한한중첩결구대비연구 ― 이보편공성위주

이영희 대한중국학회 2015 중국학 Vol.53 No.-

Reduplication is a important way to coumpound words. The two kinds of redupli cation in the Chinese and Korean. are namely morphological reduplication and pho nological reduplication. These two kinds of reduplications does not affect each oth er. Reduplication can be divided into total reduplication and partial reduplication, it 's found in every language,samely existent both in Chines and Korean. As well kn own, Korean basic word order has agglutinatiing languages, partial reduplication ha s a number of ways, but Chinese basic word order has isolating languages, redupli cation is very simple. senses of nouns reduplication includes plurality and distributi on. senses of verbs reduplication include continuity and repeat, senses of adjects r eduplication include affecton and derogatorysence/contempt. Other than the senses of adjects and adverbs reduplication include intensity. However, more attention sho uld be paid that partial reduplications comes from total reduplications.

한국어의 중첩현상과 단어형성

김옥영(Kim, Ok-young) 국어국문학회 2015 국어국문학 Vol.- No.172

‘중첩’이란 일정한 언어 단위의 전체 또는 부분을 되풀이하는 현상이다. 그런데 중첩의 본질은 언어 단위의 단순한 되풀이에 있는 것이 아니라 그것이 단어형성의 주요 방법 가운데 하나라는 데 있다. 이 논문에서는 강릉방언을 대상으로 중첩현상을 분석적으로 검토하여 ‘형성으로서의 중첩’을 논하고자 한다. 중첩현상에 대한 선행 연구는 크게 두 부류로 정리할 수 있다. 하나는 중첩어를 합성어로 분류하는 입장으로 다양한 언어 자료에 대한 분석적 접근을 중시하는 연구이며, 다른 하나는 운율형태론과 대응이론을 자료 분석의 배경으로 하여 중첩어를 중첩사 부가에 의한 일종의 파생으로 보는 입장이다. 이들 연구를 보완하기 위해서는 좀 더 거시적인 관점에서 ‘중첩현상’과 ‘단어형성법’의 관련성 문제를 논의해야 한다. 선행 연구를 참고하여 이 논문에서 핵심적으로 주장한 내용은 세 가지이다. 첫째, 전체중첩은 다수의 언어 자료에서 볼 수 있는 매우 전형적인 중첩 방식이며 그 문법구성만 본다면 합성어로 분석할 가능성도 있다. 둘째, 일상생활에서 활발하게 실현되는 방식은 아니지만 부분중첩 또한 중첩에 포함된다. 그런데 중첩의 전반적인 양상과 한국어의 특징을 고려해 볼 때 부분중첩을 접사 첨가나 합성어로 처리하는 것은 타당한 분석이라 할 수 없다. 셋째, 중첩현상의 본질은 반복이라는 형성 원리를 통해 새로운 단어를 생성하는 데 있다. 따라서 중첩어는 파생이나 합성이 아닌 단어형성법으로서의 ‘중첩’으로 설명해야 한다. Reduplication is a phenomenon in which the total or part of a linguistic unit is repeated. In this paper, taking Gangneung dialect material as a research subject, it is emphasized that reduplication is a one method of word formation to create new words. Reduplication phenomena can be classified into two types; total reduplication and partial reduplication. In total reduplication, entire word is repeated. For example, ‘gadalgaldal’ is a repetition of an entire simple form ‘gadal’. In contrast, partial reduplication is a repetition of only part of the word. Syllable of simple form can be transformed in this case, e.g., ‘adungbadung, kkoreureuk, tturururu’. But preceding research on these reduplication phenomena seems to be divided into two extremes. First, corpus centered approach can be summarized as follows; various and rich materials, type classification of reduplication, repetitive compound and etc. On the other hand, theory centered approach can be summarized as follows; Prosodic Morphology, Correspondence Theory, and addition of reduplicant. Limitations of these approaches are that they don’t deal with a macroscopic question of relevance between reduplication phenomena and word formation. The main arguments of this paper are the following three. First, total reduplication is a typical reduplication type, and is the word formation method that is very productively applied to a large number of linguistic materials. It can be included in compound due to grammar structure. Second, partial reduplications like ‘koreureuk, tturururu’ are not typical, by standards of productivity of formation method, effect of expressions and etc. Also the perspectives that view this type as derivation by addition of reduplicant or compounding can’t get the features of Korean. Third, the principle of repetition phenomenon that can be seen in the linguistic materials should be explained not by the derivation or compounding, but by the reduplication as word formation.

