Development of Semi-basement Type Greenhouse Model for Energy Saving

Kim, Seoung Hee,Joen, Jong Gil,Kwon, Jin Kyeong,Kim, Hyung Kweon Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.4

Purpose: The heat culture areas of greenhouses have been continuously increasing. In the face of international oil price fluctuations, development of energy saving technologies is becoming essential. To save energy, auxiliary heat source and thermal insulation technologies are being developed, but they lack cost-efficiency. The present study was conducted to save energy by developing a conceptually new semi-basement type greenhouse. Methods: A semi-basement type greenhouse, was designed and constructed in the form of a three quarter greenhouse as a basic structure, which is an advantageous structure to inflow sunlight. To evaluate the performance of the developed greenhouse, a similar structured general greenhouse was installed as a control plot, and heating tests were conducted under the same crop growth conditions. Results: Although shadows appeared during the winter in the semi-basement type greenhouse due to the underground drop, the results of crop growth tests indicated that there were no differences in crop growth and development between the semi-basement type greenhouse and the control greenhouse, indicating that the shadows did not affect the crop up to the height of the crop growing point. The amount of fuel used for heating from January to March was almost the same between the two greenhouses for tests. The heating load coefficients of the experimental greenhouses were calculated as $3.1kcal/m^2{\cdot}^{\circ}C{\cdot}h$ for the semi-basement type greenhouse and $2.9kcal/m^2{\cdot}^{\circ}C{\cdot}h$ for the control greenhouse. Since the value is lower than the double layer PE (polyethylene) film greenhouse value of $3.5kcal/m^2{\cdot}^{\circ}C{\cdot}h$ from a previous study, Tthe semi-basement type greenhouse seemed to have energy saving effects. Conclusions: The semi-basement type greenhouse could be operated with the same fuel consumption as general greenhouses, even though its underground portion resulted in a larger volume, indicating positive effects on energy saving and space utilization. It was identified that the heat losses could be reduced by installing a thermal curtain of multi-layered materials for heat insulation inside the greenhouse for the cultivation of horticultural products by installing thermal curtain of multi-layered materials for heat insulation inside the greenhouse, it was identified that the heat losses could be reduced.

Development of Semi-basement Type Greenhouse Model for Energy Saving

( Seoung Hee Kim ),( Jong Gil Joen ),( Jin Kyeong Kwon ),( Hyung Kweon Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.4

Purpose: The heat culture areas of greenhouses have been continuously increasing. In the face of international oil price fluctuations, development of energy saving technologies is becoming essential. To save energy, auxiliary heat source and thermal insulation technologies are being developed, but they lack cost-efficiency. The present study was conducted to save energy by developing a conceptually new semi-basement type greenhouse. Methods: A semi-basement type greenhouse, was designed and constructed in the form of a three quarter greenhouse as a basic structure, which is an advantageous structure to inflow sunlight. To evaluate the performance of the developed greenhouse, a similar structured general greenhouse was installed as a control plot, and heating tests were conducted under the same crop growth conditions. Results: Although shadows appeared during the winter in the semi-basement type greenhouse due to the underground drop, the results of crop growth tests indicated that there were no differences in crop growth and development between the semi-basement type greenhouse and the control greenhouse, indicating that the shadows did not affect the crop up to the height of the crop growing point. The amount of fuel used for heating from January to March was almost the same between the two greenhouses for tests. The heating load coefficients of the experimental greenhouses were calculated as 3.1 kcal/m² · ℃ · h for the semi-basement type greenhouse and 2.9 kcal/m² · ℃ · h for the control greenhouse. Since the value is lower than the double layer PE (polyethylene) film greenhouse value of 3.5 kcal/m² · ℃ · h from a previous study, Tthe semi-basement type greenhouse seemed to have energy saving effects. Conclusions: The semi-basement type greenhouse could be operated with the same fuel consumption as general greenhouses, even though its underground portion resulted in a larger volume, indicating positive effects on energy saving and space utilization. It was identified that the heat losses could be reduced by installing a thermal curtain of multi-layered materials for heat insulation inside the greenhouse for the cultivation of horticultural products by installing thermal curtain of multi-layered materials for heat insulation inside the greenhouse, it was identified that the heat losses could be reduced.

