History of orchid propagation: a mirror of the history of biotechnology

Tim Wing Yam,Joseph Arditti 한국식물생명공학회 2009 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.3 No.1

Orchid seeds are nearly microscopic in size. Because of that, many fanciful theories were proposed for the origin of orchids. Almost 400 years separate the time when orchid seeds were seen for the first time and the development of a practical asymbiotic method for their germination. The seeds were first observed and drawn during the sixteenth century. Seedlings were first described and illustrated in 1804. The association between orchid and fungi was observed as early as 1824, while the requirement for mycorrhiza for seed germination was established in 1899. An asymbiotic method for orchid seed germination was developed in 1921. After Knudson’s media B and C were formulated, orchids growing and hybridization became widespread. Hybrids which early growers may not have even imagined became possible. Orchid seeds are nearly microscopic in size. Because of that, many fanciful theories were proposed for the origin of orchids. Almost 400 years separate the time when orchid seeds were seen for the first time and the development of a practical asymbiotic method for their germination. The seeds were first observed and drawn during the sixteenth century. Seedlings were first described and illustrated in 1804. The association between orchid and fungi was observed as early as 1824, while the requirement for mycorrhiza for seed germination was established in 1899. An asymbiotic method for orchid seed germination was developed in 1921. After Knudson’s media B and C were formulated, orchids growing and hybridization became widespread. Hybrids which early growers may not have even imagined became possible.

갈대와 띠 종자의 정선기술 개발

김석현 한국잔디학회 2004 한국잔디학회지 Vol.18 No.1

The efficient refinement of seed is required to reduce the cost and labor input in artificial propagation of wild plant. This study was carried out to develop methods for collecting and refining tiny seeds from wild plants. For obtaining Phragmites communis seeds, the inflorescence was cut into small fragments using a Straw Cutter and subsequently detached pappus hairs from seed coat by Hammer Mill. The primary refined seeds were passed 1.0 mm sieve. The screened seeds were subjected to Seed Blower with wind speed of 0.25 mㆍsec-1 to collected intact and well-ripen seeds. The seeds of Imperata cylindrica were refined as follows. Inflorescences were cut using a Straw Cutter first. The pappus was removed from cut fragments using a Hammer Mill and subsequently subjected to Seed Scarifier at 500rpm for 60 sec. for further separation. The separated seeds were passed 1.0 mm screen and collected after blowing with Seed Blower of wind speed of 0.15 mㆍsec-1. When the amount of seed was too little to refine with Seed Scarifier and Blower, the procedure was slightly modified from the procedure described above. The crude seed mixture obtained from Hammer Mill step was hand-refined roughly and then immersed into cone. (95%) sulfuric acid for 2 min. and collected floating portion after dilution of sulfuric acid solution 100 times with tap water. The collected seeds were dried and passed 0.149 mm sieve. During seed refining process using mechanical or sulfuric acid treatments, a small portion of damaged seed were evolved, however, the amount was not noticeable as compared to the total amount of collected seeds. Because the germination percentages between hand-refined seeds and seeds refined by above methods were not statistically different, the developed procedures for refining tiny seed of wild plants are helpful to reduce the cost and labor input in artificial propagation of two species.

민들레와 할미꽃 종자의 정선기술 개발

김석현 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

종자의 크기가 매우 작으면서 무게도 가벼운 민들레와 할미꽃 종자를 효과적으로 정선하는 기술을 개발하기 위하여 실시 한 본 연구에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 민들레는 손으로 비빈 후 1.0~1.7㎜체로 쳐서 남는 가운데 부분의 종자를 선별하는 것이 가장 효과적이었다. 할미꽃은 깃털과 함께 부착된 꽃송이를 Seed Scarifier에 넣어 500 rpm으로 60초간 솜털과 종자를 분리한다. 분리된 종자 부분을 2.0㎜ 체로 쳐서 남는 부분을 농황산에 30초간 침지 한 후 물로 100배 희석하여 마대에 종자가 포함된 황산희석 액을 넣어 흐르는 물에 수세하여 종자를 선별하는 것이 가장 효과적이었다. 기계적 장치를 이용하거나 농황산을 사용하여 종자를 정선 할 경우 약간의 파손립이 발생하는데, 이것은 정선되는 종자의 전체량에 비하면 적은 량이므로 이 정도의 파손은 큰 문제가 아니라고 생각한다. 민들레와 할미꽃 종자에서 모두 개량정선 방법으로 종자를 정선할 경우 발아율이 관행정선한 경우에 비하여 약간 저조하였으나 유의적인 차이는 없으므로 보아 이 연구에서 개발된 개량정선방법은 민들레와 할미꽃 종자를 인공적으로 대량번식할 경우 시간과 노동력 및 경비를 줄이는데 효과가 클 것으로 판단된다. The development of efficient refining procedure for the seeds of wild plant species is required to reduce the cost and labor input in artificial propagation of wild plant. This study was carried out to develop methods for collecting and refining tiny seeds from wild plants. For obtaining refined Taraxacum mongolicum seeds, the inflorescence was rub with hands, and subsequently the roughly refined seeds were selected between 1.7~1.0 ㎜ sieve. The seeds of Pulsatilla koreana were refined as follows. Inflorescences were separated using a Seed Scarifier at 500 rpm for 60 sec. The separated seeds were passed 2.0 ㎜ screen and immersed into conc. (95%) sulfuric acid for 30 sec. and collected seeds after dilution of the sulfuric acid solution 100 times with tap water. During seed refining process using mechanical or sulfuric acid treatments, a small portion of damaged seed was evolved, however, the amount was not noticeable as compared to the total amount of collected seeds. Because the differences of germination percentages between hand-refined seeds and seeds refined by above methods were not statistically significant, the developed procedures for refining tiny seed of wild plants are helpful to reduce the cost and labor input in artificial propagation of two species.

