호흡 제어에 따른 임피던스 심장도와 지첨용적맥파에 관한 연구

고영일 ( Young-il Ko ),박영배 ( Young-bae Park ),박영재 ( Young-jae Park ),이현수 ( Hyon-soo Lee ) 대한한의진단학회 2007 大韓韓醫診斷學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

Purpose: We performed this study to examine the effect of controlled respiration on cardiovascular system in healthy adult subjects using impedance cardiography and photo-plethysmography. Materials and Methods: This study had performed on 74 subjects, which were healthy men and women without a experience of respiration practice. Using the instruments for impedance cardiography and photoplethysmography, parameters of each subject had been measured after each controlled respirations which were natural respiration, controlled natural respiration (I:E=1.1.6), longer inspiration(I:E=3:3), and longer expiration(I:E=2:4). The measured parameters of impedance cardiography and photoplethysmography were processed statistically by one-way repeated ANOVA. Results: 1. HR and CI of impedance cardiography were decreased significantly during controlled respiration comparing with the result of basal state(the state of enough break). There was no significant difference among the results of controlled respiration. 2. PEP of impedance cardiography had no significant difference among the result of basal state and the results of controlled respiration(p=0.059). 3. VI of impedance cardiography had significant differences among the result of basal state and the results of controlled respiration, and decreased continuously through the controlled respiration. 4. b/a of photoplethysmography had no significant difference among the result of basal state and the results of controlled respiration(p=0.554). 5. c/a of photoplethysmography were decreased significantly during controlled respiration comparing with the result of basal state. There was no significant difference among the results of controlled respiration. 6. d/a of photoplethysmography had significant differences among the results of the controlled respiration decreasing continuously through the controlled respiration and had no significant difference between the result of basal state and the result of natural respiration. 7. AGI of photoplethysmography had significant differences among the result of basal state and the results of the controlled respiration increasing continuously through the controlled respiration. Conclusion: We had examined the effects of controlled respirations on cardiovascular system in multiple points of view. The effects of controlled respirations on cardiovascular system can`t be explained in a simple way, as the cardiovascular system is controlled by many factors. Therefore, more physiological parameters must be measured in the future study on the effect of the controlled respiration on human cardiovascular system.

Relationship of root biomass and soil respiration in a stand of deciduous broadleaved trees—a case study in a maple tree

이재석 한국생태학회 2018 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.42 No.4

Background: In ecosystem carbon cycle studies, distinguishing between CO2 emitted by roots and by microbes remains very difficult because it is mixed before being released into the atmosphere. Currently, no method for quantifying root and microbial respiration is effective. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between soil respiration and underground root biomass at varying distances from the tree and tested possibilities for measuring root and microbial respiration. Methods: Soil respiration was measured by the closed chamber method, in which acrylic collars were placed at regular intervals from the tree base. Measurements were made irregularly during one season, including high temperatures in summer and low temperatures in autumn; the soil’s temperature and moisture content were also collected. After measurements, roots of each plot were collected, and their dry matter biomass measured to analyze relationships between root biomass and soil respiration. Results: Apart from root biomass, which affects soil’s temperature and moisture, no other factors affecting soil respiration showed significant differences between measuring points. At each point, soil respiration showed clear seasonal variations and high exponential correlation with increasing soil temperatures. The root biomass decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the tree. The rate of soil respiration was also highly correlated exponentially with root biomass. Based on these results, the average rate of root respiration in the soil was estimated to be 34.4% (26.6~43.1%). Conclusions: In this study, attempts were made to differentiate the root respiration rate by analyzing the distribution of root biomass and resulting changes in soil respiration. As distance from the tree increased, root biomass and soil respiration values were shown to strongly decrease exponentially. Root biomass increased logarithmically with increases in soil respiration. In addition, soil respiration and underground root biomass were logarithmically related; the calculated root-breathing rate was around 44%. This study method is applicable for determining root and microbial respiration in forest ecosystem carbon cycle research. However, more data should be collected on the distribution of root biomass and the correlated soil respiration.

