연령, 소득 및 디지털 리터러시가 온라인 개인정보 노출 및 보호 행동에 미치는 영향

최인호,정세훈 한국언론학회 2019 한국언론학보 Vol.63 No.5

This research attempted to examine the digital divide in the behaviors of online exposure and protection of personal information as a function of age, income, and digital literacy. To examine how age and income affect the behaviors of online exposure and protection of personal information, a survey of 336 adults(between 20 to 60 years old) was conducted. Results showed that age was negatively related to online personal information protection behavior, indicating that older adults were less likely to engage in protection behaviors than younger adults. However, age did not influence online personal information exposure. Income was related to neither online behaviors of exposure nor protection of personal information. With regard to the four types of digital literacy (functional consumption, critical consumption, functional prosumption, critical prosumption), only critical prosumption was positively related to protection behavior. Interestingly, functional consumption was positively related to exposure behavior, which increased the risk of online personal information exposure. On the other hand, the effect of functional consumption on online personal information exposure behavior was moderated by age, confirming that older adults with high functional consumption were particularly susceptible to online personal information exposure. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are further discussed. 본 연구를 통해 온라인 개인정보 노출 및 보호 행동에 있어서 연령과 소득, 그리고 디지털 리터러시에 따른 디지털 격차를 살펴 보고자 하였다. 디지털 격차 연구의 주요 변수인 연령과 소득 수준이 개인정보 관리의 두 가지 측면, 즉 개인정보 노출과 보호 행동에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 살펴보기 위해 전국 20-60대 성인남녀 336명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시한 결과, 연령이 높아질수록 개인정보 보호 행동이 감소하는 것으로 나타나 정보 보호 측면에서도 디지털 격차가 발생하는 것이 확인되었다. 하지만 연령이 개인정보 노출 행동에는 영향을 미치지 않았고, 소득은 노출과 보호 어느 쪽에도 영향을 미치지 않았다. 아울러 개인의 종합적인 디지털 활용능력 수준을 나타내는 4가지 유형의 디지털리터러시(기능적 소비, 비판적 소비, 기능적 생산, 비판적 생산)가 개인정보 노출과 보호에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 디지털리터러시 중 비판적 생산능력이 증가할수록 보호 행동이 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, 흥미롭게도 기능적 소비능력이 증가할수록 오히려 정보 노출 행동이 증가하는 것으로 나타남으로써 위험이 늘어날 가능성이 제기됐다. 한편 기능적 소비능력의 증가로 인한 노출 행동의 증가를 연령이 조절하는 것으로 나타났는데, 고연령이면서 기능적 소비능력이 높은 사람들이 개인정보 노출에 취약한 집단임이 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과와 함께 이론적·실무적 함의를 논의하였다.

Contribution of microenvironments to personal exposures to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in summer and winter

Hwang, Yunhyung,Lee, Kiyoung Elsevier 2018 Atmospheric environment Vol.175 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) can be affected by time–activity patterns and microenvironmental concentrations. Particle size is closely associated with potential health problems, where smaller particles have greater effects on health. We investigated the effects of time–activity patterns on personal exposure and the contribution of the microenvironment to personal exposure to PM with maximal diameters of 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PM<SUB>10</SUB> and PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>, respectively) in summer and winter. Technicians carried a nephelometer to detect various sizes of PM while engaging in one of nine scripted time–location–activity patterns. The scripted activities were based on the time–activity patterns of nine groups of inhabitants of Seoul, Korea. The monitoring was repeated in summer and winter to assess seasonal variation. The differences of personal exposures to PM<SUB>10</SUB> and PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> in summer and winter were not significant. The greatest PM concentrations occurred in restaurants. The PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>/PM<SUB>10</SUB> ratios were varied from 0.35 at schools to 0.92 at stores. In both seasons, the residential indoor microenvironment was the largest contributor to personal PM exposure. The other major contributors were restaurants, offices, schools, buses, and walking, although their contributions differed by season and particle size. The different microenvironmental contributions among the activity pattern groups suggest that personal exposure significantly differs according to activity pattern.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Population exposure was determined by time-activity pattern of population. </LI> <LI> Personal exposures to PM were significantly different by time-activity groups. </LI> <LI> PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>/PM<SUB>10</SUB> ratio of personal exposure was about 0.7 in two seasons. </LI> <LI> Residential indoor was the largest contributor to personal exposure in two seasons. </LI> <LI> Contributions of microenvironments was different by activity groups. </LI> </UL> </P>

광양 산업단지 인근 지역주민의 주택실내 · 외 및 개인의 휘발성유기화합물과 이산화질소 노출평가

이종대,박희진,이현수,장희경,이종화,장봉기,정태웅,양원호,손부순 한국실내환경학회 2014 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

