검색광고의 법적 문제에 관한 소고 : 상표법 및 부정경쟁방지법을 중심으로

유대종 法務部 商事法務課 2006 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.34

검색엔진 사이트들이 등록상표 또는 주지서명상표를 검색어로 판매하고 이를 구매한 광고주의 웹사이트를 우선적으로 검색결과에 노출시켜주는 검색광고는 인터넷상의 상표사용과 관련하여 나타나는 많은 문제들 중의 하나이다. 검색광고는 상표권자가 쌓아온 고객흡입력이나 신용에 무단편승하여 부당한 이익을 취할 목적이 존재하고 있다는 것은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 그러나 검색엔진 이용자들은 검색결과로 현시되는 웹사이트들이 자신이 입력한 검색어를 포함하고 있는 웹사이트들이라고 인식할 뿐 특정 주체의 상표와 검색에 연관시키지 않는 것이 일반적이다. 또한 검색 서비스라는 특성상 이용자들은 검색을 통하여 상표권자뿐안 아니라 기타 여러 동종업체가 검색된 것을 당연히 기대하고 있으며, 이용자들은 이와 같은 여러 개의 검색결과 중에서 원하는 결과를 찾아가기 때문에 혼동의 여지는 그만큼 줄어든다고 보아야 할 것이다. 검색광고가 상표법 또는 부정경쟁방지법상 혼동행위 및 희석화인지 여부는 광고주가 당해 검색에 순수한 검색어로서 이용하였는지 아니면 검색어가 검색광고를 이용하는 웹사이트의 사이트명 또는 사이트 설명문구로 표시되었는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 할 것이다. 즉 상표를 검색어로 이용한다고 하는 것은 당해 검색어에 자신의 웹사이트가 노출될 수 있도록 하는 행위이며, 그 검색결과에 상표권자의 상표가 그 형태를 불문하고 어떠한 형태로든 표시되어 있다고 한다면 이러한 사용은 상표로서의 사용이라고 보아야할 것이다. 만약 이와 같지 않다면 검색광고는 소비자에게 상품선택의 정보를 제공하는 공정사용의 측면도 존재한다고 볼 수 있어 비교광고로서 허용될 수 있을 것이다. A Keyword-advertisement generally appears at or near the top of a web page, and usually the first image a user sees, and is intended to catch the attention of the user to spark an interest in the site. As more and more companies advertise on the web, the legality of Keyword-advertisement practices has become the newest battle in a series of conflicts over how much protection trademarks should be given in cyberspace. Expansion of current trademark laws to protect the trademark owner against a Keyword-advertisement could stifle other developmental efforts in the software community. This becomes quite apparent by understanding the technical, aspects and underlying rationale for the Keyword-advertisement. A more appropriate solution ls to rationalize a Keyword-advertisement with conventional standards as if it were an age-old problem. Prohibiting a Keyword-advertisement on the Internet will hurt consumers since these advertisements are a hallmark to electronic commerce on the Internet. Moreover, equating a Keyword-advertisement to a comparative advertisement may provide the Internet community the opportunity to develop standards, which ultimately stimulate growth Similar to the system for resolving disputes over the registration of domain names, a trademark owner could complain of the misuse of the keywords to the search engine operator, demonstrate a trademark right in the keyword, and then purchase the keywords instead. Internet scholars echo this approach in other realms of cyberspace law. Ultimately, once the technical, aspects of the Keyword-advertisement are understood, courts can apply well-settled trademark law without the need to amend current laws. We should not contain the growth of the Internet, but instead support it.

