사이코패스의 범죄충동과 통제이론 -사이코패스의 특이성과 통제이론적 접근의 한계-

안성조 ( Seong Jo Ahn ) 한국경찰법학회 2008 경찰법연구 Vol.6 No.1

Today, Psychopath is well known to our society for its sensational crimes, for example, its horrible serial killing without mercy. Generally psychopath is different from psycho, because the former could know the meaning and result of his own behaviour, so to speak, the right and wrong unlikely to the latter. So most people think that psychopath criminals should be sentenced to imprisonment or death penalty just as non-psychopath criminals. Moreover, they argue that the psychopath repeat offender should be punished gravely. But is it right treatment that psychopath should be punished gravely or samely just as non-psychopath criminals? Generally, psychopath has no self-control ability to suppress the impulse to crime. At this point, the Control Theory which sets forth as a premise that all men could commit a crime and the absence of self-control ability to suppress the impulse to crime is the cause of crime, might explain the mechanism of committing a crime of psychopath. But this essay argues that the Control Theory cannot apply to psychopath directly because it was designed to explain cause of committing or suppressing a crime of non-psychopathic, namely normal criminal. There are so may Control Theories such as Abert J. Reiss`s control theory, Ivan Nye`s social control theory, Walter Reckless`s containment theory, David Matza`s neutalization theory and drift theory, Travis Hirshci`s social control theory, and general theory of crime, etc. Among them, Abert J. Reiss`s control theory and Ivan Nye`s social control theory could not apply to psychopath, their premise that social control can suppress the impulse to crime is not applicable to psychopath, because psychopath has no conscience to internalize the social rules. Also the Walter Reckless`s containment theory, Travis Hirshci`s social control theory, and general theory of crime are not applicable to psychopath because, they focus on social bonds and family`s attachment as causes of suppressing the impulse to crime, but psychopath has been proved to be free from the elements of social bonds. In conclusion, different ways of criminal policy should be set up, for psychopath is different from other normal non-psycopathic criminals in personality.

범죄형 사이코패스와 성공한 사이코패스

한정선(Jung-Sun Han) 감리교신학대학교 2020 신학과세계 Vol.- No.99

우리는 사이코패스들이라면 연쇄살인범, 강간범, 폭탄테러범들을 연상하지만, 사이코패스 가운데에는 범죄형 사이코패스, 성공한 사이코패스 및 일반인 사이코패스도 있다. 사이코패스를 선별하는 방법에는 로버트 헤어(Robert Hare)의 PCL-R이 있고, 또 일반인 사이코패스를 선별하는 방법에는 로버트 헤어와 그의 동료들이 PCL-R을 변형해서 만든 PCL: SV가 있다. 그리고 우리 모두에게는 사이코패스의 성향이 존재하며, 이 가운데 일부만이 ‘사이코패스 지대’에서 산다고 보아야 한다. 그래서 특정 직업군에서 거기에 맞는 사이코패스의 성향이 높다면 훌륭한 직업인이 나온다. 사이코패스는 다양한 원인에 의해 결정된다. “유전자, 가족환경, 교육, 지성, 기회에 의해 결정되며, 그리고 이런 요소들이 어떻게 상호작용하는가”에 따라서 사이코패스의 가부가 결정된다. 그러나 우리는 100여년의 임상연구에도 불구하고, 사이코패스 개념이 아직까지 혼동되고 있으며, 사이코패스의 비밀도 다 밝혀지지는 않았다고 보아야 하며, 전문가가 아닌 사람들이 사이코패스 성향이 다분히 있는 사람을 향해서 섣불리 사이코패스라는 낙인을 찍지도 말아야 한다. 이 논문 2장에서는 사이코패스 개념을 PCL-R과 PCL: SV 및 범죄형 사이코패스와 성공한 사이코패스를 통해서 살펴본다. 3장에서는 사이코패스의 개념의 혼동성과 다양한 의미를 살펴보고, 4장에서는 사이코패스를 일으키는 원인중의 하나인 진화생물학적·유전적 특성을 살펴보고, 5장에서는 ‘사도 바울은 사이코패스인가?’를 다룬다. 그리고 6장의 맺는 말에서는 ‘사이코패스는 치유 가능한가?’와 함께 필자의 논의를 정리할 것이다. We associate psychopaths with serial killers, rapists and bombers, but among psychopaths there are also successful psychopaths and ordinary psychopaths. PCL-R made by Robert Hare is a method of screening psychopaths, and PCL: SV made by transforming PCL-R by Robert Hare and his colleagues is a method of screening ordinary psychopaths. And we all have psychopathic traits, and only a few of them live in the psychopathic zone. So, if we have a high propensity for psychopaths in a specific occupational group, we will find a good professional. Psychopaths are determined by various causes such as genes, family environment, education, intelligence, and opportunities. And how these factors interact will determine whether or not the person is a psychopath. However, despite over 100 years of clinical research, the concept of psychopaths is still confused, and the secrets of psychopaths have not been revealed. Non-professionals should not brand people who appear to have a strong psychopathic tendencies as psychopaths. Chapter 2 of this paper reveals the concept of psychopath through PCL-R, PCL: SV, criminal psychopath, and successful psychopath. Chapter 3 looks at the confusion and various meanings of the concept of psychopath. Chapter 4 examines the genetic features of evolutionary biology which are one of the causes of psychopaths. Chapter 5 deals with whether the apostle Paul is a psychopath. And in the concluding Chaper 6, I review with my statements whether psychopaths can be cured.