Improvement of Seed Germination in Scrophularia takesimensis, Korean Native Plant

Jeong Hee Kang(강정희),Kyoung Ok Choi(최경옥),Sang Yeol Ahn(안상열),Dong Shik Kim(김동식),Young Shin Chon(천영신),Jae Gill Yun(윤재길) 한국원예학회 2009 원예과학기술지 Vol.27 No.4

Scrophularia takesimensis, a Korean native plant, is one of the rare and endangered species designated by the Korea Forest Service (KFS) because seed germination hardly occurs in nature due to of some propagation difficulties and its survival has been threatened by overexploitation. A better understanding of dormancy in S. takasimensis would contribute to successful propagation of this species from seeds. For the purpose of a higher percentage of germination, the seeds collected from the native place (Ullungdo) were stored in a 4℃ refrigerator, sown in petri dishes (90 ㎜) at 10-day intervals for 60 days, and placed in a seed germinator at 20℃. Seed germination was not observed in any duration of low temperature treatments. To improve poor germination, seeds were soaked in 50-400 ㎎ㆍℓ?¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃) or indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) for 24 hours. Soaking in 200 ㎎ㆍℓ?¹ GA₃ remarkably promoted germination up to 80%, but the other concentrations were not effective (>40%). On the other hand, soaking in all concentrations of IBA did not improve germination at all. To select an adequate temperature for seed germination, seeds, previously soaked in a 200 ㎎ㆍℓ?¹ GA₃ for 24 hours, were incubated at 10, 15, 20, or 25℃. Seed germination of over 70% was attained at 15 and 20℃, but only 20% at 25℃. These results indicate that seeds of S. takesimensis are in such deep dormant state that they hardly germinate even by low temperature treatment. Soaking in 200 ㎎ㆍℓ?¹ GA₃ for 24 hours, however, markedly improved seed germination up to 80%.

Germination of West African Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst) Seeds: Effects of Dehydration and Different Pre-sowing Treatments

Kanmegne, Gabriel,Mbakop, Christelle Nya,Fonkou, Theophile Institute of Forest Science 2020 Journal of forest and environmental science Vol.36 No.4

Diospyros mespiliformis is a highly valued and threatened tree species within the Sahelo-Sudanian zone of Africa, but its seed germination requirements under cultivation are not well researched. In a first experiment which aimed at determining germination response of seeds to dehydration, fresh seeds were dried at room temperature for 26 days during which their moisture content, their germinability, and their viability were monitored at two-day intervals. In the second experiment, 14 pre-germination treatments were tested for their effect on the germination of dried seeds. Results showed that fresh seeds had 52.7% moisture and achieved 97.7% germination. As seeds were dried, percentage germination gradually decreased with decreasing moisture content and reached 0% when moisture content had dropped to 18%. Meanwhile, seed viability remained at 100% over drying duration. Seeds that were not germinated after air dry also recorded 100% viability. The most effective treatment for inducing germination of dried seeds was scarification using 98% sulfuric acid for 30 min which resulted in 96.6% germination. This study reports for the first time in D. mespiliformis seeds a desiccation-induced dormancy which can be efficiently alleviated by acid scarification. This study provides useful information that will contribute to efficient management of D. mespiliformis seed resources for propagation.

