발생부하원단위와 수치표고모형을 이용한 하천유역 오염부하량 산정

양홍모,김혁,Yang, Hong-Mo,Kim, Hyuk 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.1

The purpose of this study is to compare calculated pollutant loadings using pollutant load unit factors and vector type coverage, and expected mean concentration(EMC) and raster type of digital elevation model(DEM). This study is also focusing on comparison of the advantages and the disadvantages of the two methods, and seeking for a method of calculation of pollutant loadings using DEM. Estimation of pollutant inputs using pollutant load unit factors has limitations in identifying seasonal variations of pollutant loadings. Seasonal changes of runoffs should be considered in the calculation of pollutant loadings from catchments into reservoirs. Evaluation of pollutant inputs using runoff-coefficient and EMC can overcome these drawbacks. Proper EMC and runoff-coefficient values for the Koeup stream catchments of the Koheung estuarine lake were drawn from review of related papers. Arc/Info was employed to establish database of spatial and attribute data of point and non-point pollutant sources and characteristics of the catchments. ArcView was used to calculate point and non-point pollutant loadings. Pollutant loads estimated with either unit factors-coverages, i.e., pollutant load unit factors and vector coverages f point sources and land use, or EMC and digital elevation mode(DEM) were compared with stream monitoring loads. We have found that some differences were shown between monitoring results and estimated loads by Unit Factors-Coverage and EMC-DEM. Monthly variations of pollutant loads evaluated with EMC-DEM were similar to those with monitoring result. The method using EMC-DEM can calculate accumulated flows and pollutant loads and can be utilized to identify stream networks. A future research on correcting the difference between vector type stream using flow direction grid and digitalizing vector type should be conducted in order to obtain more exact calculation of pollutant loadings.

수질오염물질 감소의 편익 추정 -수질총량제하 가상배출권시장 개념의 적용-

한택환 ( Tak Whan Han ),이효창 ( Hyo Chang Lee ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2014 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 수질오염물질에 대한 가상적 배출권거래시장을 상정하여 균형배출권가격을 도출함으로써 수질개선에 따른 편익을 추정하려고 시도하였다. 우리나라에서는 낙동강수계를 비롯하여 주요 수계에 수질오염물질 총량관리제도가 실시되고 있다. 사회적으로 바람직스러운 배출총량을 결정함으로써 국민과 정부는 암묵적으로 수질오염물질의 경제적 가치를 결정한 것과 같다고 할 수 있다. 각 지자체별로 수질오염물질 배출상의 제약으로 인하여 희생된 경제적 기회비용이 발생할 것이며 이 기회비용의 크기가 수질오염물질의 경제적 가치이기 때문이다. 이 가상적 배출권거래시장에서의 균형가격을 수질 총량제하의 수계전체의 배출총량과 지자체별 할당에 의하여 암묵적으로 결정된 수질오염물질 배출의 단위당 가치라고 해석할 수 있다. 배출량과 편익의 관계로부터 한계순편익함수를 도출하고 지자체별 배출허용총량을 이용하여 개별배출권 초과수요함수를 구성하여 균형배출권가격을 도출하였다. 추정 결과 배출권시장의 균형배출권가격이 1,409.3원/kg·BOD으로 추산되었다. 이는 외국의 사례와 비교하여 적정한 수준이라 평가되며 이러한 배출권가격은 수질 오염물질의 단위당 경제적 가치를 산정하여 수질 변화를 수반하는 사업의 B/C분석에 직접적으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study attempts to estimate the value of the water quality improvement by deriving the equilibrium price of the water pollutant emission permit for the imaginary water pollutant emission trading market. It is reasonable to say that there is already an implicit social agreement for the unit value of water pollutant, when the government set the Total Water Pollutant Loading System for the major river basin as a part of the Comprehensive Measures for Water Management, particularly for the Nakdong River Basin. Therefore, we can derive the unit value of water pollutant emission, which is already implied in the pollution allowance for each city or county by the Total Water Pollutant Loading System. Once estimated, it will be useful to the economic assessment of the water quality related projects. An imaginary water pollutant emission trading system for the Nakdong River Basin, where Total Water Pollutant Loading System is already effective, is constructed for the estimation of the equilibrium price of water pollutant permit. By estimating marginal abatement cost curve or each city or county, we can compute the equilibrium price of the permit and then it is regarded as the economic value of the water pollutant. The marginal net benefit function results from the relationship between the emission and the benefit, and then the equilibrium price of permit comes from constructing the excess demand function of the permit by using the total allowable permit of the local government entity. The equilibrium price of the permit would be estimated to be 1,409.3won/kg·BOD. This is within reasonable boundary compared for the permit price compared to foreign example. This permit price would be applied to calculate for the economic value of the water quality pollutants, and also be expected to use directly for the B/C analysis of the business involved with water quality change.