Relationship of root biomass and soil respiration in a stand of deciduous broadleaved trees-a case study in a maple tree

Lee, Jae-Seok The Ecological Society of Korea 2018 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.42 No.4

Background: In ecosystem carbon cycle studies, distinguishing between $CO_2$ emitted by roots and by microbes remains very difficult because it is mixed before being released into the atmosphere. Currently, no method for quantifying root and microbial respiration is effective. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between soil respiration and underground root biomass at varying distances from the tree and tested possibilities for measuring root and microbial respiration. Methods: Soil respiration was measured by the closed chamber method, in which acrylic collars were placed at regular intervals from the tree base. Measurements were made irregularly during one season, including high temperatures in summer and low temperatures in autumn; the soil's temperature and moisture content were also collected. After measurements, roots of each plot were collected, and their dry matter biomass measured to analyze relationships between root biomass and soil respiration. Results: Apart from root biomass, which affects soil's temperature and moisture, no other factors affecting soil respiration showed significant differences between measuring points. At each point, soil respiration showed clear seasonal variations and high exponential correlation with increasing soil temperatures. The root biomass decreased exponentially with increasing distance from the tree. The rate of soil respiration was also highly correlated exponentially with root biomass. Based on these results, the average rate of root respiration in the soil was estimated to be 34.4% (26.6~43.1%). Conclusions: In this study, attempts were made to differentiate the root respiration rate by analyzing the distribution of root biomass and resulting changes in soil respiration. As distance from the tree increased, root biomass and soil respiration values were shown to strongly decrease exponentially. Root biomass increased logarithmically with increases in soil respiration. In addition, soil respiration and underground root biomass were logarithmically related; the calculated root-breathing rate was around 44%. This study method is applicable for determining root and microbial respiration in forest ecosystem carbon cycle research. However, more data should be collected on the distribution of root biomass and the correlated soil respiration.

RSA분석과 자율신경기능을 평가하는 호흡주기 설정에 관한 연구

이상명,이성준,안재목,김점근,Lee, Sang-Myung,Lee, Sung-Jun,Ahn, Jae-Mok,Kim, Jeom-Keun 대한의용생체공학회 2007 의공학회지 Vol.28 No.4

Heart rate variability(HRV) is the clinical consequence of various influences of the autonomic nervous system(ANS) on heart beat. HRV can estimate the potential physiologic rhythm from the interval between consecutive beats(RR interval or HRV data), but cardiovascular system governed by ANS is in relation to respiration and autonomic regulation. It is known as RSA representing respiration-related HR rhythmic oscillation. Because the mechanism linking the variability of HR to respiration is complex, it has so far been unknown well. In this paper, we tried to evaluate 5-min RR interval segments under control of respiration in order to find out a proper respiration rate that can estimate the ANS function. 10 healthy volunteers were included to evaluate 5-min HRV data under 4 different respiration-controlled environments; 0.03Hz, 0.1Hz, 0.2Hz, and 0.4Hz respiration. HRV data were analyzed both in the frequency and the time domain, with cross-correlation coefficient(cross-coeff.) for HRV and respiration signal. The results showed maximum cross-coeff. of 0.84 at 0.1 Hz and minimum that of 0.16 at 0.4Hz respiration. Cross-coeff was decreased at a faster rate from 0.1Hz respiration. All mean SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50 of time domain measures were 108.7ms, 71.85ms, and 28.47%, respectively, and LF, HF, and TP of frequency domain measures were $12,722ms^2,\;658.8ms^2$, and $7,836.64ms^2$ at 0.1Hz respiration, respectively. In conclusion, 0.1Hz respiration was observed to be very meaningful from time domain and frequency domain analysis in relation to respiration and autonomic regulation of the heart.