사이코패스에 관한 대중의 인식과 두려움

박지선 대한범죄학회 2014 한국범죄학 Vol.8 No.2

The present study investigated people's perception of psychopaths, whether it is consistent with the actual characteristics of psychopaths, and how it influences people's fear of crime. The results of the present study are as follows. First, people estimated that 23.4% of criminals and 7.1% of non-criminals could be considered to be psychopaths. Also, Young-chl Yoo, Ho-sun Kang, and Wonchoon Oh turned out to be the criminals that people first think of when asked about psychopaths. Furthermore, among the 20 criteria of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised(PCL-R), ‘Failure to accept responsibility for own actions', 'Lack of remorse of guilt', and ‘Callous/lack of empathy’ turned out to be the characteristics of psychopath that are considered to be the most typical of psychopaths. On the while, 'Many short-term marital relationships', 'Glibness/superficial charm', and 'Revocation of conditional release', which are the actual criteria of PCL-R, were considered not to be related to psychopaths. In addition, the type of crime that was considered to be most related to psychopaths was serial murder. Moreover. body mutilation turned out to be considered as Modus Operandi(M/O) that is the most related to psychopaths. People believe that reading media coverages on psychopaths worsens the fear of crime, and that, at the same time, media coverages on psychopaths do not help preventing crime. Finally, limitations of the present study are discussed and suggestions for future research are made. 본 연구에서는 사이코패스와 그 특성에 대한 대중의 인식에 대해 조사하고, 사람들이 가지고 있는 인식이 실제 사이코패스의 특성과 일치하는지를 살펴보며, 이러한 인식이 대중이 가지고 있는 범죄에 대한 두려움에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 우선 응답자들은 평균적으로 범죄자들 가운데 사이코패스의 비율을 23.4%, 일반인들 가운데 사이코패스의 비율을 7.1% 정도로 추정하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 ‘사이코패스’라는 단어를 들었을 때 사람들이 가장 먼저 떠올리는 범죄자는 유영철, 강호순, 오원춘의 순으로 나타났다. 더불어, 연쇄살인범 유영철을 사이코패스라고 생각하는 사람들의 비율이 88.2%로 압도적으로 많은 수를 차지하였고, 강호순(87.6%)이나 화성 연쇄 살인범(73.7%)의 경우에도 응답자의 3분의 2 이상이 이들을 사이코패스라고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사이코패스 진단 기준(PCL-R)의 20가지 문항 가운데, 응답자들은 ‘자신의 행동에 대한 책임을 느끼지 못함’과 ‘후회나 죄책감 결여’, ‘냉담함 혹은 공감능력의 결여’가 사이코패스와 가장 연관성이 높은 특성이라고 생각하는 것으로 드러났다. 반면, 20가지 중 일부 문항(‘입심 좋음 혹은 피상적 매력’, ‘여러 번의 단기 혼인관계’, ‘조건부 가석방의 취소’ 등)은 실제 사이코패스 진단 기준에 해당함에도 불구하고, 응답자들이 사이코패스와는 관련성이 없다고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로, 응답자들이 사이코패스와 가장 연관성이 높은 것으로 생각하는 범죄 유형은 연쇄 살인, 묻지마 범죄, 무동기 범죄의 순인 것으로 나타났다. 더불어, 범행 수법에 있어서는 시신 훼손, 시신 유기, 범행 계획, 피해자 탈의, 성범죄의 순으로 사이코패스와 가장 연관성이 높다고 생각하는 것으로 드러났다. 마지막으로, 1주일 동안 응답자들이 평균적으로 보는 사이코패스 관련 기사 수는 3.1건으로 나타났다. 그런데 사이코패스 관련 기사에 대하여 응답자들의 대부분이, 범죄에 대한 불안감은 증가되고 범죄 감소나 예방에는 오히려 도움이 되지 않는다고 생각하는 것으로 드러났다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 한계점과 후속 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