하천유역에서의 기저유출 분석을 통한 총질소 하천오염부하량 연구

최윤호 ( Youn Ho Choi ),금동혁 ( Dong Huyk Kum ),류지철 ( Ji Chul Ryu ),정영훈 ( Young Hun Jung ),김용석 ( Yong Seok Kim ),전지홍 ( Ji Hong Jeon ),김기성 ( Ki Sung Kim ),임경재 ( Kyoung Jae Lim ) 한국물환경학회 2015 한국물환경학회지 Vol.31 No.1

It has been well known that it is not easy to quantify pollutant loads driven by non-point source pollution due to various factors affecting generation and transport mechanism of it. Especially pollutant loads through baseflow have been investigated by limited number of researchers. Thus in this study, the Web-based WAPLE (WHAT-Pollutant Load Estimation) system was developed and applied at study watersheds to quantify baseflow contribution of pollutant. In YbB watershed, baseflow contribution with WWTP discharge is responsible for 49.5% of total pollutant loads at the watershed. Among these, pollutant loads through baseflow (excluding any WWTP discharge) is responsible for 61.7% of it. In GbA watershed, it was found that 58.4% is contributed by baseflow with WWTP discharge 2.9% and 97.1% is by baseflow. For NbB watershed (without WWTP discharge), 52.3% of pollutant load is transported through baseflow. As shown in this study, it was found that over 50.0% of TN (Total Nitrogen) pollutant loads are contributed by non-direct runoff. Thus pollutant loads contributed by baseflow and WWTP discharge as well as direct runoff contribution should be quantified to develop and implement watershed-specific Best Management Practices during dry period.

Characteristics of Pollutant Loads and Water Quality in Kwangyang Bay, Korea

Lee, Dae-In,Park, Chung-Kil,Cho, Hyeon-Seo 한국수산학회 2003 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.6 No.3

The characteristics of pollutant loads from the various sources and seawater quality in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total flow rate was estimated to be 10,868,066.8 ㎥/day with a flow rate of R21 (the Seomjin River) as the highest one. Total COD, TN and TP loads of the input rivers and the ditches were about 27, 591.8, 25, 029.6 and 586.4 kg/day, respectively. Wastewater discharging loads was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. COD values in the inner part of the bay was over 3.0 mg/L, which exceeded the seawater quality criteria III of Korea. The average values of DIN and DIP were 8.62 ㎍N/L and 1.26 ,㎍P/L, respectively. The limiting factor for algal growth was DIN. In the total discharging loads of the watershed from unit loading estimations, BOD, TN and TP were 9,132.3, 2,727.2 and 304.2 kg/day, respectively. In addition, municipal sewage by the population as pollution sources and the city of Kwangyang as administrative district had the highest loads. For a appropriate water quality recovery of Kwangyang Bay, it is suggested that it is essential to estimate reduction rate of total pollutant loads by water quality modeling.

광양만 유역 오염원 및 오염부하량 경년 변동

이대인(Dae In Lee),조현서(Hyeon Seo Cho),조천래(Chon Rae Cho),이정훈(Jeong Hoon Lee),강조해(Jo Hae Kang),최민호(Min Ho Choi),김도희(Do Hee Kim),윤진숙(Jin Suk Yoon) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2004 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

Temporal and spatial characteristics of pollutant loads from the various pollution sources in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN, and TP by unit loading estimation were 11,524㎏/day, 11,536㎏/day, and 827㎏/day, respectively, and were mainly affected by the industrial and population sources. The Yeosu and Kwangyang cities as administrative district had the highest pollutant loads. Flow rate ranges from about 30-4,406,400㎡/day in December to 240-35,337,600㎡/day in August with a flow rate of PS27(the Seomjin River} as the highest one. Total COD, TN, and TP loadings in August were about 89,915㎏/day, 2,077,845㎏/day, and 50,123㎏/day, respectively, which exceeded those of December. Especially, of input sources, the Seomjin river had the most pollutant loads. Wastewater discharging loads from the water treatment facilities was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. Point sources located in south-western part of the bay showed high concentration in heavey metals distribution. Seasonal variations of pollutant loads were related to the changes of flow rate, those were increased rapidly on August, 2004. For the improvement of water quality in this area, pollutant loads were reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.