평일과 주말의 활동변화에 따른 대학생들의 이산화질소 노출

양원호,손부순,박종안,정문호 한국환경보건학회 2000 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Indoor air quality tends to be the dominant contributor to personal exposure, because most people spend over 80% of their time indoors. In this study, indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 21 university students in weekday and weekend. House characteristics and activity pattern were used to determine the impacts of these factors on personal exposure. Since university students spent most of their times in indoor, their NO2 exposure was associated with indoor NO2 level rather than outdoor NO2 level both weekday and weekend in spite of different time activity. Using time-weighted average model, NO2 exposures of university students were estimated by NO2 measurements in indoor home, indoor school, and outdoor home levels. Estimated NO2 personal exposures were significantly correlated with measured NO2 personal exposures(r2=0.87). However, estimated personal NO2 exposures by time-weighted average model were underestimated, comparing with the measured personal NO2 exposure. Using multiple regression analysis, effect of personal NO2 exposure for transportation was confirmed.

광양 산업단지 인근 지역주민의 주택실내·외 및 개인의 휘발성유기화합물과 이산화질소 노출평가

이종대,손부순,박희진,이현수,장희경,이종화,장봉기,양원호 한국냄새환경학회 2014 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinityof Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group(industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badgeas a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personalexposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace,14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb(workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor),0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personalexposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures,and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

광양 산업단지 인근 지역주민의 주택실내·외 및 개인의 휘발성유기화합물과 이산화질소 노출

이종대,박희진,이현수,장희경,이종화,장봉기,정태웅,양원호,손부순 한국냄새환경학회 2014 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

대기 중 휘발성유기오염물질의 환경, 개인 및 인체 노출의 상관성 연구

조성준,신동천,정용,Patrick N. Breysse 한국환경독성학회 2002 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Volatilc organic compounds (VOCs) are an important public health problem throughout the world. Many important questions remain to be addressed in assessing exposure to these compounds. Because they are ubiquitous and highly volatile, special techniques must be applied in the analytical determination of VOCs. Personal exposure measurements are needed to evaluate the relationship between microenvironmental concentrations and actual exposures. It is also important to investigate exposure frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as personal exposure characteristics. In addition to air monitoring, biological monitoring may contribute significantly to risk assessment by allowing estimation of absorbed doses, rather than just the external exposure concentrations, which are evaluated by environmental and personal monitoring. This study was conducted to establish the analytic procedure of VOCs in air, blood, urine and exhaled breath and to evaluate the relationships among these environmental media. The subjects of this study were selected because they are occupationally exposed to high levels of VOCs. Environmental, personal, blood, urine and exhalation samples were collected. Purge & trap, thermal desorber, gas chromatography and mass selective detector were used to analyze the collected samples. Analytical procedures were validated with the "break through test", "recovery test for storage and transportation", "method detection limit test" and "inter-laboratory QA/QC study". Assessment of halogenated compounds indicted that they were significantly correlated to each other (p value < 0.01). In a similar manner, aromatic compounds were also correlated, except in urine sample. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationships between personal exposures and environmental concentrations. These relationships for aromatic and halogenated are as follows: Halogens_(personal)=3.875+0.068Halogens_(evironmet)(R²=.930) Aromaties_(personal)=34217.757-31.266Aromatics_(evironmet)(R²=.821) Multiple regression was used to evaluate the relationship between exposures and various exposure determinants including, gender, duration of employment, and smoking history. The results of the regression modeling for halogens in blood and aromatics in urine are as follows: Halogens_(blood)=8.181+0.246Halogens_(personal)+3.975Gender(R²=.925), Aromatics_(urine)=249.565+0.135Aromatics_(personal)-5.651D.S(R²=.735), In conclusion, we have established analytic procedures for VOC measurement in biological and environmental samples and have presented data demonstrating relationships between VOCs levels in biological media and environmental samples.

