韓國의 土活字印刷術에 관한 硏究

박문열 한국서지학회 2008 서지학연구 Vol.39 No.-

본 연구는 土活字印刷術에 관한 기존의 기록과 承政院日記의 土活字印刷術과 관련된 새로운 기록을 분석한 것으로 그 주요 내용은 다음과 같다.(1) 土活字는 어떤 종류의 흙이든 흙으로 제작한 活字의 凡稱이다.(2) 韓國 土活字印刷術의 創案者는 權孚(1662-1739)이고 그 創案地는 鑄字洞이며, 創案時期는 英祖 5년(1729) 以前이다. (3) 傳存하는 三略直解, 經史集說, 玉纂, 東溟先生集 등의 土活字印本 이외에 古今名喩도 土活字印本이며, 전래되는 ‘’, ‘’, ‘禧’ 등의 토활자 이외에 ‘曰’과 ‘’ 등의 土活字도 전래되고 있다.(4) 土活字 製作法에 관한 자세한 기록은 辛仲厚의 厚生錄에 유일하게 수록되어 있다. This study analyzes the historical records, previously known, and the records, newly discovered from Seungjeongwon Ilgi(承政院日記), regarding the technology of printing with movable soil-types. The major findings are as follows:(1) Movable soil-types are the generic name for all kinds of types made from any soil. (2) In Korea, the technology of printing with movable soil-types was invented by Gwon Bu(權孚) at Juja-Dong(鑄字洞) before 1729, the 5th year of King Yeongjo's reign. (3) In addition to the existing Samryak-Jikhae(三略直解), Gyeongsa-Jipseol(經史集說), Okchan(玉纂), Dongmyeong-Seonsaeng-Jip(東溟先生集), Gogeum- Myeongyu(古今名喩) was also printed with movable soil-types. And, such characters as Wal(曰) and Eun(狺) as well as Chim(忱), Chu(帚) and Hui(禧) have existed as movable soil-types. (4) The technique of producing movable soil-types was documented in detail only in Husaeng-Rok(厚生錄) written by Sin-Junghu(辛仲厚).

Effect of Structural Type of Clay Minerals on Physical Properties of Mountainous Grassland Soils

최세영,박만 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.6

Soil amendment, especially addition of clay minerals, has been widely conducted to improve the physical and chemical properties of cultivated soils. However, there are no systematic studies on the effects of the structural type of clay minerals added. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of structural type of clay minerals on physical properties of soils. Two experimental soils, layer-dominant and granule-dominant ones, were mixed with either a layer-type smectite or a granule-type zeolite at a level of 2.0 wt%. It was observed that water permeability of soils was decreased by smectite whereas not significantly changed by zeolite. This effect was much greater in layered clay-dominant soil than in granular clay-dominant soil. Our results clearly indicated that the relationship of structural type between a soil and an amendment plays a decisive role in the soil properties. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the structural types of both soil and amendment be taken into consideration for soil amendment by clay minerals.

Effect of Structural Type of Clay Minerals on Physical Properties of Mountainous Grassland Soils

Choi, Seyeong,Park, Man 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.6

Soil amendment, especially addition of clay minerals, has been widely conducted to improve the physical and chemical properties of cultivated soils. However, there are no systematic studies on the effects of the structural type of clay minerals added. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of structural type of clay minerals on physical properties of soils. Two experimental soils, layer-dominant and granule-dominant ones, were mixed with either a layer-type smectite or a granule-type zeolite at a level of 2.0 wt%. It was observed that water permeability of soils was decreased by smectite whereas not significantly changed by zeolite. This effect was much greater in layered clay-dominant soil than in granular clay-dominant soil. Our results clearly indicated that the relationship of structural type between a soil and an amendment plays a decisive role in the soil properties. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the structural types of both soil and amendment be taken into consideration for soil amendment by clay minerals.

Effect of Structural Type of Clay Minerals on Physical Properties of Mountainous Grassland Soils

Seyeong Choi,Man Park 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.6

Soil amendment, especially addition of clay minerals, has been widely conducted to improve the physical and chemical properties of cultivated soils. However, there are no systematic studies on the effects of the structural type of clay minerals added. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of structural type of clay minerals on physical properties of soils. Two experimental soils, layer-dominant and granule-dominant ones, were mixed with either a layer-type smectite or a granule-type zeolite at a level of 2.0 wt%. It was observed that water permeability of soils was decreased by smectite whereas not significantly changed by zeolite. This effect was much greater in layered clay-dominant soil than in granular clay-dominant soil. Our results clearly indicated that the relationship of structural type between a soil and an amendment plays a decisive role in the soil properties. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the structural types of both soil and amendment be taken into consideration for soil amendment by clay minerals.