사이코패스에 관한 대중의 인식과 두려움

박지선 ( Ji Sun Park ) 대한범죄학회 2014 한국범죄학 Vol.8 No.2

The present study investigated people”s perception of psychopaths, whether it is consistent with the actual characteristics of psychopaths, and how it influences people”s fear of crime. The results of the present study are as follows. First, people estimated that 23.4% of criminals and 7.1% of non-criminals could be considered to be psychopaths. Also, Young-chl Yoo, Ho-sun Kang, and Wonchoon Oh turned out to be the criminals that people first think of when asked about psychopaths. Furthermore, among the 20 criteria of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised(PCL-R), “Failure to accept responsibility for own actions”, “Lack of remorse of guilt”, and “Callous/lack of empathy” turned out to be the characteristics of psychopath that are considered to be the most typical of psychopaths. On the while, “Many short-term marital relationships”, “Glibness/superficial charm”, and “Revocation of conditional release”, which are the actual criteria of PCL-R, were considered not to be related to psychopaths. In addition, the type of crime that was considered to be most related to psychopaths was serial murder. Moreover. body mutilation turned out to be considered as Modus Operandi(M/O) that is the most related to psychopaths. People believe that reading media coverages on psychopaths worsens the fear of crime, and that, at the same time, media coverages on psychopaths do not help preventing crime. Finally, limitations of the present study are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.

Psychopath: 반사회적 성격의 현황과 공감발달의 기독교적 접근

임윤희 한국기독교상담심리학회 2009 한국기독교상담학회지 Vol.18 No.-

The function of emotions is an important factor to determining one’s mental health. When one’s emotional disturbance leads to violation of the law and harmful actions towards others, one needs a special attention and care. The frequent news reports on serial killers astonish people. People wonder what makes the killer repeat such brutal behavior. They are shocked by the report that those criminals feel nothing for their victims. Psychopath is one of the personality disorders that is related to antisocial behaviors. Research found that there was a strong overlapping relationship between psychopath and violent criminals. There are different aspects of understanding the cause of psychopath. Researchers have made efforts to understand psychopath from the various perspectives. However, there is no specific treatment that has been provided This study pursues to examine psychopath from the Christian viewpoint. In order to do that, this paper includes general characteristics of psychopath first. After that, studies on etiology and treatment of psychopath will be examined. Since studies indicated that a deficit of empathy is one of the causes of criminal behavior of psychopath, this study presents the various ways of understanding empathy; biological, psychological, and biblical. Next, from the perspective of empathy, the writer will re-examine the cause and treatment of psychopath. Finally, some practical guidelines of treatment from the Christian viewpoint will be shown.