강우시 소옥천에서의 비점오염원 유출 특성

오영택,박제철,김동섭,류재근 한국물환경학회 2004 한국물환경학회지 Vol.20 No.6

The aims of this study are the characterization of runoff from nonpoint source, the analysis of the pollutant loads and an establishment of a management plan for nonpoint source of Okcheon. For this purpose the basin of the stream So-okcheon was selected to the investigated. During the period from May 29 to July 21 in 2003, the water automatic sampler system has been installed in Okkagkyo and parameters such as SS, COD, TOC, TP and TN were analyzed. The pollutants of nonpoint source seem to be washed out along the stream water in the beginning of rainfall, remain in water and cause the stream pollution. The runoffs during heavy rainfall, especially, much higher concentration of SS than those during dry period. With respect to the annual loading of pollutants of the nonpoint source, the COD was 124 ton/yr, TOC 396 ton/yr, TN 1,429 ton/yr and TP 4.2 ton/yr in the year 2002. With respect to the pollutants loading of the nonpoint source, the COD was 375 ton/yr(95% of the total COD loading of 394 ton/yr), TOC 844 ton/yr(96% of the tatal TOC loading of 876 ton/yr), TN 1,985 ton/yr(96% of the total TN loading of 2,062 ton/yr) and TP 37.1 ton/yr(92% of the total TP loading of 40.3 ton/yr) in the year 2003.

XAI를 활용한 특별관리해역의 연안오염총량관리제 오염물질 대상항목 선정 및 해양오염 관리 방안 도출

김세상 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2023 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.26 No.4

The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries reports on the status of special management coastal zone every year. Currently, Korea periodically utilizes the data from the marine environmental measurement network to identify the extent of marine pollution to establish and evaluate the total pollutant load management system for special management coastal zone. However, as a result of the operation of the marine envi-ronmental measurement network in 2016 by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, most of the waters maintain relatively clean water quality with a water quality index (WQI) of 2 or higher. However, among the special management coastal zone, some peaks that are directly affected by the influx of land-based pollutants, such as the coast of Ulsan, the inner part of Masan Bay, the inner part of Sihwa Lake, the wa-ters of the Nakdong River estuary, and the coast of Mokpo at the mouth of Yeongsan River, partially show results below WQI 4, indicating that measures to improve water quality are needed. This study iden-tifies the current status of marine pollution sources in special management coastal zone through XAI (ex-plainable artificial intelligence) analysis using data on special management coastal zone from the Marine Environmental Measurement Network, identifies the main pollution sources, and proposes a new direction for the decision-making problem of selecting pollutant targets for the total pollutant load management system. In addition, by deriving the impact of each pollutant and creating the marine pollution index, I was able to explore ways to establish policies such as selecting candidate sites for special management coastal zone in the future and derives future-oriented solutions to manage marine pollution. I was able to collect and refine marine environmental data affecting the marine environment, such as WQI, COD (chemical oxygen demand), and P (phosphorus), by time series, and analyze which marine pollutants have the most influence in the current special management coastal zone through XAI to propose a new direction for the decision making problem of selecting pollutant targets for the total pollutant load man-agement system for each area. Also, Based on the marine pollution index, which reflects the impact of marine pollution sources, AI modeling to predict marine pollution one year from now was used to select candidate areas for future special management coastal zone and derive solutions for managing the se-lected special management coastal zone.

연구보문 : 수질환경 ; 영농방법에 따른 논에서의 배출부하량 모의

송정헌 ( Jung Hun Song ),강문성 ( Moon Seong Kang ),송인홍 ( In Hong Song ),장정렬 ( Jeong Ryeol Jang ) 한국환경농학회 2012 한국환경농학회지 Vol.31 No.4