주희(朱熹)의 양생을 위한 호흡법

심혜경,윤미라 한국체육철학회 2014 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The purpose of this study is the essential contemplation on the respiration method as a life-nurturing (養生) method for health by studying the respiration theory in the Tiaoxizhen (調息箴) authored by Zhuxi (朱熹), a theorist and thinker during the South Song (南宋) period. In Tiaoxizhen, Zhuxi theorizes the life activity of body and mind by respiration. This respiration theory has the historical significance big enough to be included in the ‘Jujiabiyongshilei’ (居家必用事類, an essential encyclopedia to be kept at home). In the Tiaoxizhen, Zhuxi explains respiration as a practice beyond the dimension of mind (心). Pranayama, which is a respiration method in yoga of India, is one of the two greatest systematic respiration methods together with the respiration method in China. Pranayama had been introduced into China in B.C. and became the origin of ‘tiaoxi’ (調息, controlled respiration while sitting still) in China. Meanwhile, Pranayama also had exchange with the respiration method in Taoism as a respiration method for life-nurturing. In Korea, the ‘Samilsingo’ is a unique Korean training method on mind and body; while the ‘tiaoxi’ respiration method can be also found in the ‘hwarang’ (花郞) system during the Shilla (新羅) period. This study explores the respiration method of Zhuxi, who established neo-Confucianism during Sung period, and the introduction process of respiration method in relation to Chinese medicine, Confucianism, Buddhism and Zen-Buddhism. It is hoped that this study would become an opportunity to find the modern value of the respiration method for the health of body and mind. 본 연구는 주희(朱熹)의「조식잠(調息箴)」호흡론을 통해 건강을 위한 양생법으로서의 호흡법에 대해 고찰해 봄으로서 호흡의 근원적 배경을 통한 양생호흡법을 알아보고 그에 따른 현대적 의의를 고찰해 보는데 목적이 있다. 중국 남송시대의 사상가 주희(朱熹)는 그의 저서『주문공문집(朱文公文集)』권85,「조식잠(調息箴)」에서의 호흡론을 통해 호흡에 대한 심신의 생명활동을 말하고 있는데, 이는 유·불·도를 아우르는 고대의 호흡법을 융합하여 글로써 구체화 한 것으로 『거가필용사류(居家必用事類)』의 사전에도 수록될 정도로 사적인 의의가 크다고 볼 수 있다.‘조식(調息)’은 있는 그대로의 숨을 조절하는 것인데, 중국 불교사에서 최초로 좌선의 법식을 확립했다고 일컬어지는 수대(隋代) 천태지의(天台智顗)는『천태소지관(天台小止觀)』에서 선정에 이르는 공부로서‘조식(調食)’,‘조수면(調睡眠)’,‘조신(調身)’,‘조식(調息)’,‘조신(調心)’의 다섯 가지 수양 단계를 설정하고‘조식(調息)’에 관해서도 상세하게 설명하고 있으며, 주희는 이러한 호흡법을 통해 몸과 마음의 양생의 효과를 거두고자 했다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이와같이 호흡은 생명사상의 근원임과 동시에 건강양생법으로 가장 기본으로 중시 되고 있으며, 동양과 서양에서는 호흡법을 이용한 다양한 형태의 건강 체조와 운동법이 각광 받고 있다. 현재 서양의 주목을 받고 있는 요가, 태극권, 선법(禪法) 등도 호흡법 중심의 대중적인 건강양생법이라고 할 수 있다.

토양호흡 간이 측정기를 이용한 광미와 산림토양의 질적 평가

김성철 ( S. C. Kim ),김유범 ( Y. B. Kim ),오세진 ( S. J. Oh ),이상필 ( S. P. Lee ),주진호 ( J. H. Joo ),양재의 ( J. E. Yang ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2011 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.23 No.4

Soil respiration is a key component of the global carbon cycle but limited research has been conducted to examine the biological parameters of soil quality. Thus, The objectives of this research were to develop a simple, easy, and cost-effective standard kit to assess soil respiration and to estimate correlation between soil properties and soil respiration. For the standard kit to assess soil respiration, an ideal reactive substance was selected based on pH range. Depending on color development of the gel containing the reactive substance, soil respiration state was rated representing:<45 mg/kg/day (dark green), 45-70 mg/kg/day (green), 70-140 mg/kg/day (yellowish green), 140-300 mg/kg/day (yellow),>300 mg/kg/day (orange). Soil samples collected from two different sites (tailing and forest soils) were investigated for chemical (pH1:1, EC1:1, total organic C, and Total nitrogen, Melich 3 extractable P, and Melich 3 extratable K) and biological (Microbial C, Microbial N, Potentially mineralizable N) properties and clustered by the standard kit for soil respiration. While soil respiration level of tailings measured with kit generally ranked Group I and II representing low or moderately low soil activity, forest soils were ranked Group III and IV representing medium and ideal soil activity. Among other physicochemical properties of soil, total organic carbon (ρ=0.81) for tailing and EC1:1 (ρ=0.87) for forest soil were the most correlated parameters with soil respiration. Within biological properties, Microbial mass C (ρ=0.86 for tailing and ρ=0.80 for forest soil) showed the most correlated parameter with soil respiration. Overall, soil respiration assessment kit might have a potential to be used as a tool for quality assessment of soil biological indicators.