THE CONCEPT OF ‘IDENTITY’ AS A UNIT OF PSYCHOPATHY

Jieun Lee 한양대학교 법학연구소 2015 Hanyang Journal of Law Vol.2 No.-

Albeit great progress in psychopathy research, the traditional approach in which the entity is regarded as a unit of psychopathy leads current research on psychopathy to a limited study. By excluding those who show psychopathic traits only in certain situations, psychopath theory cannot cope with the new kind of psychopathic aspect in criminology. For example, psychopath theory could not be applied to online offenders who behave in an extremely violent and aggressive way only in cyberspace. It is because they are not showing the psychopathic trait in real life, although the psychopathic trait should be ‘stable across time and consistent across situation’ in order to validate the basic condition of personality disorders defined by American Psychiatric Association. Thus, this article attempts to re-conceptualize psychopathy by introducing the concept of ‘identity’ as a unit of psychopathy, which premises multiple identities in an entity. Many studies on identity have demonstrated each individual can have a ‘repertoire of identities’ and the identity salience varies according to the social context unlike the assumption of the traditional psychopath theory that each entity has only one identity. Under this new approach, online offenders, whose psychopathic trait of their online identities is stable across time and consistent, can be included in the category of psychopath. It is not simply a question of abstract concept, psychopathy unit, but also involves pragmatic considerations such as etiology, treatment and legal issue. Conceptualization of identity may be another challenging job, but the existing discourse of identity in philosophy, psychology and sociology will aid to constitute the concept of identity from the criminological viewpoint.

사이코패스에 대한 형사정책적 접근

김진혁(Kim, Jin-Hyeok) 한국범죄심리학회 2014 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.10 No.1

최근 강력범죄를 유발시키는 주요 원인으로 알려진 사이코패스에 대한 관심과 연구는 과거 어느 때보다 크다고 할 것이다. 그에 비해서 사이코패스에 대한 개념의 명확한 정립이나 정밀한 진단 나아가 이들에 대한 형사정책적인 고려와 대응은 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이를 위해서는 우선적으로 사이코패스 진단도구의 보완과 함께 뇌ㆍ신경과학의 도움을 받아 정밀하고 과학적인 진단능력을 보유해야 한다. 이러한 바탕 아래 사이코패스 진단자료를 형사정책적으로 적극 활용하여야 한다. 사이코패시로 인한 책임능력 문제도 긍정적으로 반영될 필요가 있다. 이는 중증의 사이코패스에 대해 공정한 사법적 대우를 받도록 함과 동시에 치료가 되지 않는다면 사법시스템의 지속적 관리 아래 둠으로써 사회안전을 강화하는 방안이 될 수 있다. 사이코패스는 일반적으로 인식하고 있는 개선불가능한 흉악범죄자만 있는 것은 아니다. 사이코패시 증상의 정도는 다양한 스펙트럼 하에 존재하므로 현재와 같은 방치는 이들의 그러한 성향을 오히려 심화시키는 측면이 있다. 때문에 우리는 이것을 하나의 질환으로 인정하고 사이코패스 치료 교도소 설립 등 전문적 치료ㆍ처우 프로그램을 마련할 필요가 있다. 더 나아가서 사이코패스를 양성하는 사회문화적 요인을 제거하고 가정과 학교에서 애정 어린 양육과 함께 이상성을 보이는 아동을 조기에 식별하여 교육할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하여야 할 것이다. The interest and study of psychopath which has been known for a main cause that triggers the recent violent crimes are getting more attention than ever before. However, a clear definition of psychopath and its precise diagnosis, and further criminal policy consideration and countermeasures have not been accompanied. First of all, along with the improvement of psychopath diagnostic tool, the precise and scientific diagnostic ability with the help of brain science and neuroscience should be equipped. Based on the circumstance, the diagnostic materials of psychopath should be actively utilized for criminal policy. A responsible ability caused by psychopathy needs to be reflected positively. A fair legal treatment for severe psychopaths should be carried out and at the same time they should be put into a legal system in case that there is no medical improvement, which can be a measure to strengthen social safety. In addition, it is acknowledged that as the degree of psychopath symptom exists under a diverse spectrum, the current negligence worsens psychopath disposition. Therefore, we should admit psychopathy as a disease and need to establish a professional treatment program such as establishing a prison for treating psychopath. Furthermore, it is needed to eliminate social and cultural factors cultivating psychopath and construct a system to early find out and educate children who show abnormal disposition in home and school, along with affectionate nurturing.