주거환경 및 개인 생활습관에 따른 화학물질 노출수준 차이 - 국민환경보건기초조사

황문영,홍수연,권영민,조혜정,박충희 한국환경보건학회 2019 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.45 No.2

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine environmental chemical exposure related to residential and personal lifestyle characteristics in the adult Korean population. The observations of this study can provide information useful for developing reduction approaches for exposure to chemicals among the general adult population. Methods: The second stage of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNHES) was conducted from 2012 to 2014, with 6,478 persons participating. Using the results of the survey, the relationship between exposure levels of heavy metals and organic chemicals and exposure factors, e.g. residential and personal lifestyle characteristics, were analyzed. Results: The exposure levels of VOCs and PAHs were significantly lower in participants living at a distance of more than 100 m from roads versus living closer to roads. Home ventilation lowered VOC and PAH exposure but did not lower chemical exposure from household products. Use of public transportation showed lower exposure to heavy metals, VOCs, and PAHs. Current smoker was significantly higher for levels of heavy metals, VOCs, and PAHs, and the exposure trend was similar for current drinkers. Physical activity was related with higher exposure to phthalates and environmental phenols. Conclusion: Our observations based on a nationally representative population for Korea show that exposure to chemicals varies by residential and personal lifestyle, and this should be considered for developing appropriate mitigation measures and policies. Given the health concerns surrounding environmental chemicals, it is necessary to develop comprehensive measures to reduce chemical exposure.

Neurodevelopment for the first three years following prenatal mobile phone use, radio frequency radiation and lead exposure

Choi, Kyung-Hwa,Ha, Mina,Ha, Eun-Hee,Park, Hyesook,Kim, Yangho,Hong, Yun-Chul,Lee, Ae-Kyoung,Hwa Kwon, Jong,Choi, Hyung-Do,Kim, Nam,Kim, Suejin,Park, Choonghee Elsevier 2017 Environmental research Vol.156 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Studies examining prenatal exposure to mobile phone use and its effect on child neurodevelopment show different results, according to child's developmental stages.</P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>To examine neurodevelopment in children up to 36 months of age, following prenatal mobile phone use and radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure, in relation to prenatal lead exposure.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>We analyzed 1198 mother-child pairs from a prospective cohort study (the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health Study). Questionnaires were provided to pregnant women at ≤20 weeks of gestation to assess mobile phone call frequency and duration. A personal exposure meter (PEM) was used to measure RFR exposure for 24h in 210 pregnant women. Maternal blood lead level (BLL) was measured during pregnancy. Child neurodevelopment was assessed using the Korean version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Revised at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age. Logistic regression analysis applied to groups classified by trajectory analysis showing neurodevelopmental patterns over time.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>The psychomotor development index (PDI) and the mental development index (MDI) at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age were not significantly associated with maternal mobile phone use during pregnancy. However, among children exposed to high maternal BLL <I>in utero</I>, there was a significantly increased risk of having a low PDI up to 36 months of age, in relation to an increasing average calling time (p-trend=0.008). There was also a risk of having decreasing MDI up to 36 months of age, in relation to an increasing average calling time or frequency during pregnancy (p-trend=0.05 and 0.007 for time and frequency, respectively). There was no significant association between child neurodevelopment and prenatal RFR exposure measured by PEM in all subjects or in groups stratified by maternal BLL during pregnancy.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>We found no association between prenatal exposure to RFR and child neurodevelopment during the first three years of life; however, a potential combined effect of prenatal exposure to lead and mobile phone use was suggested.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> RFR exposure was measured by mobile phone use questionnaire and 24-h personal exposure meter among pregnant women. </LI> <LI> Child neurodevelopment was assessed by trained examiners at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age. </LI> <LI> Associations were not observed between prenatal exposure to RFR and child neurodevelopment during the first three years. </LI> <LI> A potential combined effect of prenatal exposure to lead and mobile phone use was suggested. </LI> </UL> </P>

계절에 따른 사무실 근로자의 이산화질소 노출에 대한 직장 및 주택실내 기여도

양원호 ( Won Ho Yang ),김동건 ( Dong Keon Kim ),홍가연 ( Ga Yeon Hong ),김순신 ( Sun Shin Kim ),안호기 ( Ho Gi Ahn ) 한국산업위생학회 2012 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.22 No.2

People are exposed to air pollution from a range of indoor and outdoor sources. Concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is hazardous to health, can be significant in both types of environment. This paper reports on the measurement and analysis of indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations and their comparison with measured personal exposure in house and workplace indoors with 28 office workers during winter and summer seasons. Time activity patterns were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. The residential indoor and office indoor times were 12.29±1.58, 7.86±1.97 hours in winter and 11.04±2.18, 8.26±2.04 hours in summer, respectively. Measured residential indoor, outdoor and office indoor, personal exposure NO2 concentrations were 23.10±8.46 ppb, 23.97±6.86 ppb, 21.91±11.50 ppb, 22.08±8.64 ppb in winter, and 19.94±6.04 ppb, 21.21±6.84± ppb, 22.55±9.54 ppb, 27.45±8.96 ppb in summer, respectively. Contributions of residential and office indoor NO2 concentration on personal exposure were estimated by 57.98%, 35.62% in winter and 37.38%, 28.97% in summer, respectively.