The criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older men: Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards Project

( Saejong Park ),( Soo-hyun Park ),( Mihyun Lee ),( Seunghee Lee ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Frailty in older adults is closely related to adverse health outcomes such as falls, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization and mortality. Frailty is defined as the geriatric syndrome resulting from cumulative declines of multiple physiologic functions. Physical function is considered to be a major modifiable factor to prevent or delay transition to frailty and disability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop age-adjusted criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older adults in Korea. Method: The study participants were community-dwelling older men (n=588; 71±4.75years) from the Korea Institute of Sport Science Fitness Standards (KISS-FitS, 2014-2015) Project. The functional fitness was assessed using fitness measurement items of the National Fitness Awards for the elderly (handgrip strength, chair stand test, sit-and-reach, timed up-and-go, walking around two corns in a figure-8, 2-minute step test and 6-minute walk test). Frailty status was classified by the Japanese LTCI system. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to determine functional fitness standards using function fitness z-scores as the test and frailty as the criterion. Result: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) values were good (63.0% to 76.4%) except sit-and-reach for classifying frailty status with functional fitness. The resulting z values for the fitness standards were then converted back to each functional fitness measurement item. The values of handgrip strength ranged from 33.8 kg to 28.2 kg. The values of chair stand test and 2-minute walk test ranged from 17 reps/30sec to 13 reps/sec, and 110 reps to 98 reps, respectively. The values of timed up-and-go and walking around two corns in a figure-8 were 5.2 sec to 5.9 sec, and 23.2 sec to 29 sec, respectively. Conclusion: Functional fitness can be used with moderate accuracy to differentiate between older men with and without frailty. The criterion-referenced fitness standards for community-dwelling older men might be used to identify risk groups using fitness training for frailty prevention.

체육측정평가 : 성인 남성의 건강체력수준의 평가: 판별분석의 적용

이미숙(LeeMi-Sook),강상조(KangSang-Jo),田中喜代次(KiyojiTanaka) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The purposes of this study were; 1) to discriminate the three different groups categorized by physical health status and physical activity level using discriminant function analysis, 2) to examine the degree of relationship between physical health status and physical fitness and the contribution of each element of physical fitness to the physical health status of middle-aged men. This study was achieved by classifying the original subject pool into three different experimental subgroups based on physical examination results and self-reported activity levels; a normal group (I), a regularly exercise group (II), and an obese group (III). The health status was assessed by physicians. Physical fitness tasks were selected from health-related physical fitness components; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; X1), grip strength (X2), body fat (X2), and trunk flexion from a standing position (X4). Discriminant function analysis was applied to determine if the selected physical fitness tasks were sensitive to differentiate among the three groups and successfully classify individual in the appropriate physical activity levels and physical health status. Correct discriminant probabilities of multiple discriminant functions to discriminate the I, II,and III group were 86.6%. These results suggested that there was a relatively strong relationship between physical health status and the level of physical fitness. The contribution of each element of physical fitness to physical health status was evaluated by correlation between the discriminant score representing physical health status, and performance on each element of the physical fitness test. It was concluded that discriminant function provided a valid model for evaluating differences among the three different physical health status and physical activity levels. Therefore, our data suggests that commonly used measures of health-related physical fitness can be utilized as a valid index of physical health status in exercise and health science.

노인의 기능 체력과 경도 인지 장애와의 연관성

한진희 ( Jin Hee Han ),강현식 ( Hyun Sik Kang ) 대한스포츠의학회 2015 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.33 No.2

In a cross-sectional design, this study examined the relationship between functional physical fitness and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. A total of 306 older adults (91 men and 215 women) aged 65 years or older were recruited from our local community. A senior fitness test (SFT) was used to assess functional domains of physical fitness consisting of upper and lower body strength, endurance, upper and lower body flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance. Korean version of mini-mental state examine for dementia screening and short-form geriatric depression scale were used to assess global cognitive performance and depression, respectively. Age, sex, education, body mass index, percent body fat, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. A composite score of physical fitness was calculated as a sum of z scores for each domain of the SFT parameters. Based on the composited score of physical fitness, subjects were classified as low fit (lower 25 percentile), moderate fit (middle 50 percentile), and high fit (high 25 percentile). Linear contrast analysis using one-way analysis of variance showed significant linear trends for age (p<0.001), education (p<0.001), cognitive function (p<0.001), and depression scale (p=0.006) across incremental composite score of physical fitness. Functional physical fitness was positively associated with age, years of education and global cognitive performance and negatively with depression scale. Logistic regression analyses showed that compared to the low fit group, the moderate (p=0.004) and high fit (p=0.010) groups had significantly lower odds ratios for having MCI even after adjusted for age, sex, education, and body fatness parameters. However, the odds ratios of the moderate (p=0.101) and high fit (p=0.191) groups were not significant when additionally controlling for depression scale and HOMA-IR. The current findings suggest that physical fitness promotion along with treatments of depression and HOMA-IR should be key components of interventions to prevent and/or treat MCI with normal aging.