Lymphadenectomy for primary ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tatsuyuki Chiyoda,Manabu Sakurai,Toyomi Satoh,Satoru Nagase,Mikio Mikami,Hidetaka Katabuchi,Daisuke Aoki 대한부인종양학회 2020 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.31 No.5

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of lymphadenectomy at primary debulking surgery(PDS) on the survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods: We searched PubMed, Ichushi, and the Cochrane Library. Randomized controlledtrials (RCTs) and retrospective cohort studies comparing survival of women with EOCundergoing lymphadenectomy at PDS with that of women without lymphadenectomy wereincluded. We performed a meta-analysis of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival(PFS), and adverse events. Results: For advanced-stage EOC, 2 RCTs including 1,074 women and 7 cohort studiescomprising 3,161 women were evaluated. Meta-analysis revealed that lymphadenectomy wasassociated with improved OS (hazard ratio [HR]=0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.70–0.90). However, meta-analysis of 2 RCTs revealed no significant difference in OS betweenthe lymphadenectomy and no-lymphadenectomy groups (OS: HR=1.02; 95% CI=0.85–1.22). For early-stage EOC, 1 RCT comprising 268 women and 4 cohort studies comprising 14,228women were evaluated. Meta-analysis showed that lymphadenectomy was associatedwith improved OS (HR=0.75; 95% CI=0.68–0.82). A RCT of early-stage EOC reported thatlymphadenectomy was not associated with improved OS (HR=0.85; 95% CI=0.49–1.47). Surgery-related deaths were similar in both groups (risk ratio [RR]=1.00; 95% CI=0.99–1.01);however, blood transfusion was required less frequently in the no-lymphadenectomy group(RR=0.74; 95% CI=0.63–0.86). Conclusions: Meta-analysis of RCTs and observational studies suggest thatlymphadenectomy was associated with improved OS in advanced- and early-stage EOC. However, results from RCTs demonstrate that lymphadenectomy was not associated withimproved OS in advanced- and early-stage EOC.

국내·외 U-City 논문의 연구동향

김걸(Kim Kirl),천정윤(Chun Joung Yoon),신동빈(Shin Dong Bin),임시영(Lim Si Yeong) 대한공간정보학회 2011 대한공간정보학회지 Vol.19 No.1

본 연구는 U-City 논문의 연구동향을 파악하여 미래도시나 U-City 연구의 향후 과제를 도출하고 발전방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 1990년대 중반부터 2010년까지의 국내ㆍ외 U-City 및 미래도시 관련 논문을 대상으로 메타키워드를 추출하고, 시계열적 키워드 분석을 통해 국내ㆍ외 논문의 연구경향을 비교분석 하였다. 연구결과 국내 논문과 해외 논문 모두 기술에 관련된 연구가 많았지만 국내에서는 기술과 방법론, 서비스, 계획 및 관리 분야가 초기부터 지속적으로 연구된 반면 해외 논문은 기술 및 방법론에 대한 연구가 선행된 후 모델을 통해 도시에 적용하는 연구가 이어지는 경향을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 국내에서는 도시재생이나 도시의 공간적 스케일을 고려한 다양한 주제별 연구가 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 향후에는 U-City가 도시에 적용될 수 있는 다양한 주제의 연구가 필요하다. The purpose of this study is to suggest development directions and elicit future research themes of U-City and future city by identifying the research trends of U-City theses. For this, meta-keywords were elicited based on the theses of U-City and future city published from mid 1990s to 2010. Centered on the meta-keywords, temporal keyword analysis was performed to compare the research trends of U-City and future city theses in Korea and oversea. The results show that most of U-City and future theses in Korea and oversea mainly dealt with technology. U-City theses in Korea have a tendency to research technology, methodology, service, planning and management in order from the early beginning. However, the U-City and future theses in oversea have a tendency to continuously study U-City applications to city through the model based on the technology and methodology. Therefore, the U-City research in Korea should focus on aspects of urban regeneration, urban scale, and so on. That is to say, the research in near future is required to apply the U-City to various urban themes.