중첩과 단어형성

송정근(Song, Jung-Keun) 한국언어문학회 2020 한국언어문학 Vol.114 No.-

This study classified the types of Korean reduplication into phonological reduplication and morphological reduplication, and examined the function of reduplication in word formation according to the type of reduplication. Morphological reduplication in which language units with meaning is deeply related to the formation of compound words. In particular, in Korean, onomatopoeia, mimicry, and roots overlap a lot. After reduplication, Korean onomatopoeia and mimic words are combined with ‘-hada(하다)’ and ‘-keorida(거리다)’ to form a derivative verb. The stem of an adjective is a compound root form that overlap after change and becomes a derivative adjective, which has the meaning of emphasizing the target state or attribute. On the other hand, phonological reduplication, which is an reduplication of units whose meaning cannot be confirmed, cannot be analyzed any more, so it is related to the formation of a single word. Phonological reduplication is an reduplication of language units that do not have meaning, but it was considered that even units without meaning can express repetition or continuity through reduplication. Phonological reduplication which is related with sensory expression is understood to exert an expressive function that accurately mimics the sound or state of the natural world, and words that show phonological reduplication can be seen as being created as reduplication when words are formed in the first place.

Aspects of Partial Reduplication in English

조형묵 한국언어연구학회 2013 언어학연구 Vol.18 No.3

Reduplication is the morphological process in which some phonological material is duplicated. There are several types of reduplication in English, including partial reduplication, deprecative reduplication, contrastive reduplication and intensive reduplication. In this paper, however, our attention is confined to partial reduplication in English that includes ablaut type reduplication, rhyme type reduplication and copy type reduplication. Within the area of partial reduplication, this paper first attempts to address the issue of the morphological nature of the partial reduplication process in English. That is, this paper investigates whether the partial reduplication process in English is affixation or compounding. Discussing the traits of most compound structures in English, this paper contends that English partial reduplication could be considered as prosodic affixation occurring in level 2. Secondly, this paper discusses the issue of identifying the base in English partial reduplication structures. On the basis of the examination of the previous proposals, this paper suggests that there be no process to identify the base of the reduplicative structure in English. Since a number of English reduplication structures consist of the parts that can not be regarded as real lexical words, this paper suggests that, as in Minkova (2002), there be no identification of the base.

한국어에서 중첩의 유형 분류와 기능 분석

박종후 ( Jong Hoo Park ) 연세대학교 언어정보연구원(구 연세대학교 언어정보개발원) 2013 언어사실과 관점 Vol.32 No.-

Reduplication is a universal method of word formation that can be seen frequently in all languages of the world. But particularly in the Pacific Rim languages, which include Korean, there are numerous reduplicated words that are actively used. The aim of this study is to classify types and analyze functions of reduplication in Korean. Reduplication in Korean is classified into three types: whole reduplication; partial reduplication; and affix interposition reduplication. Whole reduplication is further divided into same-phone reduplication and similar-phone reduplication. Functions of reduplication in Korean are analyzed according to part of speech. Noun reduplication has among its functions ``making an adverb or the root of a word``, ``plural[ity]``, ``emphasis``. Adverb reduplication includes ``making a mimetic word``, ``emphasis``, and ``continuity``. Verb reduplication has the functions of ``making an adverb or the root of a word or a mimetic word``. Finally, adjective reduplication`s functions include ``making an adverb or a mimetic word`` and ``emphasis``.