土壤中 石礫과 物理化學性 및 作物生育에 關한 硏究 : Ⅰ. 우리나라 土壤의 石礫含量 分布 調査 Ⅰ. Survey on the Distribution of Gravel Content in Korean Soil

許奉九,金武成 경희대학교 부설 식량자원개발연구소 1989 硏究論文集 Vol.10 No.-

This study was executed to obtain gravel content distribution by land use in Korean soil and basic information for soil physico-chemical improvement to enhance crop productivity. By the results of detailed soil survey, gravel content of different soil horizons were collected from 315 senes of soils except Jeju soils, and computenzed the simple mean and the distributed area by weighted mean values with grouping of land use, drainage class, soil type and soil texture. Weighted mean values of the gravel content in Korean soil was 13.53% in the surface sol1 and 13.88% in the subsoil. In land use, the gravel content of paddy soil was less than upland soil three times, forest soil seven times respectively. Distribution of gravel content below 20% was 97.48% in paddy soil, 83.29% in upland soil and 53.52% in forest soil respectively. Gravel content of the Well adapted in paddy soil type was 175% that was lest than the other types and the Newly reclaimed was 7.47% that was most than the other types. In upland soil the gravel content of the Newly reclaimed upland was highest than the other types in surface soil, and the Plateau upland was lowest in subsoil. But the Sandy textured upland was 21.77% that was highest. The gravel content in the soil drainage class was high in the Well class, and low in the Poor class.

Soil fungal communities of montane natural secondary forest types in China

Fei Cheng,Xin Wei,Lin Hou,Zhengchun Shang,Xiaobang Peng,Peng Zhao,Zhaoxue Fei,Shuoxin Zhang 한국미생물학회 2015 The journal of microbiology Vol.53 No.6

Distinctive plant communities may provide specific physical and chemical properties with soils by specific litters and root exudates to exert effects on soil microorganisms. Past logging activities in the Qinling Mountains induced diverse natural secondary forest types (NSFTs). How these recovered NSFTs regulate patterns of soil microbial communities remain limited. In the study, we used terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) to precisely determine forest type-specific soil fungal diversity and composition in five NSFTs. Our results indicated that NSFTs had significant impacts on the soil fungal communities. The most diverse fungal species were found in the Armand pine (Pinus armandi) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) forest soils, followed by sharptooth oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) and Chinese pine-sharptooth oak forest soils, the wilson spruce (Picea wilsonii) forests had the lowest soil fungal diversity. The analyses of community composition suggested that the fungal communities of Armand pine forest soils were similar to those of Chinese pine forest soils, while other communities prominently differed from each other. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that soil silt, clay, pH, and ammonium nitrogen had intimate linkages with soil fungal diversity. Furthermore, the patterns of soil fungal communites were strongly governed by the specific soil environments of the tested NSFTs, as described by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Finally, our study showed that soil fungal communities may be mediated by NSFTs via specific soil edaphic status. Hence, such a comparable study may provide fundamental information for fungal diversity and community structure of natural forests and assist with better prediction and understanding how soil fungal composition and function alter with forest type transformation.

Spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration among different land cover types under wet and dry years in an urban park

Bae, Jeehwan,Ryu, Youngryel Elsevier 2017 Landscape and urban planning Vol.167 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Soil respiration (<I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I>) determines land surface carbon balance; however, there have been few studies that measured <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> in heterogeneous urban landscapes. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> in six land cover types (mixed forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, lawn, wetland, and bare land) in Seoul Forest Park, Republic of Korea, between March 2013 and September 2014, which included a wet (2013) and an extremely dry (2014) summer. Spatially, there was a three-fold difference (0.48–1.45kgCm<SUP>−2</SUP>) in annual <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> among the six land cover types. The soil organic carbon stock at a depth of 0.1m explained 72% of the spatial variation in the annual <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> across the land cover types. During the entire study period, the soil temperature explained 82–97% of the temporal variation in <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> among different land cover types. Comparing the two summers, the 2014 drought only resulted in a decrease in <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> in the lawn plots (25%), which was driven by a reduction in the leaf area index and the fine root density. The temperature sensitivity of <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> in 2014 (dry summer) compared to 2013 (wet summer) was significantly lower in mixed forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, and lawn, and did not change in evergreen needleleaf forest, wetland, or bare land. The differences in <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> in these drought responses highlight the importance of the careful selection of land cover type during park planning to better manage carbon cycles.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Measured soil respiration (<I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I>) in six different land cover types in an urban park. </LI> <LI> There is a three-fold difference in annual <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> across different land cover types. </LI> <LI> Soil organic carbon stocks explain spatial variations in annual <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I>. </LI> <LI> Soil temperature explains temporal variations in <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I>. </LI> <LI> Certain land cover types exhibit a drought-reduced sensitivity of <I>R<SUB>s</SUB> </I> to soil temperature. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Interpreting in situ Soil Water Characteristics Curve under Different Paddy Soil Types Using Undisturbed Lysimeter with Soil Sensor

