대상화 경험이 여성의 정신 건강에 미치는 영향

손은정 한국여성심리학회 2006 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.11 No.4

There were some theories explaining the reason of gender differences in a few mental disorders whose women's prevalence ratio is higher than men's. However, the previous theories have provided just partial explanations for gender differences. In this study, the alternative explanation for women's mental health would be presented by exploring objectification theory. Women's body is more objectified by others than men. It is called sexual objectification. The repetition of sexual objectification may cause self-objectification by internalizing the observer's point for their body. Self-objectification is likely to bring about some negative experiences: shame, anxiety, the lack of peak motivational state, the deficiency for an awareness of internal bodily states. The accumulation of negative experiences lead to mental health risks: eating disorders, depression, sexual dysfunctions. The objectification theory has been proved by empirical studies by this time. The results of these studies showed that (a) sexual objectification causes self objectification, (b) the experiences of objectification are different between women and men, (c) the experiences of objectification changes according to developmental stages (d) objectification had an effect on eating disorders, negative emotions, performance ability, and non-adaptive behaviors. The implication of objectification theory is the proposal of the individual psychological concept 'self objectification'. The concept of 'self objectification' might be clarified, and the range of research based on the objectification theory should be broaden in the future research.

사르트르 철학에서 ‘대상화(objectification)’의 문제: 누스바움의 대상화 이론에 관한 비판

이솔 한국현상학회 2023 철학과 현상학 연구 Vol.99 No.-

The problem of sexual objectification is one of the central issues in contemporary feminist philosophy. In "Objectification"(1995), Nussbaum criticizes the fact that objectification has been regarded as negative term in previous feminist work, arguing that positive objectification is possible when it is accompanied by respect for the other as a person. This article will show that Nussbaum's discussion of objectification suffers from a problem of 'arbitrariness' and offer a new way to reflect on the issue of objectification based on Sartre's model of relationship for others. Nussbaum's "positive objectification" has a fundamentally arbitrary status in that the other may or may not be treated as a person, depending on the subject's intentions, and there is always room for violence to intrude into the relationship. For Sartre, on the other hand, the transformation of the other into a subject from an object is not something that can be left to one's arbitrary choice. Rather, the gaze of the other forms the limit of my subjectivity. Through Sartre's philosophy, we can see that feminist discussions of objectification are based on false notions of the other and the subject, and we can find new ways to think about the problem of objectification.

칸트 대상화 이론의 구성 -누스바움의 비판을 중심으로

강은아 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2022 人文科學 Vol.124 No.-

The aim of this paper is to construct and advocate Kantian objectification theory. This is done through a confrontation with Nussbaum's discussion of objectification. Nussbaum argued that objectification is a “cluster-term,” so that not all objectification is morally problematic. On the contrary, according to Kantian perspective, objectification has one definition, and all objectification is, by definition, morally problematic. The two positions are alternatives to each other in that one cannot have the two positions at the same time. According to Nussbaum, objectification is to treat person as an object, and, particularly, morally unacceptable objectification is instrumentalization in a way that denies autonomy. But it weakens the power of objectification as a moral problem by overly expanding the scope of objectification, and is short of justification. I advocate a Kantian approach that sees objectification as a moral problem protesting the immorality that occurred in human relations. Objectification is not only treating humans as object, but as objects only, so that it is always morally problematic. However, I object to the usual Kantian interpretation that equates objectification with instrumentalization, and argue that the core of Kantian objectification theory ignores autonomy. I would analyze the ‘formula of humanit’ and consider the usual use of objectification. In conclusion, according to Kantian objectification theory, the criterion for objectification is instrumentalization, and ignoring autonomy ultimately justifies the immorality of objectification. 이 글의 목표는 칸트적인 대상화 이론을 구성하고, 옹호하는 것이다. 이는 누스바움의 대상화 논의와의 대결을 통해 이뤄진다. 누스바움은 대상화는 다의적이며 모든 대상화가 도덕적으로 문제적인 것은 아니라고 주장하였다. 반면, 칸트주의적 입장에 따르면 대상화는 하나의 정의를 가지며, 정의상 모든 대상화는 도덕적으로 문제적이다. 두 입장은 대상화 개념을 달리 규정하며, 이로써 문제화하는 사태가 다르다는 점에서 서로 대안적인 관계에 있다. 누스바움에 따르면 대상화는 인간을 대상으로 대하는 것이며, 그 중에서 도덕적으로 문제적인 대상화의 특징은 자율성을 부정하는 방식의 도구화이다. 그러나 누스바움의 입장은 대상화의 적용 범위를 지나치게 확장함으로써 도덕적 문제로서의 대상화의 힘을 약화시키며, 대상화가 도덕적인 문제적인 근거를 제시하지 않는다는 점에서 한계를 갖는다. 이에 대해 나는 대상화를 인간 관계에서 일어나는 비도덕성에 항의하는 도덕적 문제로 보는 칸트적 접근방식을 옹호한다. 대상화는 대상으로 대하는 것이 아니라 대상으로만 대하는 것으로 언제나 도덕적으로 문제적이다. 다만 나는 기존의 대상화를 도구화와 같다고 여기는 해석에 반대하여 칸트주의적 대상화 이론의 핵심이 자율성 무시라고 주장한다. 이를 위해 ‘인간성 정식’의 논의를 분석하고 대상화 표현의 통상적인 사용을 고려한다. 결론적으로 칸트주의적 대상화 이론에서 대상화의 기준은 도구화이며, 자율성 무시는 대상화의 비도덕성을 궁극적으로 정당화하는 것이다.

