영어의 g/b-삭제 규칙: 계층적 최적성 이론과 이중 음운론 이론에서의 분석

조형묵 한국교통대학교 2017 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.52 No.-

This paper examines and compares analyses of g/b-deletion in English in Stratal Optimality Theory and Cophonology theory. English g/b-deletion is the phonological process where voiced stops /g/ and /b/ are deleted when the base is unaffixed (e.g. bomb→[bɑm], sign→[sain]) or a level 2 affix is added to the base (e.g. bombing→[bɑmɪŋ], signing→[sainɪŋ].) However, when a level 1 affix is added to the base, this rule does not apply (e.g. bomb+ard→[bɑmbɑrd], sign+ature→[sɪgnɪʧər]. Stratal Optimality Theory is the combination of the theory of Lexical Phonology and Optimality Theory. In the model of Stratal Optimality Theory, the input generates candidates via Gen 1 that are evaluated by Eval 1 in level 1 (i.e. stem level). The selected optimal output of level 1 becomes the input to level 2 (i.e. word level). It generates candidates via Gen 2 and the candidates are again evaluated by Eval 2. This process continues until the final optimal output is selected. However, Stratal Optimality Theory is the theory still in the stage of development so that the theory has many stipulations such as non-cyclicity and blocking. The complicated stipulations in Stratal Optimality Theory weakens persuasiveness of the theory. On the other hand, Cophonology is the phonological function associated with a morphological construction and a constraint ranking. Both the underlying form and the constraint ranking are morphological construction specific. That is, in Cophonology Theory, the distinct phonological structures have different constraint rankings. Therefore, different levels in English have different constraint rankings and the candidates generated in level 1 and level 2 are evaluated by different constraint rankings. Compared to the analysis in Stratal Optimality Theory, Cophonology offers a relatively simple analysis so that the analysis in Cophonology Theory is evaluated to have more persuasive power.

Partial Reduplication in English : A Comparative Study

HyungMook Cho 한국언어연구학회 2016 언어학연구 Vol.21 No.3

This paper is an attempt to find out a persuasive analytic tool for English partial reduplication processes. One of the most notable characteristics of English partial reduplication structures is that each half of reduplication structures has different features in vowel qualities or onset segments. This dissimilatory aspect of English partial reduplication structures has functional motivation to increase listener’s perception. As a way to find out a persuasive analytic tool for English partial reduplication, this paper compared analyses of English partial reduplication in the Precedence-based Theory, Morphological Doubling Theory and Optimality Theory, and proposes that Optimality Theory should be the most persuasive theoretical tool. Compared to the other theories, Optimality Theory represents characteristics of English partial reduplication well with the constraints employed for analysis. Furthermore, Optimality Theory has a much wider range of analysis so that other reduplication processes could be analyzed within this theory. Therefore, taking into account outstanding explanatory power and breath of analysis range, this paper proposes that Optimality Theory should be the most persuasive tool for the analysis of partial reduplication in English.

A cyclic optimality analysis of polish vowel alternation

Sang-Cheol Ahn(안상철) 한국음운론학회 2006 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.12 No.3

  This paper provides an Optimality-theoretic analysis of the vowel alternations in Polish nasal stem verbs which are closely related with the so-called “abstract” yer vowels. In traditional rule-based approaches (Gussman 1980, Rubach 1984, etc.), there has been much controversy regarding the analysis of yers since we need to rely on some sort of abstract analysis like absolute neutralization (Kiparsky 1973a,b, Gussman 1980). For this purpose, the framework of Optimality Theory (McCarthy & Prince 1995) is employed for a satisfactory analysis. During the analysis, however, it will be shown that the parallel versions of OT (McCarthy & Prince 1995) cannot account for the complexity of the various vowel alternations in conjugation of nasal stem verbs as we need intermediate derivational cycles even in OT analyses. Therefore, employing the framework of Derivational Optimality Theory (Rubach 2000a, b, 2003), I will show how correct outputs can be obtained for the vowel alternation of Polish nasal stem verbs. Finally, I will show that other cyclic version of OT, Transderivational Correspondence Theory (Benua 1997), cannot be maintained in this case study.