BACKGROUND: For Non-Point Source(NPS) loads reduction, pollutant loads need to be quantified for major farming methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate impacts of farming methods on NPS pollutant loads from a paddy rice field during the growing season. METHODS AND RESULTS: The height of drainage outlet, amount of fertilizer, irrigation water quality were considered as farming factors for scenarios development. The control was derived from conventional farming methods and four different scenarios were developed based combination of farming factors. A field scale model, CREAMS-PADDY(Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems for PADDY), was used to calculate pollutant nutrient loads. The data collected from an experimental plot located downstream of the Idong reservoir were used for model calibration and validation. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during the calibration and validation periods. The calibrated model was used to evaluate farming scenarios in terms of NPS loads. Pollutant loads for T-N, T-P were reduced by 5 ∼62%, 8∼37% with increasing the height of drainage outlet from 100 mm of 100 mm, respectively. When amount of fertilizer was changed from standard to conventional, T-N, T-P pollutant loads were reduced by 0∼22%, 0∼ 24%. Irrigation water quality below water criteria Ⅳ of reservoir increased T-N of 9∼65%, T-P of 9∼47% in comparison with conventional. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that applying increased the height of drainage after midsummer drainage, standard fertilization level during non-rainy seasons, irrigation water quality below water criteria Ⅳ of reservoir were effective farming methods to reduce NPS pollutant loads from paddy in Korea.

원단위를 이용한 낙동강유역 비점오염 배출특성 분석

전지홍,장태권,황하선,최동혁,김태동 한국도시환경학회 2010 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.10 No.3

Spatial change of nonpoint source pollutant loadings along Nakdong River Basin was analyzed using discharged pollutant loading calculated by unit load. Nonpoint source pollutions were more loaded than point source pollution at Nakdong River Basin and increased steadily from upper to down river basin. Major source of nonpoint source pollution from Nakdong River Basin was land cover and second major source of that was livestock. Major source of land cover as nonpoint source pollution was urban for BOD item, forested and agricultural area for T-N and urban, agricultural,forested area with similar ratio for T-P item. Overall nonpoint source pollutions from upland and forest were decreased and thoes from paddy rice filed and urban area were increased as river goes from upstream to downstream. The pollutant loading rates from subwatershed located at downstream were higher than other subwatershed and major source of nonpoint source pollution were land cover and livestock. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 유역을 대상으로 원단위에 의해 계산된 배출부하량을 이용하여 비점오염원의 공간적인 분포를분석하였다. 낙동강유역에서의 비점오염부하량은 점오염부하량에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 하류로 갈수록 비점오염부하량이 차지하는 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 낙동강 유역의 주요한 비점오염원은 토지계인 것으로 나타났으며 다음이 축산계인 것으로 나타났다. 토지계에서의 주요한 비점오염원은 BOD는 대지, T-N은 산림과 농경지인 것으로 나타났으며, T-P는 대지, 산림, 농경지가 비슷한 비율을 나타내었다. 전반적으로 논을 제외한 농경지와 산림은 하류로 갈수록감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 논과 대지는 하류로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

청양-홍성간 도로에서의 초기강우에 의한 유출부하량 평가 및 기여율 산정

이춘원,강선홍,최이송,안태웅 대한상하수도학회 2011 상하수도학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Nowadays, the high land use, mainly used for urbanization, is affecting runoff loads of non-point pollutants to increase. According to this fact, increasing runoff loads seems like to appear that it contributes to high ratio of pollution loads in the whole the pollution loads and that this non-point source is the main cause of water becoming worse quality. Especially, concentrated pollutants on the impermeable roads run off to the public water bodies. Also the coefficient of runoff from roads is high with a fast velocity of runoff, which ends up with consequence that a lot of pollutants runoff happens when it is raining. Therefore it is very important project to evaluate the quantity of pollutant loads. In this study, I computed the pollutant loadings depending on time and rainfall to analyze characteristics of runoff while first flush storm water and evaluated the runoff time while first flush storm water and rainfall based on the change in curves on the graph. I also computed contribution ratio to identify its impact on water quality of stream. I realized that the management and treatment of first flush storm water effluents is very important for the management of road's non-point source pollutants because runoff loads of non-point source pollution are over the 80% of whole loads of stream. Also according to the evaluation of runoff loads of first flush storm water for SS, run off time was shown under the 30 minute and rainfall was shown under the 5mm which is less than 20% of whole rainfall. These are under 5mm which is regarded amount of first flush storm water by the Ministry of Environment and it is judged to be because run off by rainfall is very fast on impermeable roads. Also, run off time and rainfall of BOD is higher than SS. Therefore I realized that the management of non-point source should be managed and done differently depending on each material. Finally, the contribution ratio of pollutants loads by rainfall-runoff was shown SS 12.7%, BOD 12.7%, COD 15.9%, T-N 4.9%, T-P 8.9%, however, the pollutants loads flowing into the steam was shown 4.4%. This represents that the concentration of non-point pollutants is relatively higher and we should find the methodical management and should be concerned about non-point source for improvement on water quality of streams.