이미지를 통한 ‘대상화’의 탐색 - 존 버거의 『다른 방식으로 보기』를 활용하여

김수경 한국 리터러시 학회 2020 리터러시 연구 Vol.11 No.5

This paper focuses on the reading of Chapter 3 of John Berger’s Ways of Seeing and examines what the work of exploring ‘objectification’ means to students. Students found that the traditional masculine gaze and female objectification found in European nude paintings between the 14th and 19th centuries, continue to be reproduced today. The chapter points out that not only women but also men and children who have been objectified through social inequality target each other. Some women show different outfits and posture, give up their slender femininity and strengthen their muscles, or intentionally show their hair that was considered subject to removal, or show a disability to escape conventional objectification. On the other hand, writing reflecting oneself from the perspective of ‘objectification’ shows a self-awareness of various targeted poses without even knowing that they are targets themselves. Among these was the realization that the photo taken “naturally” to escape objectification was another objectification that eventually produced “naturalness.” On the other hand, students who already grasped the concept of objectification actively criticized the conventional views of society that target women, showing a complete departure from objectification. These activities show the significance of reading Chapter 3 of Berger for the realization of the concept of ‘objectification’ on its own, the awareness of social relationships and the role of the media in ‘objectification’, and the understanding that images are an important part of identity. 논문은 존 버거의 『다른 방식으로 보기』 3장을 읽고,‘대상화’를 탐구하는 작업이 학생들에게 어떤 의미가 있는지를 살펴 보고자 한 것이다. 그 결과 학생들은 14세기-19세기 사이에 유럽의 여성 누드화에서 볼 수 있었던 남성적 시선의 관습과 여성 대상화의 현상이 현재까지도 지속적으로 나타나고 재생산되고 있다는 사실을 발견하였다.또한SNS발달로 인해 사회적 불평등 관계에 놓여있던 여성 뿐만 아니라 남성,아이들에 이르기까지 서로가 서로를 대상화하는 사회가되어가고 있다고 지적한다.여성들은 관습적 대상화의 시선에서 벗어나기 위해 의상과 자세를 달리한다든가,가녀린 여성성을 포기하고 근육을 강화한다든가,제거의 대상으로 간주되었던 털을 일부러 보여준다든가,장애를 가진 모습을 보여준다. 다른 한편으로 ‘대상화’의 관점에서 스스로를 성찰한 글쓰기에서는,스스로 대상화인 줄도 모르고 대상화된 다양한 포즈들을 자각하는 현상을 보이고 있다.그 가운데는 대상화에서 벗어나고자 ‘자연스럽게’ 찍은 사진이 결국 ‘자연스러움을 연출한’ 또다른 대상화임을 깨닫는 내용도 있었다.다른 한 편으로 이미 대상화의 개념을 장착한 학생들은 여성을 대상화하는 사회의 관습적 시선을 적극적으로 비판하면서,대상화로부터 완전히 탈피한 이미지를 보여주기도 하였다. 이와 같은 활동을 통해서 학생들 스스로 ‘대상화’의 개념을 깨닫고 ‘대상화’를 가능하게 하는 조건으로서의 사회적 관계와 매체의 역할을 인지하게 되는 것,이미지가정체성의 중요한 부분을 차지한다는 사실을 알게 되는 것 등은 『다른 방식으로 보기』 3장을 읽는 주요한 의의가 될 수 있다.