러시아어 동화현상 분석에 나타난 미명시와 최적성

김신효 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 2003 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.32

The purpose of this paper is to analyze assimilation in Russian by the Underspecification theory and Optimality theory. Underspecification theory is rule-based that was proposed with feature minimization in underlying representation. In this theory, certain values for all features are supplied by redundancy rules, and underlying representations are simplified. In process of assimilation in Russian underlying segments [m, n. 1, r, j] are underspecified for feature value of [voiced]. Optimality theory is constraint-based and output oriented that provide optimal candidates by constraints and their hierarchy. This theory successfully provides optimal representations in process of assimilation in Russian. But it is still difficult to explain exceptions of assimilation, involving the softening. This paper deals with assimilation within morphemes with underspecified segments in the frame of Optimality theory and proposes the base of underspecification of sonorants by LICENSING. Finally, this paper presents that underspecification is necessary for descriptive adequacy in Optimality theory

러시아어 통화현상 분석에 나타난 미명사와 최적성

김신효 ( Sin Hyo Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2003 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.32

The purpose of this paper is to analyze assimilation in Russian by the Underspecification theory and Optimality theory. Underspecification theory is rule-based that was proposed with feature minimization in underlying representation. In this theory. certain values for all features are supplied by redundancy rules. and underlying representations are simplified. In process of assimilation in Russian underlying segments (m. n. l. r. j) are underspecified for feature value of (voiced]. Optimality theory is constraint-based and output oriented that provide optimal candidates by constraints and their hierarchy. This theory successfully provides optimal representations in process of assimilation in Russian. But it is still difficult to explain exceptions of assimilation. involving the softening. This paper deals with assimilation within morphemes with underspecified segments in the frame of Optimality theory and proposes the base of under-specification of sonorants by LICENSING. Finally. this paper presents that underspecification is necessary for descriptive adequacy in Optimality theory

Partial Reduplication in English: A Comparative Study

조형묵 한국언어연구학회 2016 언어학연구 Vol.21 No.3

This paper is an attempt to find out a persuasive analytic tool for English partial reduplication processes. One of the most notable characteristics of English partial reduplication structures is that each half of reduplication structures has different features in vowel qualities or onset segments. This dissimilatory aspect of English partial reduplication structures has functional motivation to increase listener’s perception. As a way to find out a persuasive analytic tool for English partial reduplication, this paper compared analyses of English partial reduplication in the Precedence-based Theory, Morphological Doubling Theory and Optimality Theory, and proposes that Optimality Theory should be the most persuasive theoretical tool. Compared to the other theories, Optimality Theory represents characteristics of English partial reduplication well with the constraints employed for analysis. Furthermore, Optimality Theory has a much wider range of analysis so that other reduplication processes could be analyzed within this theory. Therefore, taking into account outstanding explanatory power and breath of analysis range, this paper proposes that Optimality Theory should be the most persuasive tool for the analysis of partial reduplication in English.

A Study on the Determinants of Capital Structure of SMEs

Hwang, Sung Soo(황성수),Lew, Sung Hee(류성희) 한국경영교육학회 2017 경영교육연구 Vol.32 No.4

[연구목적] 본 연구는 자본구조이론 중 자본조달순위이론과 절충이론 중 어떤 이론이 우리나라 중소기업의 자본구조의 특성을 설명하기에 적합한가에 주안점을 두고 중소기업의 재무 정책에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. [연구방법] 이를 위해서 부채비율은 총부채, 단기부채, 장기부채의 3가지 부채비율을 사용하였으며, Berger and Udell(2002), Sogorb-Mira(2005) and Shyam-Sunder and Myers(1999)의 방법론을 이용하여 자본조달 순서이론과 절충이론에 대한 검증을 하였다. 아울러, 패널자료가 가지고 있을지 모르는 내생성문제를 고려하여 LSDV모형을 적용하여분석하였다. [연구결과] 연구결과, 자본부족(financial deficits)이 총부채와 단기 부채와는 음의 상관관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났으나 장기부채와는 양의 상관관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타나 일관적인 결과를 얻을 수 없었다. 이러한 결과는 자본조달 순서이론이 중소기업의 자본구조 결정요인을 설명하기에는 부적합하다는 의미이다. 중소기업의 자본구조 조절 속도를 통해 절충이론에 대한 검증을 실시한 결과 총부채, 단기부채, 장기부채의 3가지 부채비율이 모두 중소기업의 자본구조를 조정하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉, 중소기업이 총 부채, 장․단기부채 모두 최적 자본구조를 갖고 있다는 것을 의미하며 이는 절충이론이 중소기업의 자본구조 결정요인을 설명하기에 적합하다는 입증하는 결과이다. 이러한 결과는 자본조달 순서이론보다 절충이론이 중소기업의 자본구조 결정요인의 설명에 적합하다는 것을 의미한다. [연구의 시사점] 전반적인 결론은 중소기업의 자본구조는 일반적으로 절충이론을 따르는 것으로 나타났으나, 자본조달 순서이론이 중소기업의 부채비율 결정요인을 설명하지 못한다는 증거는 발견하지 못했다. 이와 더불어 중소기업의 경우 자본구조 결정요인들과 상이한 장․단기부채가 구조를 갖고 있는 경우가 다수 발견되어 중소기업들이 장․단기부채에 각기 다른 재무정책을 사용하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. [Purpose] In this paper, we study the small and medium sized enterprises’ financial policy. Particularly, we mainly focus on which capital structure theory SMEs follow between the pecking order and the tradeoff theories. [Methodology] For this purpose, we use three different types of debt level, total debt, short and long-term debts. Using the methods of Berger and Udell(2002), Sogorb-Mira(2005) and Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999), we test the pecking order and tradeoff theories. And, we use the LSDV estimator to consider the endogeneity problem that the our panel data might contain. [Findings] We find that financial deficits have a negative association with total debt and short-term debt changes but a positive association with long-term debt change. Thus, with having mixed results, we cannot fully support the pecking order theory. In other word, the pecking order theory cannot fully explain SMEs’ financing policy. We also find that firms adjust their capital structures, for all total debt level, short-term debt level and long-term debt level. This result strongly supports the tradeoff theory, as all results present SMEs’ debt level shifts. Our results suggest that the tradeoff theory has a stronger explanation power than the pecking order theory. [Implications] Our overall conclusion is that SMEs generally follow the tradeoff theory but we cannot ignore the pecking order theory; and often short and long-term debts have different association with capital structure determinants.