시설유형별 재배방식이 풋고추 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향

전희,김경제,우영회 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2001 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.10 No.4

This study was conducted to examine effect of different environment conditions in glass, PC, PETand PE greenhouses controlled by different environment control systems on the growth of green pep-per. Light transmittance of 64.7% in the glass greenhouse was the highest among different green-houses. Air temperature was the highest in the glass greenhouse when ventilators were closed, andwas the highest in the PE greenhouse when ventilators were open. Air relative humidity was the high-est in the PE greenhouse during 24 hours. The amount of solar energy accumulated in soil was thegreatest in the glass greenhouse and this energy released during the night escaped through coveringmaterials. Latent heat and solar energy affected air temperature increase in greenhouses. The air tem-perature of glass greenhouse was 27.5oC at 11 O'clock, which was the highest air temperature amongthe all greenhouse types. Clear differences were observed in leaf area and plant height at 30 days aftertransplanting. Days to first flowering was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 72.7 days. Flowershedding was the greatest in the PE greenhouse with 12.6%. Days to fruit harvesting was the shortestin the glass greenhouse with 14.3 days. Fruit quality, such as fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fleshthickness, and vitamin C content, was the best in the glass greenhouse. Percent marketable fruits wasthe highest with 95.3% when the pepper was grown hydroponically in the glass greenhouse.

Development of Semi-basement Type Greenhouse Model for Energy Saving

김승희,전종길,권진경,김형권 한국농업기계학회 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.4

Purpose: The heat culture areas of greenhouses have been continuously increasing. In the face of international oil pricefluctuations, development of energy saving technologies is becoming essential. To save energy, auxiliary heat source andthermal insulation technologies are being developed, but they lack cost-efficiency. The present study was conducted to saveenergy by developing a conceptually new semi-basement type greenhouse. Methods: A semi-basement type greenhouse,was designed and constructed in the form of a three quarter greenhouse as a basic structure, which is an advantageousstructure to inflow sunlight. To evaluate the performance of the developed greenhouse, a similar structured general greenhousewas installed as a control plot, and heating tests were conducted under the same crop growth conditions. Results: Althoughshadows appeared during the winter in the semi-basement type greenhouse due to the underground drop, the results ofcrop growth tests indicated that there were no differences in crop growth and development between the semi-basementtype greenhouse and the control greenhouse, indicating that the shadows did not affect the crop up to the height of the cropgrowing point. The amount of fuel used for heating from January to March was almost the same between the twogreenhouses for tests. The heating load coefficients of the experimental greenhouses were calculated as 3.1 kcal/m2 ․ °C ․ hfor the semi-basement type greenhouse and 2.9 kcal/m2 ․ °C ․ h for the control greenhouse. Since the value is lower than thedouble layer PE (polyethylene) film greenhouse value of 3.5 kcal/m2 ․ °C ․ h from a previous study, Tthe semi-basement typegreenhouse seemed to have energy saving effects. Conclusions: The semi-basement type greenhouse could be operated withthe same fuel consumption as general greenhouses, even though its underground portion resulted in a larger volume,indicating positive effects on energy saving and space utilization. It was identified that the heat losses could be reduced byinstalling a thermal curtain of multi-layered materials for heat insulation inside the greenhouse for the cultivation ofhorticultural products by installing thermal curtain of multi-layered materials for heat insulation inside the greenhouse, itwas identified that the heat losses could be reduced.

