply FTIR and machine learning models for the quantitative analysis of the degree of substitution of cellulose acetate. The models used for the degree of substitution analysis include PCA (principal component analysis), PLS-DA (partial least squares discriminant analysis), SVM (support vector machine), and KNN (k-nearest neighbor). The critical findings of this study indicated that it is possible to analyze the degree of substitution for cellulose acetate with a degree of substitution of 2.0 or less using IR spectrum data derived from acetylation, estimated through PCA. The decrease in explanatory power for degrees of substitution higher than 2.0 can be attributed to the chemical reaction rate. However, by applying SVM and utilizing the kernel trick to project the data into a high-dimensional feature space and perform non-linear classification, it was possible to create a degree of substitution discrimination model with excellent performance, regardless of the degree of substitution. As a result, the model for analyzing the degree of substitution of polymer monomers based on machine learning and IR spectrum data was proposed. It is believed that this model can efficiently replace existing analytical methods.

가격차에 의한 수요대체를 고려한 최적가격 및 주문량 결정을 위한 추계학적 모형

김상원(Sang-Won Kim) 韓國生産管理學會 2010 한국생산관리학회지 Vol.21 No.1

수요대체는 고객이 원래 구매하려고 했던 상품의 품절로 인하여 구매할 수 없는 경우 이를 대체할 수 있는 유사한 상품을 구매함으로써 발생한다. 뿐만 아니라 수요대체는 고객이 원래 구매하려고 했던 상품의 가격의 변화에 의하여 대체 가능한 상품을 구매함으로써 발생하는 경우도 있으며 이를 가격차에 의한 수요대체라 한다. 본 연구에서는 두 상품 간의 가격차에 의하여 발생하는 수요대체를 고려할 때 최적가격과 주문량을 결정하는 추계학적 최적화 모형을 제시한다. 또한 본 연구에서 제시된 추계학적 모형을 기존에 제시된 바 있는 확정적 모형과 비교한다. 본 연구의 목적은 모형의 이론적 및 실증 분석을 통하여 가격차에 따른 수요대체가 최적해 및 기대수익에 어떠한 영향을 주는가를 규명하는데 있다. Substitution occurs when a customer cannot purchase the originally requested product due to stockout and might buy a substitutable or similar product. Substitution also occurs when a customer might purchase a substitutable product if the price of the originally requested product changes, which is referred to as price-drive substitution. In this study, we consider a stochastic optimization model for deciding the optimal prices and ordering quantities in the presence of price-driven substitution. We also compare the existing deterministic price-driven substitution model with the stochastic price-driven substitution model of this research. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of price-driven substitution on the optimal solutions and the expected profits through theoretical analysis and numerical experiments.

Effects of Sulfur Substitution on Chemical Bonding Nature and Electrochemical Performance of Layered LiMn0.9Cr0.1O2-xSx

Seung Tae Lim,Dae Hoon Park,Sun Hee Lee,Seong-Ju Hwang*,윤영수,Seong-Gu Kang 대한화학회 2006 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.27 No.9

Sulfur-substituted LiMn0.9Cr0.1O2-xSx (0????x????0.1) layered oxides have been prepared by solid state reaction under inert atmosphere. From powder X-ray diffraction analyses, all the present lithium manganates were found to be crystallized with monoclinic-layered structure. Electrochemical measurements clearly demonstrated that, in comparison with the pristine LiMn0.9Cr0.1O2, the sulfur-substituted derivatives exhibit smaller discharge capacities for the entire cycle range but the recovery of discharge capacity after the initial several cycles becomes faster upon sulfur substitution. The effect of the sulfur substitution on the chemical bonding nature of LiMn0.9Cr0.1O2-xSx has been investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) analyses at Mn and Cr K-edges. According to Mn K-edge XAS results, the trivalent oxidation state of manganese ion remains unchanged before and after the substitution whereas the local structure around manganese ions becomes more distorted with increasing the substitution rate of sulfur. On the other hand, the replacement of oxygen with sulfur has negligible influence on the local atomic arrangement around chromium ions, which is surely due to the high octahedral stabilization energy of Cr+III ions. Based on the present experimental findings, we have suggested that the decrease of discharge capacity upon sulfur substitution is ascribable to the enhanced structural distortion of MnO6 octahedra and/or to the formation of covalent Li-S bonds, and the accompanying improvement of cyclability would be related to the depression of Mn migration and/or to the pillaring effect of larger sulfur anion.