음운이론에 대한 재고- 쿤의 과학혁명이론을 바탕으로 -

김정연 한국중원언어학회 2019 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.50

The goal of this study is to investigate leading linguistic theories using scientific revolutions of Thomas Kuhn. This paper discusses phonological theories including Neogrammarian, Structuralism, Generative Grammar, and Optimality Theory. Although the concept of Kuhnian paradigms can provide a satisfying account of earlier linguistic models, Generative Grammar may require a different perspective where Optimality Theory is sufficient to be a substitute paradigm for its predecessor in the sense that it can belong to Connectionist Theory originated in research on neural network. Optimality Theory also turns out to be a good scientific theory based on five characteristics Kuhn specifies in terms of theory choice: accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, and fruitfulness. However, Kuhn fails to account for evident progress in science by failing to explain how two scientific theories with different viewpoints can come to an agreement on different matters. More recent work in philosophy of science treats science as an adaptive human activity. This position seeks to elucidate how scientists from diverse intellectual backgrounds cooperate to advance the state of human knowledge.

Stress constraint topology optimization using layerwise theory for composite laminates

Lee, Jong Wook,Kim, Jong Jin,Yoon, Gil Ho Elsevier 2019 Composite structures Vol.226 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An improved stress-based topology optimization method for laminated composites is proposed by applying the layerwise theory in this research. The layerwise theory is an analysis technique for laminated composites or fiber-reinforced composites that has been developed to overcome the disadvantages of the classical laminated plate theory (CLPT). Because transverse shear deformation is ignored in the CLPT, it cannot be used for thick plates or multiple-layered composites. Therefore, new methods have been developed for analyzing them, and one of them is the layerwise theory. Using the layerwise theory, it is possible to accurately analyze a thick plate and predict the behavior of multiple layers of composites. In the layerwise theory, because a new displacement field and a modified finite element (FE) model are used, the FE model of the stress-based topology optimization method (STOM) is reconstructed to apply the layerwise theory. To apply the STOM for composite materials, the specific failure criterion developed for anisotropic materials must be selected. Therefore, the Tsai–Hill criterion and Tsai–Wu criterion are adapted to the STOM formula to consider the failure of composite materials. Further, the orientation of each layer in a composite significantly affects the optimization result as well as stiffness. Therefore, in this study, we optimize the density and orientation simultaneously by setting the orientation as a design variable. Finally, several types of <I>p</I>-norm approaches are proposed, and one of them can be chosen depending on the location of the maximum value of the constraint.</P>

변이형 기술과 최적성 이론

안상철 ( Sang Cheol Ahn ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2007 언어연구 Vol.24 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to show how various types of phonological variations can be accounted for within the framework of Optimality Theory. Here I will specifically show how relevant constraint ranking relationship can be adjusted to account for the optionality of certain constraints or subsequent variations. To this end, I will first introduce the recent approaches to the phonological variations (Hammond 1994, Nagy & Reynold 1997, Anttila & Cho 1998, Anttila 1997, 2002, Hong 2006, etc.). I will then compare these accounts with the so-called Stochastic Optimality Theory (Boersma 1997, Hayes et al. 2003, Hayes & Londe 2006, etc). Based on this introduction, the main part of this paper will be spared to the stochastic account by Hayes & Londe (2006) demonstrating how the variational behavior of Hungarian vowel harmony can be dealt with within this stochastic framework. Finally, it will be suggested how Stochastic Optimality Theory can be extended to the description of various phonological variations occurring in Korean phonology. (Kyung Hee University)