온실 효과에 대한 바른 개념 고찰

신현연,이두곤 한국환경교육학회 2006 環境 敎育 Vol.19 No.2

This research compared the mechanism of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere with retaining warmth in the actual greenhouse, analyzed the styles of explaining the greenhouse effect in current textbooks, and investigated teachers' and students' degrees of understanding the effect.The mechanisms of the actual greenhouse and the greenhouse effect are not the same. Nevertheless, in all the current textbooks, the radiation phenomenon by the atmosphere is described as the ‘greenhouse effect’. Using the words of the "greenhouse effect" to refer to the effect of air being kept warm by the heat absorbing gases, causes confusion of concepts.To make learners understand the greenhouse effect exactly, concrete principles such as radiating electromagnetic phenomenon should be explained. However, teachers and current textbooks explained the radiating electromagnetic phenomenon as actual greenhouse. Therefore, it is difficult for learners to understand the greenhouse effect, scientifically. Because of this, learners maybe confused about greenhouse effect concepts.

Implementation of IOT (Internet of Things) and Automation Systems to Control Temperature and Humidity in Home-style Greenhouse

( Henry Fall Carvalho ),( Yong-tae Kim ) 한국농공학회 2018 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2018 No.-

The current study was conducted to build up a smart home-style greenhouse and implement inside this structure an IOT (Internet of Things) system. We have combined electronic equipments and IT tools and have thus been able to control and monitor two essential growing parameters in agriculture: Temperature and Humidity The temperature and humidity of the air directly affect two main functions of a plant, namely transpiration and photosynthesis, which consequently affects the quality, the crop yield, the production costs and therefore the profits that can be generated through an agricultural activity. The electronic system conceived to equip our home-style greenhouse is composed of several Arduino modules, servomotors, relays and various sensors. It had been then combined with a computer system consisting of a computer monitor, a central microprocessor based on a Raspberry Pi microcontroller and a camera. We had designed and developed the software programs needed to make this package works and placed in the greenhouse, temperature and humidity sensors connected to the Arduino modules. They transmit at any time (every second) these two climatic parameters of the greenhouse to another central Arduino module that controls the main heating and humidifying equipments. All Arduino modules that collect climate datas communicate with the central Arduino module via a 2.4GHz wireless radio connection. Then, the central Arduino transmits this datas to the computer system which is permanently connected to internet via a Wi-Fi connection. We have created a web server to which the Raspberry Pi upload all datas received from the greenhouse 24/7, and have designed a web interface from which the instantaneous evolution of the greenhouse climate can be observed from anywhere in the world. This web interface makes also possible to send back commands to the greenhouse, as well as will do a mobile phone application we had design for, to change its climatic conditions, namely to increase or reduce the temperature and/or humidity setpoints, open or close valves to trigger or stop feeding the plants with water, stopping or restarting the heating or humidification system, and starting or stopping the start-up of a fan to manage the flow of air within the greenhouse. Finally, a vision system that we have installed by equipping the greenhouse with a camera allows us to observe the greenhouse from any point of the globe, live on the web interface, and a GSM communication module we have programmed and coupled to one of the Arduino modules, is able to trigger a phone call to a predefined number, this number is editable either directly from keypads and small Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) screens linked to greenhouse, as well as in the mobile application, or editable from everywhere at any time through the web interface. This communication system can also send SMS to an operator, and thus, may alert urgently when a failure of a device occurs inside the greenhouse or when a predefined value of one of the setpoints has been exceeded or has fallen down below the expected reference.