영어의 중첩현상: 분류와 특징들

조형묵 韓國交通大學校 2013 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.48 No.-

Reduplication is the phonological repetitions of segmental materials triggered by a morphological source (Raimy 2011) and it is found in a quite lot of languages with various types and uses. The reduplication forms are composed of at least two linguistic forms, the base and reduplicant and the part that copies the base is called reduplicant. This paper discusses the classification and features of the reduplication constructions in English. In addition to total (echo) reduplication, ablaut reduplication, and rhyme reduplication which are frequently found in English, English reduplication constructions include multiple partial reduplication, deprecative reduplication, intensive reduplication and contrastive reduplication. As to the features of reduplication constructions in English, it is explained that ablaut reduplication and rhyme reduplication in English have the characteristics of positing perceptually maximally distinct segments in their first half and second half. Semantically, the reduplication constructions in English have the various meanings of disparaging, emphasis, quality, description and it is shown that the meaning of quality is most prevalent in the reduplication constructions in English.

할하 몽골어의 메아리중첩

송재목 한국몽골학회 2018 몽골학 Vol.0 No.52

Khalkha Mongolian has three different reduplication processes: partial reduplication, total reduplication and echo reduplication. This paper describes phonological and morphological properties of echo reduplication in Khalkha Mongolian. Echo reduplication in Khalkha Mongolian copies the base and inserts one of the fixed consonants /m, z, s, š, t/ into the initial onset position of the reduplicative morpheme, expressing ‘X (the base) and the like’. The consonant /m/ is the most common candidate as a fixed consonant. Since echo reduplication avoids having the same phonological string in the base and the reduplicant, the reduplicant does not choose a consonant which appears in the initial onset position of the base. Depending on the base, the reduplicative morpheme can have more than one candidate as a fixed consonant, which can result in multiple echo reduplication forms for a base. This is the most productive among the three Mongolian reduplications. It applies to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. When a verb is echo-reduplicated in Mongolian, the base and the reduplicative morpheme are always linked by the connective suffix -j, which is attached to the base. Mongolian exhibits stem-initial onset simplification in some loanwords. Stem-initial consonant clusters may be reduced into a single fixed consonant in the reduplicative morpheme. While stem-initial consonant clusters like /st, sk, sp/ are always simplified, being replaced by a fixed consonant, clusters like /gl, kl, kr, kn, pr, sl, tr/ may or may not be simplified. Either the clusters can be replaced as a whole by a fixed consonant or only the first consonant of them can be replaced. Mongolian echo reduplication may simplify the light diphthong of the first nucleus of the stem, dropping its first element, though it does not change a long vowel or a heavy diphthong in the reduplicative morpheme. When echo reduplication is applied to a verb or noun in Mongolian, it copies derivational affixes in the base but not inflectional affixes. In this sense, we can say that echo reduplication in Mongolian is not word or root reduplication, but stem reduplication.

Three Cross-linguistic Tendencies in Reduplication Revised

탁진영 세종대학교 언어연구소 2007 Journal of Universal Language Vol.8 No.2

This paper examines how three languages (i.e., Chichewa, Sesotho, Agta) comply with three cross-linguistic tendencies in reduplication (i.e., Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity discussed by Kager (19) from the perspective of Typology. Considering that Chichewa is characterized as total (i.e., stem) reduplication, Sesotho as bisyllabic reduplication, and Agta as closed-syllable reduplication, this paper is to shows that there is a conflict among these three universal tendencies in reduplication. For example, Unmarkedness, conspiring a reduplicant to a bisyllabic reduplicative template (Kager 1999), cannot account for the occurrence of stem reduplication. In the same sense, Identity supports the occurrence of stem reduplication. A closed-syllable reduplicative template in Agta violates the Unmarkedness and Identity tendencies. Given these observations, in this paper a language-specific tendency preference mechanism with respect to Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity is proposed to account for the occurrence of these three 106 Three Cross-linguistic Tendencies in Reduplication Revised types of reduplication. Although the three languages seem to display three different reduplication patterns, three cross-linguistic tendencies in reduplication may be well-kept in these languages by adopting the tendency preference mechanism specific to a language.