「무역상무연구」 전자무역 분야 게재 논문 메타분석

임성철 한국무역상무학회 2023 貿易商務硏究 Vol.100 No.-

This paper is a meta-analysis of articles in the field of e-transactions published in volumes 1 through 99 of the Korean Research Institute of International Commerce & Law's journal, International Commerce & Law Review. A total of 1080 articles were published in the Journal of Trade and Commerce until the 99th volume, and among them, 135 articles were published in the field of electronic trade, representing 12.5% of the total. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the published articles, averaging the number of articles in the field of electronic trade over time relative to the total number of articles published in the journal, and analyzing the language and research methodology. Chapter 3 analyzed the researchers who published a lot of articles, the affiliation of the researchers, the proportion of solo and joint research, and the proportion of domestic and foreign references. In Chapter 4, related keywords and brief topics of published papers were analyzed through keyword analysis. In the keyword analysis, "e-commerce", "EDI", "electronic bill of lading", and "Bolero" were frequent from the 1990s to the early 2000s. From 2005 to 2014, "e-Trade", "uTradeHub", "eUCP", etc. were more frequent. From 2015 onwards, "cross-border sales", "cross-boarder", "electronic transferable record", "blockchain", "smart contract", "fintech", etc. were more frequent. In terms of time, EDI started in the 1990s, e-commerce was activated in the early 2000s, and the uTradeHub service was launched in 2008. Since the mid-2010s, cross-border e-commerce has been activated by increasing direct overseas purchases, and new technologies such as blockchain are bringing changes to trade. In line with these developments, the Korean Research Institute of International Commerce & Law's "International Commerce & Law Review" has been leading research in line with e-trade practices.

Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus primary debulking surgery in patients with ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis

Xiaofeng Lv,Shihong Cui,Xiaoan Zhang,Chenchen Ren 대한부인종양학회 2020 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.31 No.2

Objective: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has remained controversial. This meta-analysis was performed to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of NACT versus primary debulking surgery (PDS) in patients with EOC. Methods: PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library were queried to assess the therapeutic value of NACT versus PDS in EOC. Electronic databases were queried by using the keywords “ovarian cancer/neoplasms”, “primary debulking surgery”, and “neoadjuvant chemotherapy”. Results: The available trials were pooled, and hazard ratios (HRs), relative risk ratios (RRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined. Sixteen trials involving 57,450 participants with EOC (NACT, 9,475; PDS, 47,975) were evaluated. We found that NACT resulted in markedly decreased overall survival than PDS in patients with EOC (HR=1.30; 95% CI=1.13–1.49; heterogeneity: p<0.001, I2=82.7%). Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the NACT group displayed increased completeness of debulking removal (RR=1.69, 95% CI=1.32–2.17; heterogeneity: p<0.001, I2=81.9%), and reduced risk of postsurgical death (RR=0.18, 95% CI=0.06–0.51; heterogeneity: p=0.698, I2=0%) and major infection (RR=0.29, 95% CI=0.17–0.51; heterogeneity: p=0.777, I2=0%) compared with patients administered PDS. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicated that NACT results in increased completeness of debulking removal, and reduced risk of postsurgical death and major infection compared with PDS, while PDS is associated with improved survival in comparison with NACT in EOC patients. Trial Registration: PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42019120625

미국판례에 나타난 사이버공간에서의 판매전 혼동이론에 관한 연구 - 도메인네임, 메타태그, 인터넷광고 등을 중심으로 : 미국판례에 나타난 사이버공간에서의 판매전 혼동이론에 관한 연구