강우 이벤트가 태화산 잣나무 식재림의 각 발생원별 CO2 발생량에 미치는 영향

서상욱,박성애,심규영,양병국,최은정,이재석,김태규 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.4

This study was conducted to find out the soil CO2 emission characteristic due to rain fall pattern and intensity changes. Using Automatic Opening and Closing Chambers (AOCCs), we have measured annual soil respiration changes in Pinus koraiensis plantation at Seoul National University experimental forest in Mt. Taehwa. In addition, we have monitored heterotrophic respiration at trenching sites (4×6 m). Based on the one year data of soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration, we observed that 24% of soil respiration was derived from root respiration. During the rainy season (end of July to September), soil respiration at trenching site and trenching with rainfall interception site were measure during portable soil respiration analyzer (GMP343, Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland). Surprisingly, even after days of continuous heavy rain, soil water content did not exceed 20%. Based on this observation, we suggest that the maximum water holding capacity is about 20%, and relatively lower soil water contents during the dry season affect the vital degree of trees and soil microbe. As for soil respiration under different rain intensity, it was increased about 14.4% under 10 mm precipitation. But the high-intensity rain condition, such as more than 10 mm precipitation, caused the decrease of soil respiration up to 25.5%. Taken together, this study suggests that the pattern of soil respiration can be regulated by not only soil temperature but also due to the rain fall intensity.

강우 이벤트가 태화산 잣나무 식재림의 각 발생원별 CO2 발생량에 미치는 영향

서상욱 ( Sang Uk Suh ),박성애 ( Sung Ae Park ),심규영 ( Kyu Young Shim ),양병국 ( Byeong Gug Yang ),최은정 ( Eun Jung Choi ),이재석 ( Jae Seok Lee ),김태규 ( Tae Kyu Kim ) 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.4

This study was conducted to find out the soil CO2 emission characteristic due to rain fall pattern and intensity changes. Using Automatic Opening and Closing Chambers (AOCCs), we have measured annual soil respiration changes in Pinus koraiensis plantation at Seoul NationalUniversity experimental forest in Mt. Taehwa. In addition, we have monitored heterotrophic respiration at trenching sites (4×6 m). Based on the one year data of soil respiration and heterotrophicrespiration, we observed that 24% of soil respiration was derived from root respiration. During the rainy season (end of July to September), soil respiration at trenching site and trenching with rainfall interception site were measure during portable soil respiration analyzer (GMP343, Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland). Surprisingly, even after days of continuous heavy rain, soil water content did not exceed 20%. Based on this observation, we suggest that the maximum water holdingcapacity is about 20%, and relatively lower soil water contents during the dry season affect the vital degree of trees and soil microbe. As for soil respiration under different rain intensity, it was increased about 14.4% under 10 mm precipitation. But the high-intensity rain condition, such as more than 10 mm precipitation, caused the decrease of soil respiration up to 25.5%. Taken together, this study suggests that the pattern of soil respiration can be regulated by not only soil temperature but also due to the rain fall intensity.

상수리나무림의 토양호흡에 대한 뿌리호흡의 기여

이규진 ( Kyu Jin Lee ),원호연 ( Ho Yeon Won ),문형태 ( Hyeong Tae Mun ) 한국환경생태학회 2012 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.26 No.5

공주 근교의 상수리나무림을 대상으로 단근처리 방법을 적용하여 토양호흡량에 대한 뿌리호흡량의 기여율을 파악하였다. 토양호흡구(control plot)와 미생물호흡구(trenched plot)를 설치하고 2011년 6월부터 2012년 5월까지 IRGA 토양호흡측정기를 사용하여 CO2발생량을 측정하였다. CO2발생량은 하절기에 증가한 후 동절기에 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구의 CO2발생량은 8월에 가장 높았으며, 이때 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구의 CO2발생량은 각각 1.345, 0.897g CO2 m-2 hr-1로 토양호흡구에 비해 미생물호흡구에서 33.31% 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). CO2발생량은 1월에 가장 낮았으며, 이때 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구에서 각각 0.097, 0.032g CO2 m-2 hr-1로 토양호흡구에 비해 미생물호흡구에서 67.01% 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01). 연간 CO2발생량은 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구에서 각각 4.320, 2.834㎏ CO2 m-2 yr-1로 나타났다. CO2발생량은 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구에서 토양온도와 높은 상관관계가 있었다. 토양호흡구와 미생물호흡구간의 CO2발생량 차이로 추정한 뿌리호흡량은 토양호흡량 중 약 34.40%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. A trenching method was used to determine the contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in Quercus acutissima forest in the vicinity of Gongju, Chungnam Province, Korea. CO2 efflux in soil respiration plot(Rcontrol, Rc) and microblal respiration plot(Rtrenched, Rt) in Q. acutissima forest were measured from June 2011 to May 2012 by using IRGA soil respiration analyzer. Seasonal CO2 efflux in Rc and Rt were higher in summer season than in winter season. In August, maximun CO2 efflux in Rc and Rt was 1.345 and 0.897 g CO2 m-2 hr-1, respectively. CO2 efflux in Rt was lower by 33.31% than that in Rc(P<0.05). In January, CO2 efflux in Rc and Rt was 0.097 and 0.032g CO2 m-2 hr-1, respectively. CO2 efflux in Rt was lower by 67.01% than that in Rc(P<0.01). The amount of annual CO2 efflux from Rc and Rt was 4.320, 2.834㎏ CO2 m-2 yr-1, respectively. There was a significant correlations between soil temperatures and soil respiration. Contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in this Q. acutissima forest was 34.40%.