등수국의 종자발아에 미치는 몇 가지 요인

조주성,정정학,김수영,이주영,이철희 한국자원식물학회 2014 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.27 No.5

This study was carried out to establish seed propagation method of Hydrangea petiolaris Siebold & Zucc., one of the specific and protected plant species for the floral region. Seed size ranged 1.36 × 0.84 ㎜, weight of thousand seeds was 2.3 ± 0.02 ㎎. Observation of seed morphology characters showed wrinkled surface and elliptical shape, indicating amber color and fine seeds. Moisture contents of seeds, increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment, recording maximum moisture contents (31.9%) after 48 hours. Percent germination of seeds was higher under the light than dark condition. Seed germination was the best at 25℃ under the light condition (78.0%) among temperature and light conditions treated. Percent germination, germination energy and T 50 was greatly improved by soaking in GA 3 solutions for 48 hours. Especially, 100∼ 500 ㎎·L -1 GA 3 treatment resulted in the highest germination rate as 90.0% and above. 본 연구는 식물구계학적 특정종 III 등급이며, 국외반출 시 승인이 필요한 보호종인 등수국의 종자 번식법을 개발하기 위해수행되었다. 종자의 크기는 1.36×0.84 ㎜이며, 1,000립 중은2.3 ± 0.02 ㎎이었다. 종자는 타원형으로 표면에 주름이 있었으며, 황색의 미립종자였다. 침지처리에 의해 종자의 함수율은 48시간 만에 3.9%에서 31.9%로 급속히 증가하여 최대 함수율을보였다. 온도 및 광조건에 따른 발아율은 25°C, 명조건에서 가장 높았으며(78.0%), GA3 용액에 48시간 처리함으로써 발아율,발아세 및 T50이 매우 향상되었다. 특히 GA3 처리구는 100∼500㎎·L⁻¹의 농도에서 발아율이 90.0% 이상으로 매우 우수였으며발아세와 T50을 무처리에 비해 향상시킬 수 있었으므로, GA3는등수국 종자의 발아력을 효과적으로 향상시킬 수 있는 적절한화학적 처리방법으로 판단되었다

Effect of germination and water absorption on scarification and stratification of kousa dogwood seed

조주성,이철희 한국원예학회 2018 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.59 No.3

Cornus kousa (kousa dogwood), used as a landscape tree and a source of food and medicine, is difficult to propagate from seeds owing to dormancy. The present study was conducted to develop an effective method of seed propagation and identify the seed dormancy type. Kousa dogwood seeds were classified as presenting physical dormancy (PY) and physiological dormancy (PD) from an immature embryo. Seeds were contained within an impermeable endocarp that conferred PY and had an undifferentiated embryo that grew and differentiated after scarification and cold moist stratification, leading to improved germination. To break PY + PD, four replicates of 50 seeds (3200 in total) for each treatment were prepared by scarification and cold moist stratification. These methods combined improved moisture absorption and germination more than either treatment alone. In particular, the addition of cold moist stratification treatment to scarified seeds could effectively induce embryo development. By contrast, untreated seeds showed low germination rate of less than 1% at 30 °C with continuous light. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at different concentrations and durations was used to uniformly wound the endocarp of seeds. Treatment with 80% H2SO4 for 10 min resulted in the highest germination rate (68.6%) and moisture content (65.7%), which were higher than those following polishing with a brushing machine for 5–40 min. Longer treatment with high concentrations of H2SO4 (80 and 100%) caused the acid to infiltrate the seed and inhibit germination by damaging internal tissues, while low concentrations (40 and 60%) did not affect germination rates even after treatment for more than 10 min. To obtain maximum germination, concentration and treatment duration of sulfuric acid should be carefully controlled.

Classification of dormancy types and breakout conditions in Reynoutria sachalinensis exhibiting seed dormancy polymorphism

김유진,박경태,장보국,Kwon Sung Pil,조주성 한국원예학회 2024 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.65 No.6

Reynoutria sachalinensis is an herbaceous plant that has gained attention as a promising functional ingredient in bio- health. However, information on the propagation of this plant remains limited, and information on the germination and dormancy characteristics of R. sachalinensis seeds native to Korea is yet to be established. This study aimed to determine the optimal method for breaking dormancy by classifying the dormancy types in R. sachalinensis seeds collected from Ulleungdo. Initial observations revealed that R. sachalinensis seeds exhibited water permeability and fully developed embryos. However, further investigation into seed dormancy was warranted due to the low germination percentage of less than 20%. To address this dormancy, a cold stratifi cation treatment lasting four weeks was employed, which confi rmed the presence of physiological dormancy (PD) in R. sachalinensis seeds. Additionally, prolonged after-ripening, without any special treatment, led to the loss of dormancy. Both treatments demonstrated that the dormancy of R. sachalinensis seeds could be overcome by alternative methods for non-germinated seeds. Accordingly, scarifi cation was used to treat seeds whose dormancy was broken by after-ripening, and all viable seeds germinated. Therefore, it is assumed that R. sachalinensis seeds have two types of PD—non-deep and intermediate, exhibiting polymorphism as an adaptive strategy to thrive in challenging environments. Through this study, the scope of industrial use can be expanded based on stable and uniform seedling production by establishing conditions that effi ciently break dormancy in R. sachalinensis seeds that exhibit polymorphism.