토마토재배용 플라스틱온실의 이중피복방법에 따른 광합성유효광량자속 투과 및 열관류 특성

이현우 ( Lee H. W ),심상연 ( Sim S. Y. ),김영식 ( Kim Y. S. ) 한국농공학회 2010 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.52 No.5

This study was conducted to provide design data for deciding covering method in double layers greenhouse. The variation of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and heat flow in air inflated and conventional double layers greenhouse was analyzed. The PPF of air inflated double covering greenhouse was less than that of conventional greenhouse during summer season because the more PPF comes into conventional greenhouse through roof vent which was rolled up for ventilation. The air inflated double layers covering greenhouse was superior to conventional type in the aspect of controlling inside temperature down owing to lower irradiation. The PPF of air inflated greenhouse was greater than that of conventional greenhouse during winter season because the transmittance of conventional greenhouse decreased by dust collected on inside plastic film nearly closed for insulation. Considering the PPF not sufficient for tomato growing in winter, the air inflated double covering system with the greater transmittance was better than conventional covering system. When the inside air of air inflated greenhouse was injected into space between the double layers of covering, the PPF of air inflated greenhouse was much less than the conventional greenhouse because the transmittance of air inflated double covering decreased due to condensation of highly humidified inside air. It was concluded that the more dried outside air should be used for inflating double layers covering. The heat insulation performance of air inflated double covering system was superior to conventional double covering system when comparing the overall heat transfer coefficients for each covering method. However the differences among the overall heat transfer coefficients depending on difference between inside and outside temperatures of greenhouse were great, it is necessary to conduct additional experiment for investigating the overall heat transfer coefficient to design the double layers covering.

Improved Fruit Quality and Yield when Melons and Cherry Tomatoes were Grown in the Air-dome Greenhouse Compared to the Commonly Used Iron-frame Polyethylene Cover Greenhouse

Hyo Gil Choi,Jae Han Lee,Byoung Yong Moon,Joon Kook Kwon,Gyeong Lee Choi,Seung Hwa Lee,Nam Jun Kang 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2017 농업생명과학연구 Vol.51 No.4

This study was carried out to explore possibilities of cultivating horticultural crops in the air-dome greenhouse in comparison to the common iron-frame greenhouse as the standard. The levels of carbon dioxide and atmospheric pressure measured inside the air-dome greenhouse turned out to be higher than those measured inside the iron-frame greenhouse. Contrastingly, light intensity was relatively weaker inside the air-dome greenhouse due to the air-inflated double layers. Plants of melon and cherry tomato were cultivated from May 2 to August 12, 2016, respectively in the two greenhouses. For melon plants, growth in the air-dome greenhouse effectively increased fruit weight as well as trunk circumference compared to iron-frame greenhouse. Moreover, soluble sugar content of melon fruit was significantly higher when cultivated in the air-dome greenhouse. For cherry tomato plants, fruit yield of cherry tomato was significantly increased inside the air-dome greenhouse. Furthermore, it has been found that the air-dome greenhouse was considerably effective in shortening the growing period of melon and cherry tomato plants in comparison to the iron-frame greenhouse.

센서 네트워크를 활용한 유비쿼터스 온실관리시스템 구현

서종성 ( Jong-seong Seo ),강민수 ( Min-su Kang ),김영곤 ( Young-gon Kim ),심춘보 ( Chun-bo Sim ),주수종 ( Su-chong Joo ),신창선 ( Chang-sun Shin ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2008 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.9 No.3