이지윤(李知倫),임건면(林建勉) 성균관대학교 비교법연구소 2008 성균관법학 Vol.20 No.2

Initial interest(or pre-sale) confusion can result from the unauthorized use of trademark in a manner that initially captures consumer attention, regardless of any resulting sale. The infringement can be based on a confusion that creates initial customer interest, even though no actual sale is finally completed as a result of the confusion. Most American courts now recognize the initial interest confusion theory as a form of likelihood of confusion which can trigger a finding of infringement. But even if the marks are almost identical, initial interest confusion is not assumed and must be proven by the evidence. Evidence of actual initial interest confusion is to be de minimis and weak where the goods are non-competitive, expensive and sold to knowledgeable buyers. Some American Courts have applied the initial interest test of infringement to domain names that conflict with a prior trademark. Even though when the user accesses the defendant"s site, the user find that it is not the plaintiff"s site, the defendant has succeeded in luring users to his site, which often is the defendant"s main purpose. A disclaimer on an otherwise infringing web site does not remedy the initial interest confusion which is caused by a confusingly similar domain name. In the domain name case, whether or not the parties compete and actionable harm result is best evaluated through the use of traditional multifactor likelihood of confusion test. A Trademark issue unique to the Internet and cyberspace is the use of “meta tags”, “hidden code”, and “cyber-stuffing”, in which the trademark of another entity is used on a web site in a way that is visually invisible to a human reader but is visible to search engines. The initial interest test has been applied to find infringement when a confusingly similar designation is used in a hidden “metatag” on an Internet web site. American Courts also have recently analyzed initial interest confusion on the Internet in connection with pop-up advertisements or banner advertisement, which appear as a separate browser screens when an Internet user employs a mark as a search engine keyword or types a domain name into an Internet browser. In recent years, Internet search services have offered and sold more and more targeted advertising, through paid advertisement or through search listings that are keyed to users" search terms. These advertising programs have raised the legal issue of whether Internet search service sales of keyword-based advertisements and search listings that use trademarks are violating trademarklaw. Trademark law is never meant to be a property grant to individual trademark holders. Rather, the protection of trademark requires a careful balance of the interests of trademark holders, competitors and public. Viewed in this light, the initial interest confusion doctrine not only encourages the provision of high-quality online services and online communications by prohibiting free-riding, but also safeguards reasonable consumer expectations in reaching desired online services.

The Usefulness of 18F-FDG PET to Differentiate Subtypes of Dementia: The Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Na Seunghee,Kang Dong Woo,Kim Geon Ha,Kim Ko Woon,Kim Yeshin,Kim Hee-Jin,Park Kee Hyung,Park Young Ho,Byeon Gihwan,Suh Jeewon,Shin Joon Hyun,Shim YongSoo,Yang YoungSoon,Um Yoo Hyun,Oh Seong-il,Wang Sh 대한치매학회 2024 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Vol.23 No.1

Background and Purpose: Dementia subtypes, including Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), pose diagnostic challenges. This review examines the effectiveness of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (18F-FDG PET) in differentiating these subtypes for precise treatment and management. Methods: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted using databases like PubMed and Embase to identify studies on the diagnostic utility of 18F-FDG PET in dementia. The search included studies up to November 16, 2022, focusing on peer-reviewed journals and applying the gold-standard clinical diagnosis for dementia subtypes. Results: From 12,815 articles, 14 were selected for final analysis. For AD versus FTD, the sensitivity was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.98) and specificity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70–0.92). In the case of AD versus DLB, 18F-FDG PET showed a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.98) and specificity of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.70–0.92). Lastly, when differentiating AD from non-AD dementias, the sensitivity was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91) and the specificity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91). The studies mostly used case-control designs with visual and quantitative assessments. Conclusions: 18F-FDG PET exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating dementia subtypes, particularly AD, FTD, and DLB. This method, while not a standalone diagnostic tool, significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy in uncertain cases, complementing clinical assessments and structural imaging.

The added value of SLN mapping with indocyanine green in low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancer management: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lara C. Burg,Shenna Verheijen,Ruud L.M. Bekkers,Joanna IntHout,Robert W. Holloway,Salih Taskin,Sarah E. Ferguson,Yu Xue,Antonino Ditto,Glauco Baiocchi,Andrea Papadia,Giorgio Bogani,Alessandro Buda,Roy 대한부인종양학회 2022 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.33 No.5