Dormancy-breaking and Germination of Chelidonium majus L. subsp. asiaticum H. Hara Seeds by Stratification and Gibberellins

Boran Ji(Boran Ji),Hayan Lee(Hayan Lee),Kyungtae Park(Kyungtae Park),Sang Yeob Lee(Sang Yeob Lee),Bo-Kook Jang(Bo-Kook Jang),In Hwan Chae(In Hwan Chae),Chung Youl Park(Chung Youl Park),Sung Pil Kwon(S 한국자원식물학회 2022 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.35 No.6

The demand for Chelidonium majus L. subsp. asiaticum H. Hara is expected to increase due to its pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, an effective propagation system for this species has not yet been established. This study was conducted to analyze the seed dormancy and germination characteristics of C. majus L. subsp. asiaticum H. Hara native to Korea and establish a mass propagation system. The dormancy type was primarily classified by analyzing the general information of the collected seeds. The seed dormancy breaking was investigated by comparing the effects of cold stratification (0, 2, 4, 8, 10, or 12 weeks) with warm stratification (S, summer temperature, 25/15°C) and intermediate temperature stratification (A, autumn temperature, 15/10°C) of alternating temperature stratification (S12-A4 or S12-A8 weeks). After dormancy break, 500 ㎎/L GA3 and GA4+7 treatment replaced cold stratification and improved seed germination. The results of this study are expected to provide basic data for future seed propagation and mass propagation by analyzing the dormancy and germination characteristics of C. majus L. subsp. asiaticum H. Hara seeds.

자생 산수국의 종자 발아와 유묘 생육 특성

이승연,김광진,이정식 한국화훼산업육성협회 2008 화훼연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 산수국의 종자번식에 관한 기초자료를 얻 고자 수행하였다. 종자를 11월 15일, 12월 30일, 그리 고 1월 23일 채취하여 파종한 결과 최종발아율이 각 각 90.0±4.16%, 84.4±5.52%, 그리고 88.9±2.40%로 휴 면성이 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 광, 온도조건에 따른 발아실험 결과 최적의 발아조건은 온도는 25oC이고, 광 은 명조건으로 판단되었다. 초장, 엽장, 줄기직경, 근 장, 근수, 생체중, 건물중, T/R율 공히 25/20oC의 주야 변온조건에서 가장 크거나 많았으나 25oC 항온조건과 큰 차이를 보이진 않았다. 15oC와 20oC의 비교적 저온에서 생육이 억제되었는데, 특히 T/R율이 낮아 지상 부의 생육이 더 억제된 것으로 판단되었다. 적색광은 유묘의 초장과 절간장의 신장을 촉진시켰다. 청색광 처 리구에서 총엽록소, 엽록소 a/b 및 카로티노이드함량이 가장 높게 나타났고 적색+청색광 조합처리가 그 다음 으로 높아 청색광이 포함된 광질 처리에서 함량이 더 높게 나타났다. 플러그 셀 수(50, 72, 128, 162, 200cell)에 따른 유묘의 생육실험결과 지상부의 생육은 50공 트레이에서 가장 좋았고 다음으로 72, 128공 순 이었으며 162공과 200공 간에는 유의적인 경향이 일 정하지 않았다. 대체로 셀의 부피가 큰(재식밀도가 낮 은) 트레이에서 자란 유묘의 잎이 컸다. This work aims to obtain basic information for seed propagation of Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata. The germination percentage of the seeds taken on 15 November, 30 December, and 23 January was 90.0±4.16%, 84.4±5.52%, and 88.9±2.40%, respectively. This suggest that seeds of Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata are non-dormant seeds. The optimum temperature for germination was 25oC and light was necessary. Most of the growth parameters (shoot and leaf length, stem diameter, root length, no. of roots, T/R ratio, and fresh and dry wts.) were significantly greater at 25/20oC and 25oC than at the other temperatures. Low T/R ratio at relatively cool temperatures (15 and 20oC) was caused by suppressed top growth. In light quality treatment, red light (RL) significantly enhanced stem elongation. The greatest photosynthetic pigments (total chl, chl a/b, and carotenoid) were observed in seedlings grown in blue light (BL), followed by seedlings grown in RL+BL. When blue light was added, higher pigment contents were found. Effect of plug cell size (50, 72, 128, 162 and 200 cells) on the growth of seedlings was investigated. The highest top growth was observed in seedlings grown in 50 cell trays, followed by seedlings grown in 72, 128, 162, and 200 cell trays. However, there was no significant differences between 162 and 200 cell trays. Especially, smaller size leaves were observed in seedlings grown in smaller cell trays (lower volume and high plant density).