사이코페스 수형자를 위한 교정프로그램 제안

홍성열 한국교정학회 2009 矯正硏究 Vol.- No.43

The societal concern about psychopath is more and more creasing due to the brutally and cruelly criminal accidents which have appeared in recent time. However Many persons seem to be lack in understanding what psychopath is. Psychopath is who tell habitually a lie, is difficult to empathize other's anguish and don't feel responsibility about own behaviors to harm others. One of problems related to these person is we can not differentiate to these persons compared to others because psychopath is not an insane and so they are living with us in societies, groups and families as normal persons. We can frequently meet such persons around us. Therefore, our livings with them are not special. In the light that point, the prisoners can be high in possibility of psychopaths because they are criminals who very often told a lie, hurt and raped others. The behavioral tendency of them is consistent to ones of psychopaths. Therefore the educational programs for psychopath are essential to prisoners. However, the programs that are currently being progressed have been placed out of such realms. This study suggests the necessity of the methods for prisoners's behavior change by the programs through the repeated exercises rather than ones by mental educations through pastors, monks, and other religious persons. The examples of such ones are the a foot-in-the door, the low-ball technique. role-playing, presentation about cases which had experienced in the past and the like. Such programs has been not carried by correctional systems and don't even feel the importance of them. If those programs are accepted by the policy makers. we will see a big turning point at the field. 사회에서 발생되는 잔인한 범죄사건으로 인해서 사이코페스에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 그러나 그에 대한 이해가 부족하다. 사이코페스에 의한 범죄라고 하면, 세상을 떠들썩하게 하는 큰 범죄를 연상한다. 그러나 사이코페스는 타인을 구타하지 않아도 거짓말을 상습적으로 하는 행동도 포함된다. 그런 측면에서 보면, 사이코페스는 우리 주위에 흔히 존재하는 특별한 존재가 아니다. 그런 추리는 수형자에게도 관련된다. 일면으로 생각하면, 수형자들 중에 사이코페스가 다른 어느 집단 보다 많을 것으로 기대된다. 그러나 그에 대한 교정프로그램은 전혀 장외 밖에 있다. 특히, 지금까지의 프로그램들은 거의 정신교육에 의존해 왔지만, 본 글은 정신훈화에 중심을 두고 있고 현재 진행 중인 방법으로 벗어나서 역할연기, 낮은 공 기법과 문간에 발 들여 놓기, 사례 발표 같은 행동을 통한 교정프로그램의 효과성을 제한한다.