잎갈나무조림지의 벌목지와 비벌목지의 토양호흡에 관한 연구

Kyu-Jin Lee(이규진),Hyeong-Tae Mun(문형태) 한국생명과학회 2010 생명과학회지 Vol.20 No.9

공주 근교의 일본잎갈나무 조림지에서 벌목이 이루어지지 않은 비벌목지를 대조구, 벌목이 이루어진 벌목지를 처리구로 설정하여 토양호흡과 호흡에 영향을 주는 토양온도, 토양수분을 2008년 5월부터 12월까지 2주 간격으로 측정하였다. 조사기간 동안 대조구와 처리구의 평균 토양온도는 각각 23.3±0.5℃, 25.9±3.1℃으로 처리구에서 높았으며, 토양수분은 각각 27.76±7.12%, 24.55±5.12%으로 처리구에서 낮게 나타났다. 토양호흡량은 봄부터 하절기로 이행함에 따라 증가한 후 동절기에 이르기까지 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 토양호흡과 토양온도와는 높은 상관관계(R²=0.8747)가 있었으나, 토양수분과는 유의성이 높지 않았다(R²=0.4437). 토양호흡량은 대조구와 처리구에서 모두 8월에 가장 높았으며, 이때 대조구와 처리구의 평균 토양호흡량은 각각 0.82±0.13, 1.32±0.10 CO₂gㆍm<SUP>-2</SUP>ㆍhr<SUP>-1</SUP>으로 나타났다. 대조구와 처리구에서 5월부터 12월까지 측정된 전체 호흡량은 각각 2,419.2, 3,610.8 CO₂gㆍm<SUP>-2</SUP>으로 대조구에 비해 처리구에서 49.3% 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 인위적인 삼림의 벌목은 토양호흡량을 증가시켜 대기 중의 이산화탄소를 증가시킬 것으로 판단된다. Quantification of the ecosystem respiration is essential in understanding the carbon cycling of natural and disturbed landscapes. Soil respiration and some environmental factors which affect soil respiration were investigated in a Larix leptolepis plantation inKongju, Korea. Soil respiration was measured at midday of the 15<SUP>th</SUP> and 30<SUP>th</SUP> day of every month from May to December in a non-cutting area (Control) and a cutting area (Treatment) with IRGA Soil Respiration Analyzer. Throughout the study period, average soil temperature and water content were 23.3±0.5℃ and 27.76±7.12% for control, and 25.9±3.1℃ and 24.55±5.12% for treatment, respectively. There was a positive correlation (R²=0.8905) between soil respiration and soil temperature in the study area. However, there was no significant correlation between soil respiration and soil moisture (R²=0.4437). The seasonal soil respiration increased in the summer and decreased in the winter. In August, maximum soil respirations in the control and treatment areas were 0.82±0.13 and 1.32±0.10 gCO₂ㆍ<SUP>-2</SUP>ㆍr<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively. Total amounts of CO₂ evolution in the control and treatment areas from May to December in 2008 were 2,419.2 and 3,610.8 CO₂ gㆍm<SUP>-2</SUP>, respectively. The amount of soil respiration in the treatment area was 49.3% greater than in the control. Increased soil respiration in the treatment area may be due to increased soil temperature, which drives increased microbial decomposition. According to our present investigation, forest cutting will increase the atmospheric CO₂ by increasing soil respiration.