Mijin Seo,Kyunghwa Han,Heerae Cho,Junghun Ok,Yongseon Zhang,Youngho Seo,Kangho Jung,Hyubsung Lee,Gisun Kim 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

The soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) represents the relation between soil water potential and soil water content. The shape and range of SWCC according to the relation could vary depending on soil characteristics. The objective of the study was to estimate SWCC depending on soil types and layers and to analyze the trend among them. To accomplish this goal, the unsaturated three soils were considered: silty clay loam, loam, and sandy loam soils. Weighable lysimeters were used for exactly measuring soil water content and soil water potential. Two fitting models, van Genuchten and Campbell, were applied. Two models entirely fitted well the measured SWCC, indicating low RMSE and high R² values. However, the large difference between the measured and the estimated was found at the 30 cm layer of the silty clay loam soil, and the gap was wider as soil water potential increased. In addition, the non-linear decrease of soil water content according to the increase of soil water potential tended to be more distinct in the sandy loam soil and at the 10 cm layer than in the silty clay loam soil and at the lower layers. These might be seen due to the various factors such as not only pore size distribution, but also cracks by high clay content and plow pan layers by compaction. This study clearly showed difficulty in the estimation of SWCC by such kind of factors.

Interpreting in situ Soil Water Characteristics Curve under Different Paddy Soil Types Using Undisturbed Lysimeter with Soil Sensor

Seo, Mijin,Han, Kyunghwa,Cho, Heerae,Ok, Junghun,Zhang, Yongseon,Seo, Youngho,Jung, Kangho,Lee, Hyubsung,Kim, Gisun 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

The soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) represents the relation between soil water potential and soil water content. The shape and range of SWCC according to the relation could vary depending on soil characteristics. The objective of the study was to estimate SWCC depending on soil types and layers and to analyze the trend among them. To accomplish this goal, the unsaturated three soils were considered: silty clay loam, loam, and sandy loam soils. Weighable lysimeters were used for exactly measuring soil water content and soil water potential. Two fitting models, van Genuchten and Campbell, were applied. Two models entirely fitted well the measured SWCC, indicating low RMSE and high $R^2$ values. However, the large difference between the measured and the estimated was found at the 30 cm layer of the silty clay loam soil, and the gap was wider as soil water potential increased. In addition, the non-linear decrease of soil water content according to the increase of soil water potential tended to be more distinct in the sandy loam soil and at the 10 cm layer than in the silty clay loam soil and at the lower layers. These might be seen due to the various factors such as not only pore size distribution, but also cracks by high clay content and plow pan layers by compaction. This study clearly showed difficulty in the estimation of SWCC by such kind of factors.

Interpreting in situ Soil Water Characteristics Curve under Different Paddy Soil Types Using Undisturbed Lysimeter with Soil Sensor

서미진,한경화,조희래,옥정훈,장용선,서영호,정강호,이협성,김기선 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

The soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) represents the relation between soil water potential and soilwater content. The shape and range of SWCC according to the relation could vary depending on soilcharacteristics. The objective of the study was to estimate SWCC depending on soil types and layers and toanalyze the trend among them. To accomplish this goal, the unsaturated three soils were considered: silty clayloam, loam, and sandy loam soils. Weighable lysimeters were used for exactly measuring soil water contentand soil water potential. Two fitting models, van Genuchten and Campbell, were applied. Two modelsentirely fitted well the measured SWCC, indicating low RMSE and high R2 values. However, the largedifference between the measured and the estimated was found at the 30 cm layer of the silty clay loam soil,and the gap was wider as soil water potential increased. In addition, the non-linear decrease of soil watercontent according to the increase of soil water potential tended to be more distinct in the sandy loam soil andat the 10 cm layer than in the silty clay loam soil and at the lower layers. These might be seen due to thevarious factors such as not only pore size distribution, but also cracks by high clay content and plow panlayers by compaction. This study clearly showed difficulty in the estimation of SWCC by such kind of factors.