사람에서 컴퓨터 자동화로의 연결을 위한 탐색 : 객체 인식(Object Detection) 딥러닝 알고리즘 YOLO4, 자세 인식(Pose Detection) 프레임워크 MediaPipe를 활용한 음악 프로그램의 여성 신체 대상화, 선정적 화면 검출 연구

윤호영(Ho Young Yoon) 한국언론학회 2021 한국언론학보 Vol.65 No.6

The goal of this research is to examine patterns of objectification and sexualization of the female body in music programs on television. The study’s goal is to identify rules for automated visual image detection of body objectification and sexualization. To do so, previous qualitative study findings were used to identify target images and the cutting-edge object-detection deep learning algorithm, YOLO4 (You Only Look Once), and MediaPipe, a framework for deep learning-based pose detection, were used to search for patterns. As this is a one-of-a-kind study linking body objectification and algorithm-based object detection, the case for analysis must be carefully chosen, taking into account random effects from unplanned camera movements caused by real-time broadcasting. The dance to the song ’Rollin’ by the female group ’Brave Girls’ had already been broadcasted earlier in 2017. Thus, the on-stage choreography and camera movements associated with the song were already known, making them suitable for research data. The study used music programs that aired on three broadcasting networks, KBS, MBC, and SBS, during the second week of March, 2021. To fine-tune the patterns, 12 screen images were selected by extracting keyframes from the song’s original music videos. The study’s findings are summarized below. To begin, when the scene transition is associated with a significant decrease in the number of people in the visual frame in comparison to the previous frame, it is frequently associated with female body objectification. Because body objection is associated with an emphasis on a specific body-part in the absence of a face, this is essentially a zoom-in technique transited from a wide-angle view of the scene. This rule, however, is insufficient for detecting objectified visual images; it can also be applied to screen images that avoid sexualized images in the given dance choreography. As a result, an additional rule is required to exclusively find images of female body objectification, and it is discovered that detecting human faces on the screen appears to be a good measure. In other words, unless the human faces on the screen do not appear with the scene transition that shows a dramatic decrease in the number of humans in the scene, a visual flow of images can be considered female body objectification. The study also compared the levels of objectification across broadcasting networks and found that MBC has a lower proportion of sexualized images than that of other networks. On MBC’s music program, the MediaPipe framework for pose detection discovered fewer scene images with lower body parts than others. The findings of this study suggest that computer vision research can be used to detect female objectified bodies and sexual images in television programs.

청소년의 사회문화적 압력과 청소년의 미용관리 및 체중조절간의 관계(제1보) − 대상화의 매개과정을 중심으로 −

김윤 한국미용학회 2010 한국미용학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The purposes of this study were to verify how sociocultural pressure factors had an influence on objectification and examine the relation cosmetic management attitude and weight control attitude and mediating effect of objectification. To achieve the purposes, a questionnaire was conducted to 519 female and male adolescent, whose ages were from 13 to 17. Data were analyzed by structure equation modeling of Amos 18.0 and SPSS 12.0 program. The results of this study were summarized as follow: First, there were significant differences in sociocultural pressure and objectification. Second, adolescent's objectification was related positively to cosmetic management attitude. Third, adolescent's objectification was related positively to weight control attitude. Forth, the objectification have a significant mediating effect on the relation between sociocultural pressure factors and cosmetic management attitude & weight control attitude.

청소년의 사회문화적 압력과 청소년의 미용관리 및 체중조절간의 관계(제1보) -대상화의 매개과정을 중심으로-

김윤 ( Yun Kim ) 한국미용학회 2010 한국미용학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The purposes of this study were to verify how sociocultural pressure factors had an influence on objectification and examine the relation cosmetic management attitude and weight control attitude and mediating effect of objectification. To achieve the purposes, a questionnaire was conducted to 519 female and male adolescent, whose ages were from 13 to 17. Data were analyzed by structure equation modeling of Amos 18.0 and SPSS 12.0 program. The results of this study were summarized as follow: First, there were significant differences in sociocultural pressure and objectification. Second, adolescent`s objectification was related positively to cosmetic management attitude. Third, adolescent`s objectification was related positively to weight control attitude. Forth, the objectification have a significant mediating effect on the relation between sociocultural pressure factors and cosmetic management attitude & weight control attitude.

시의 대상화 방식에 관한 연구

유영희 우리말글학회 2019 우리말 글 Vol.81 No.-

본 연구에서는 현대시 영역에서 일상적으로 사용하고 있는 ‘시적 대상’의 범주와 대상화 방식에 관해 알아보았다. 시적 대상은 대상화 방식과 관련하여 시 텍스트의 의미 차원에서 점검해 보아야 하는데, 이는 두 개념이 서로 긴밀한 관련을 맺고 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 ‘동적 대상화’와 ‘정적 대상화’라는 범주를 설정하여 이것이 현대시 텍스트에 어떤 양상으로 나타나는지 점검해 보고 차이점은 무엇인지 살펴보았다. 이러한 접근 방식을 통해 시를 향유하는 사람들이 시적 대상의 개념을 이해하고 내면화할 수 있기를 기대해 본다. In this study, the concept and objectification method of 'poetic object' which is used in everyday life in modern poetry area was examined. The poetic object should be examined in terms of semantics in relation to the objectification method because the two concepts are closely related to each other. Therefore, in this study, I set up the categories of 'dynamic objectification' and 'static objectification', and examined how they appear in modern poetry texts and examined how they differ in terms of objectification methods. Through this approach, I hope that those who enjoy poetry will be able to understand and internalize the concept of poetic objects.