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the SLN detection rate in presumed early stage, low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancers, the incidence of SLN metastases, and the negative predictive value of SLN mapping performed with indocyanine green (ICG). Methods: A systematic review with meta-analyses was conducted. Study inclusion criteria were A) low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancer, B) the use of ICG per cervical injection; C) a minimum of twenty included patients per study. To assess the negative predictive value of SLN mapping, D) a subsequent lymphadenectomy was an additional inclusion criterion. Results: Fourteen studies were selected, involving 2,117 patients. The overall and bilateral SLN detection rates were 95.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]=92.4%–97.9%) and 76.5% (95% CI=68.1%–84.0%), respectively. The incidence of SLN metastases was 9.6% (95% CI=5.1%–15.2%) in patients with grade 1–2 endometrial cancer and 11.8% (95% CI=8.1%–16.1%) in patients with grade 1–3 endometrial cancer. The negative predictive value of SLN mapping was 100% (95% CI=98.8%–100%) in studies that included grade 1–2 endometrial cancer and 99.2% (95% CI=97.9%–99.9%) in studies that also included grade 3. Conclusion: SLN mapping with ICG is feasible with a high detection rate and negative predictive value in low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancers. Given the incidence of SLN metastases is approximately 10% in those patients, SLN mapping may lead to stage shifting with potential therapeutic consequences. Given the high negative predictive value with SLN mapping, routine lymphadenectomy should be omitted in low- and intermediate- risk endometrial cancer.

인터넷상에서 ‘상표의 사용’ 개념 및 그 지위(Ⅲ) - 메타태그, 한글도메인이름 관련분쟁을 중심으로 -

박준석 사법발전재단 2011 사법 Vol.1 No.16

우리 판례는 대체로 인터넷공간에서도 경쟁자에 의한 ‘상표의 사용’이 존재하려면 권리자의 해당 상표가 소비자에게 시각적으로 인식되어야 한다는 입장을 취하고 있지만, 메타태그나 한글도메인이름에 관한 일부 판례는 해석상 반대입장을 취하고 있는 듯하다. 인터넷 공간에서는, 침해자가 상표권을 침해하려면 거의 언제나 자신의 상품상에 권리자의 상표를 부착하는 등 시각적으로 소비자에게 제시하여야 했던 현실공간에서와 달리, 상표가 가진 고객흡입력을 경쟁업자가 활용하고 있음에도 소비자에게 해당 상표가 직접 보이지는 않는다. 우리 상표법은 이런 현실공간과 인터넷공간의 차이점을 미처 상표법상 ‘상표의 사용’ 문구에 반영하지 못한 상태이므로 그런 사정을 감안하여 장차 관련개정이 있을 때까지 상표법의 관련규정을 아주 신축적으로 해석하여야 한다. 현행 상표법이 시각적으로 인식가능한 것만 상표로 인정하고 있더라도 우리 판례는 비시각적 활용 역시 시각적 활용과 더불어 상표의 사용이 될 수 있다는 사실을 이미 간접적으로 시인하여 왔음을 여기서 유의할 필요가 있다. While many Korean courts' cases about the internet space generally have taken a position that trademark use by competitors exists only when the mark is visually recognizable to the consumers, some case law on meta tags and so-called Hangul domain name arguably took the opposite position. Unlike in the real world where any competitor should almost always visually present the disputed mark to the consumer by, as an example, attaching the trademark to his counterfeits, the mark in the cyberspace is literally invisible to the consumers even though the competitor misappropriates goodwill of the mark owner. Because the statutory provisions for trademark use requirement in Korea have not yet reflected the above mentioned difference between the real world and cyberspace, the relevant provisions in the Korean Trademark Act should inevitably be interpreted very flexibly to fill the gap in the current law until an amendment to the law will be made in the future. Here, we should be careful about the fact that our courts already have indirectly acknowledged non-visual use of a trademark and visual trademark use can be a type of trademark use though Korean Trademark Act defines trademark as a visually recognizable construct.

A Review on Search Engine Optimization : Basics

Subodh Gupta,Neha Agrawal,Sandeep Gupta 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.5

Human life easy with web search engines. But with day to day growth in web, proper information on the user search query is becoming difficult. User search some information on the web, search engines results in a large amount of web pages from his database in response of search related queries. For any user not possible to access all web pages. So need of a search engines (SE) that provide relevant information to a user search query. The technique called search engine optimization (SEO), to do so. SEO is a method that uses search principles for search engines to provide the higher ranking to the more suitable webpage. It can be done by applying various pages ranking algorithms. In this paper present a review on SEO techniques that are helpful for internet user to make available valuable data.