WHAT IF THE CEO IS PERCEIVED AS A CORPORATE PSYCHOPATH? THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED CORPORATE PSYCHOPATHY ON PRODUCT, STOCK AND EMPLOYER ATTRACTIVENESS

Carmen-Maria Albrecht,Ariana Stephanie Dominique Finkel,Katja Nothhelfer 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

Many corporate brands are strongly associated with the person the companies are headed by (Argenti & Druckenmiller, 2004). Attention for corporate psychopaths (CPs), defined as individuals who show psychopathic traits and work successfully in corporations, has been growing lately (Boddy, 2005). Psychopathic traits (e.g. charm, lack of remorse and empathy) can easily be interpreted as leadership characteristics (e.g. charisma and decisiveness) and therefore boost the career of the psychopath allowing him/her to climb up the corporate ladder (Boddy, 2011). Empirical evidence—although limited—supports this assumption. It has been found that CPs more frequently have senior level positions in organizations than junior ones (Boddy, Ladyshewsky, &Galvin, 2010b) and that the chances of finding a psychopath among CEOs is four times higher than in the general population (Bercovici, 2011). A CP in a high level position (e.g. a CEO) can not only be assumed to have the largest leverage on how the company’s resources are deployed, but the way s/he is perceived by others also has a great impact on the company’s image (McGrath, 1995). The willingness to trust an entity is “based on the expectation that the other party will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party” (Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995). Therefore, the perception of negative/psychopathic traits in a CEO is of considerable importance to organizations because it influences the CEO’s public image and subsequently the level of trust placed in the top manager. This, in turn, can have far-reaching consequences for the company he works for because an executive’s greatest capital consists in the trust placed in him/her and a company cannot be successful in the long run without the trust from stakeholder groups (Hage, 2012). The perception of psychopathic traits can thus have severe consequences for the company’s attractiveness to its stakeholders. The current research investigates the effects of perceived psychopathy of CEOs for the attractiveness of any form of interaction with the company. Results of a structural equation model based on a survey among 670 participants show that perceived corporate psychopathy negatively influences perceived trust in the CEO. Perceived trust in the CEO, in turn, has a positive effect on perceived attractiveness of products, of shares, and of perceived employer attractiveness. Furthermore, if an individual considers sustainability to be of high importance, the ethical standards concerning sustainable behavior seem to be stricter because the trustor cares about them more than the economic aspects of how the CEO manages the company. Therefore, it was found that attitude toward sustainability moderates the relationship between perceived corporate psychopathy and perceived trust in the CEO.

사이코패스의 형사책임능력

안성조(Ahn, Seong-Jo) 한국형사법학회 2008 刑事法硏究 Vol.20 No.4

Could psychopathy be a condition exculpating criminal liability? Our common-sense intuitions about psychopathy probably rest on figures such as Ted Bundy, the serial killer who performed acts of unspeakable cruelty, collectively torturing and murdering dozens of people. This kind of people is model of evil. Because their actions appear ‘rational', in the sense that they are aware of what they are doing and harbor no illusions about the nature or consequence of their conduct, such psychopaths are generally held to be criminally responsible for their actions and thus are punished by jail and even execution. Nevertheless, academics and jurists have repeatedly suggested that psychopaths should be excused from criminal liability for their actions on a variety of several theories. Fundamentally, they assert that the capacity to feel empathy toward others is a necessary part of how human beings make moral decisions and respond to morally relevant stimuli. In the absence of these emotional capacities, psychopaths are either less than fully rational or lack the requisite mental equipment to appreciate and act in conformity with conventional morality. Therefore, while steps may be taken to protect the public from psychopath's future dangerousness, they should not be regarded as fully moral agents for whom punishment is appropriate. These arguments are as follows. 1) Psychopaths are less than fully rational because they are unable to understand the moral worth of others, and the insanity defense is meant to except those with serious rationality failings(the Kantian argument); 2) Psychopaths, because of a biological deficiency in their ability to feel emotion, lack the necessary cognitive structures to feel the motivational force of moral norms(the first Humean argument: the biological motivational deficiency argument); 3) Psychopaths stand outside our practice of moral blame because they fail to appreciate the interpersonal nature of moral norms and their ‘immoral' acts do not express disrespect nor are an appropriate subject of the reactive attitudes that constitute our moral practice(the second Humean argument: the interpretivist moral practice argument)