한국판 성적 대상화-가해 척도(Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale—Perpetration Version) 타당화 연구

우성범(Sung-Bum Woo) 한국콘텐츠학회 2023 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.23 No.2

성적 대상화는 인간을 성적인 대상물로 바라보거나 성적인 강요를 하는 것으로 최근 사회문제로 관심을 받고 있으나 객관적 과학적 측정도구에 제한이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 성인 남성들이 여성을 대상으로 하는 성적 대상화를 측정하기 위한 도구로 Gervais, Davidson, Styck, Canivez, DiLillo(2018)이 개발한 ISOS-P(Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale—Perpetration Version)를 번안하고 타당화 하였다. 이를 위해 한국어로 번역하고 내용타당도를 확인한 K-ISOS-P척도를 전국의 성인남성 840명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 관련한 주요변인들을 함께 조사하였다. 전체 표본 중 299명을 대상으로 이루어진 탐색적 요인분석 결과 2가지 하위요인이 추출되었고 각 문항의 내용에 따라 ‘원치 않는 노골적 성적 접근’, 과 ‘신체응시 및 평가’로 명명하였다. 541명을 대상으로 확인적 요인분석과 수렴 및 변별 타당도를 검증 하였다. 또한, 한국판 남성 규범이 성적 대상화 가해에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 한국사회의 남성문화 규범이 성적 대상화에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. Sexual objectification has recently attracted attention as a social problem by viewing humans as sexual objects or making sexual coercion, but there have been limitations in objective scientific measurement tools. In this study, the Interpersonal Serial Objectification Scale (ISOS-P) developed by Gervais, Davidson, Styck, Canivez, DiLillo (2018) was adapted and validated as a tool for measuring sexual objectification targeting women. To this end, a survey of 840 adult men nationwide was conducted on the K-ISOS-P scale, which was translated into Korean and confirmed the content validity, and related major variables were also investigated. As a result of exploratory factor analysis of 299 people out of the total sample, two sub-factors were extracted, and according to the contents of each question, they were named ‘unwanted explicit sexual approach’, and ‘physical examination and evaluation’. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergence and discrimination validity were verified for 541 people. In addition, by analyzing the effect of the Korean version of male norms on sexual objectification, it was confirmed that male cultural norms in Korean society affect sexual objectification.

대상화 개념과 여성주의 역설 - 누스바움의 이론을 중심으로 -

조영아(Jo, Youngah) 중앙대학교 중앙철학연구소 2021 철학탐구 Vol.61 No.-

누스바움에 따르면, 여성이 도구성, 자율성의 결핍, 타성적임, 대체 가능함, 가침성(可侵性), 소유 가능함, 주체성 부재의 7가지 특징을 갖는 경우 대상화된다. 대상화는 인간을 그 또는 그녀로 대우하지 않고 사물로 대하는 것이다. 그런데 이러한 대상화에 대한 관점을 수용할 경우 여성주의는 역설에 빠진다. 누스바움의 대상화에 대한 설명에서 ‘여성이 대상화 되지 않는다면, 여성을 여성이 아닌 것으로 대하지 않는다’를 이끌어낼 수 있다. 이 명제가 어떤 의미를 갖는지 여성주의 관점에서 설명할 경우 여성주의는 양립하기 어려운 해석을 낳는다. 여성주의 역설이 발생하는 이유는 대상화 개념을 p₁, p₂, p₃…의 속성을 가짐이라고 잘못 분석하였기 때문이다. 여성주의가 역설을 피하려면, 대상화 개념에 대해 속성적 관점보다 술어적 관점을 취해야 한다. 이는 여성주의에서 대상화 개념을 명료화하는 의의를 갖는다. Nussbaum suggests the seven features that consist objectification. According to her, objectification is treating something that is not an object as an object, taken as an instrument, lacking of autonomy, controlled by something else, substituted, destroyed, possessed anytime, being regarded as emotionless. However, if we accept this view of objectification, feminists seem to face with an anti-institutional consequence. We can infer from Nussbaum’ explanation of objectification to ‘if women are not objectified, women are not treated as what is not women’. As far as what this proposition means is explained from feministic point of view, an incompatible interpretation might follow. However, the reason why this feministic paradox occurs is, I suggest, we wrongfully connect the concept of objectification with having some properties, p1, p2, p3…. Thus I will insist that the concept of objectification should be discussed not by property but by predicate, which aims to clear out the feministic concept of objectification.