본 논문에서는 토양 및 기상센서와 CCTV 카메라를 이용하여 온실 내 기상환경 및 토양 정보를 수집하고 온실설비의 실시간 모니터링 및 제어가 가능한 USN 기반의 온실관리시스템을 제안한다. 기존의 시스템은 대부분 온도에만 의존하여 온실을 단순 제어하고 있으며, 모니터링 또한 온실내의 제어실에서만 가능했다. 위와 같은 기존 시스템의 단점을 해결하기위해, 본 시스템은 환경 정보들을 종합하여 온실을 원격지에서 다양한 모바일 기기를 통해 모니터링 및 제어가 가능하도록 했다. 시스템의 구성요소로는 토양 및 기상센서와 카메라로 온실의 정보를 수집 및 처리하기위한 센서관리자와 CCTV관리자, 각종 온실의 정보를 저장하는 온실데이터베이스 및 온실정보를 GUI에 보내주거나 제어하는 온실서버, 마지막으로 사용자에게 온실 상태를 보여주는 GUI가 존재한다. 온실관리시스템의 수행성을 검증하기 위해 온실 모형을 제작한 후, 모형에 온실관리시스템의 구성요소를 적용하여 원격 GUI에서 온실의 상태를 모니터링 및 제어 하였다. This paper proposes a Ubiquitous Greenhouse Management System (UGMS) based on USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) which can be real-time monitoring and controlling of greenhouse`s facilities by collecting environment and soil information with environment and soil sensors, and CCTV camera. The existing systems were controlled simply by temperature. Also, it was possible to monitor only at control room in a greenhouse. For solving problems of the existing system, our system can remotely monitor and control greenhouse by considering environment information. The detail components are as follows. The system includes the sensor manager and the CCTV manager to gather and manage greenhouse information with the soil and the environment sensors, and camera. Also the system has the greenhouse database storing greenhouse information and the greenhouse server transmitting greenhouse information to the GUI and controlling greenhouse. Finally, the GUI showing greenhouse condition to users exists in our system. To verify the executability of the UGMS, after developing the greenhouse model, we confirmed that our system could monitor and control the greenhouse condition at remote GUI by applying the UGMS`s components to the model.