언어유형론적 관점에 입각한 중국 사천(四川)방언 동사 중첩의 형식 및 의미에 대한 연구

쉬리 ( Xuli ) 한국중국언어학회 2017 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.73

本文对四川方言的动词重叠, 特别是四川方言动词重叠的语法格式和语义进行了较为详尽的分析。在此基础上, 本文主要采用跨方言和跨语言的对比分析, 从类型学视角考察了四川方言的动词重叠式的语法格式和语法含义是否具有普遍性。通过考察, 本文得出以下结论: 第一, 从语法格式上看, 四川方言的动词重叠不存在‘单一重叠’, 只存在必须添加某種附加成分的‘複合重叠’。另外, 四川方言的语义一般体现为‘动量的增加’, 并且有逐渐向虚化语义扩张的倾向。 第二, 本文认为动词重叠的形式可以分为‘单一重叠’, ‘複合重叠’以及二者共存的‘混合重叠’, 而四川方言只具备‘複合重叠’的这一特征, 属於個别语言的特點, 不具有普遍性。 第三, 本文认为动词重叠的语义可以分为‘象似性语义类’和‘非象似性语义类’, 四川方言重叠主要表示‘动量的增加’的这一特點可以说不是個别语言的特點, 而是具有廣泛的普遍性。 This paper analyzes verb reduplication in Sichuan Dialect vividly, especially the grammatical form and grammatical meaning. On the basis of that, This paper tries to explore whether the grammatical form and grammatical meaning of verb reduplication in Sichuan Dialect have Language universality or not from the viewpoint of a linguistic typological approach. First, In terms of grammatical form of verb reduplication, there is no ‘single reduplication’, but only ‘compound reduplication’ which commonly be added with some complement in Sichuan Dialect. In addition, The grammatical meaning of verb reduplication in Sichuan Dialect generally embodies the increase of quantity of action, and has the trend which is expanding to semantic bleaching. Second, This paper categorizes the grammatical form of verb reduplication into three types: single reduplication, compound reduplication and multiple reduplication. The characteristic which has only compound reduplication in Sichuan Dialect should regarded as distinguishing feature, not a kind of language universal. Third, This paper categorizes the grammatical meaning of verb reduplication into two types: iconic reduplication and re-iconic reduplication. The characteristic of that grammatical meaning of verb reduplication in Sichuan Dialect generally embodies the increase of quantity of action is a kind of language universal.

의사(疑似) 반복 합성어의 유형과 형성

정철주 ( Chul Ju Jeong ) 대구가톨릭대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.26

Korean compound word has a repetition compoud word and it classified into standard repetition compoud word and pseudo repetition compoud word. Most of the pseudo repetition compoud word are onomatopoeia. As in other languages, Korean onomatopoeia , complete reduplication involves copying of the entire base. This is illustrated by adjective roots, verb roots as well as adverbs. Reduplication is the repetition of some part of the base as a morphological process. Especially this is illustrated by adverbs as well as root reduplication. An important idea to bear in our minds is that reduplication is a mechanism of deriving new lexemes in natural languages. This happens because segments(reduplicants), whether complete or partial reduplication, become part and parcel of the roots to which they are attached. Though there are similarities in the patterns of reduplication in Korean language, the reduplicative processes involve the commonest complete reduplication, partial reduplication. Complete reduplication compound can be classified into Adverb doubling reduplication and Roots doubling reduplication. Roots doubling reduplication classfied into verb roots doubling reduplication and adjective roots doubling reduplication. In this paper, this is assumed to be an indicator that reduplication is not a narrow subject matter of discussion as it may apper in the definition rather it is a complex word formation process. A reduplication construction has two daughters that are featurally identical. A number of constructions require semantic identity, semantic similarity. with adverbs, verb roots, adjective roots, repetitive compound may be used to denote a number of things such as number(plurality, distribution) tense, aspect(continued or repeated occurrence), intensity.