배출권 할당처분에 관한 판례의 검토와 제언 ―2015구합55592판결―

김성배 ( Sung Bae Kim ) 한국환경법학회 2016 環境法 硏究 Vol.38 No.1

본 사건은 배출권거래법이 시행되어 구체적인 배출권할당이 있은 후, 제기 된 소송 중에서 제일 먼저 확정된 판결이라는 의미를 가지고 있다. 본 소송에서 표면적인 쟁점이 되었던 것은 ①직접배출량 산정식의 오적용여부, ②증설된 시설에 대한 고려여부, ③신뢰보호의 원칙적용여부 등이었다. 구체적인 산정방식과 기준은 배출권거래법령과 녹색성장기본법령의 위임에 따라 환경부장관이 고시한 할당지침과 운영지침에 기반한 것이지만, 본 사건의 법원은 전통적인 행정법이론에 따라 행정규칙의 법규성여부를 직접적으로 다룬 것이 아니라, 할당지침이 정하고 있는 기준과 방식이 합리적인지, 구체적 타당성을 도모하고 있는지, 그리고 원고인 A회사가 이런 내용을 알고 있었는지 등 현실적 기준을 대입하여 A회사에 대한 환경부장관의 할당량 배정처분은 재량권을 일탈ㆍ남용하지 않았다고 판단하였다. 이런 법원판단의 과정이나 결론에 필자는 동의한다. 다만, 신청한 허용량보다 적게 배정받은 경우, 과소배정된 할당처분에 대하여 취소소송을 제기할 것이 아니라 신청한 할당량중 배정받지 못한 할당량에 대하여 거부처분으로 구성하여 거부처분 취소소송으로 다루었어야 생각한다. 배출권할당은 침익적 처분이 아니라 수익적 처분이므로 과소 할당되었다고 주장하는 원고는 과소 할당된 부분에 대해 할당처분이 있을 때, 신청한 부분중 반영되지 않은 부분에 대해서 거부처분취소소송을 제기해야 할 것이다. 본 소송의 경우에는 제소기간이 종료되는 마지막에 소송을 제기하였는데, 할당처분에 대해서 이의신청을 하였다고 하여도 제소기간의 기산은 원처분인 할당처분이 통지된 날부터 기산해야 될 것이므로 개별기업들은 이런 점을 고려해야 할 것이다. 본 사건의 판결의 영향은 개별 기업들에게 환경관련사건에서 정책이 마련되는 초기부터 법률전문가의 조력이 필요하다는 점을 인식시켰다는 것을 들 수 있다. 즉, 배출권거래제에 있어서 구체적 할당처분이 내려진 시점에서 행정쟁송을 제기해도, 기술적ㆍ전문적이 내용들이 구체적인 행정규칙이나 비전형적 행정입법의 형태로 마련되어 있고 이런 기준들이 상위법령에 위배되지 않고 절차적으로 정당성을 확보하는 방식으로 마련되었으며 산업계와 각종 전문가의 의견을 반영하여 마련된 것이라면 이런 기준에 대해 위법성을 주장하거나 재량권일탈ㆍ남용을 주장하기 힘들다는 것이다. 결국, 기업들은 자신에게 유리한 기준들이 반영되도록 제도설계 초기 단계와 기준마련 당시에 적극적으로 참여해야 하고, 각종 신청이나 자료편성의 단계에서도 법률전문가의 검토를 받아서 향후 법률분쟁에 대비해야 했다. 배출권의 할당단계에서 구체적 할당량을 공격하는 것은 국제상황이나 국내 총감축량 등이 정해진 상황에서 쉽지 않을 것이다. 또한 배출권거래제의 특수성을 감안하면, 행정청의 재량권일탈을 이유로 구체적 할당처분을 취소시키는 것은 사법부에 엄청난 부담이 될 것이다. 그래서 분쟁의 조기확정과 분쟁예방적 차원에서 할당계획이나 업종별ㆍ산업별 할당량이 정해지는 단계에서 할당계획이나 업종별 할당배정을 대상으로 소송을 제기할 수 있는 길을 열어 둘 필요가 있으며, 그에 대한 전제요건으로 배출권거래제소송에서 원고적격을 확대할 필요성이 존재한다. Emission of greenhouse gases was prescribed on Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth BON, Which is both direct emission of greenhouse gases, which emits, discharges, or leaks greenhouse gases generated as a consequence of human activities, and indirect emission of greenhouse gases, which discharges greenhouse gases by using electricity or heat (limited to those from a heat source generated with a fuel or electricity) supplied by another person. To achieve national targets for reducing greenhouse gas effectively Korean government adopts a system for trading greenhouse-gas emission permits through market mechanisms pursuant. 2015GUHAP55592 case (Minister of Environment Department v. H Steel Co.) is related to the allocation of greenhouse-gas emission permits. Plaintiff argue that the minister misunderstand the law and applied wrong formula calculation so that she got less emission permits. The Government shall comply with the following fundamental principles when it establishes or implements a system for the allocation and trading of emission permits ①The Government shall comply with the principles set forth in the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change and relevant protocols and shall consider international negotiations on climate change; ②The Government shall consider the impact of an emissions trading system on the international competitiveness of economic sectors; ③The Government shall make the most of market mechanisms to achieve national greenhouse gas reduction targets effectively; ④The Government shall ensure that emission permits are traded in a fair and transparent manner in accordance with general trading rules; ⑤The Government shall implement policies in conformity with international standards, considering the link with international carbon markets. The Government shall establish a ten-year master plan for the emissions trading system (hereinafter referred to as "master plan") every five years, which shall define the objectives of, and basic direction for, medium- to long-term policies on the emissions trading system. (2) Master plans shall include the following: ①Matters regarding the current status and projections for the domestic and international markets for the emissions trading system; ②Matters regarding the basic direction for the operation of the emissions trading system; ③matters regarding the operation of commitment periods for the emissions trading system, considering national greenhouse gas reduction targets; ④Matters regarding projections for greenhouse gas emissions produced as a consequence of economic growth, new investment in each sector and type of business, and the expansion of facilities (referring to places of business producing greenhouse gases or part of such places of business; hereinafter the same shall apply); ⑤Matters regarding economic implications, such as the fluctuation of prices of energy and other commodities following the operation of the emissions trading system; ⑥Matters regarding measures for supporting domestic industries, considering international trade intensity, carbon intensity, etc.; ⑦Matters regarding schemes for the link with international carbon markets and international cooperation; ⑧Other matters regarding the effective operation of the emissions trading system, including financing, the nurturing professional human resources, education, and public relations, etc.