The association of locomotive and non-locomotive physical activity measured by an accelerometer with functional fitness in healthy elderly men: a pilot study

( Hyejoon Park ),( Wonil Park ),( Moran Lee ),( Nayoung Ko ),( Eunkyung Kim ),( Kazuko Ishikawa-takata ),( Jonghoon Park ) 한국운동영양학회 2018 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.22 No.1

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of various aspects of daily physical activity, such as the number of steps, time spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), and locomotive and non-locomotive MVPA measured by a triaxial accelerometer, with the functional fitness in healthy elderly men. [Methods] The subjects of this study were 22 healthy elderly men aged over 65 years. The participants wore a triaxial accelerometer for two weeks to estimate their daily physical activities. The level of functional fitness was measured based on National Fitness Award 100 in Korea immediately after the measurement of two weeks of daily physical activities. [Results] The results showed that active healthy elderly men with more than 6,500 walking steps per day and more than 60 min per day spent in MVPA showed a significantly higher 2-min marching in place and index of cardiorespiratory endurance compared to less physically active participants. Particularly, locomotive MVPA was significantly associated with cardiorespiratory endurance levels (r = 0.50), whereas non-locomotive MVPA was not associated with other measurements of functional fitness. [Conclusion] Increased MVPA time, especially the locomotive MVPA, can effectively suppress the decrease in cardiorespiratory endurance level in elderly men. However, no association was observed between non-locomotive MVPA, such as household activities, and functional fitness in healthy elderly men.

클래스핏 트레이닝이 아동의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능에 미치는 영향

김형철,김경래 학습자중심교과교육학회 2023 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.23 No.1

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the 12-week Class-fit training exercise program on physical fitness and prefrontal executive function in elementary school students and provide base data needed to use Class-fit training as physical fitness and prefrontal executive function improvement program of students. Methods In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, 36 sixth-grade students at E elementary school located in Seoul, were selected by convenience sampling and allocated 18 students each for the exercise group and the control group. Each group was measured for physical fitness and prefrontal executive function before and after the exercise. Class-fit training was implemented for 40 minutes of 3 times each week for 12 weeks. Results The results obtained through this study are as follows. First, muscle endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, power showed interaction effects in the group and time. Second, raw color-word score showed interaction effects in the group and time. Word raw score, color raw score showed significant differences in timing, particularly the post score of exercise group increased significantly. Conclusions In conclusion, 12-week Class-fit training had positive effect on elementary school students for physical fitness and prefrontal execution function. Class-fit training will make a contribution to the exercise program to help improve physical fitness and cognitive function. 목적 본 연구에서는 클래스핏 트레이닝(주 3회 40분씩, 총 12주간)의 참여가 아동의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능에 미치는 영향을규명함으로써 학교 현장에서 체력 및 실행기능 향상 프로그램으로 클래스핏 트레이닝을 활용하는 데 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하였다. 방법 실험 참여자는 자발적 참여 의하를 밝힌 초등학교 6학년 2학급을 편의 표집(운동집단 18명, 비교집단 18명)한 후 연구의 목적, 절차, 예상효과를 설명하고 학부모의 연구 참여 동의서를 받은 후 실험에 참여하였으며, 운동 전과 후의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능을측정하였다. 측정 자료는 SPSS 21 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 체력은 근지구력, 심폐지구력, 유연성, 순발력 모든 하위 변인에서 집단과 측정시기별 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 전전두엽 실행기능은 하위 변인 중 색상-단어 점수 변인에서 집단과 측정시기별 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 단어 점수와 색상 점수 변인은 측정시기에서 유의한 차가 나타났고, 특히 운동집단의 사후 결과 값이 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론 12주간의 클래스핏 트레이닝은 초등학생의 체력과 전전두엽 실행기능 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 이는클래스핏 트레이닝이 학교 현장에서 학생들의 체력 및 인지기능 향상을 위한 운동 프로그램으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

남자 대학생의 복합 운동 참가에 따른 생리,심리적 효과

홍길동(Hong Gil Dong),김은경(Kim Eun Gyeong) 한국사회체육학회 2003 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.19 No.2

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance and endurance combined exercise on the physical fitness and body composition, cardiopulmonary function, physical self-concept in attending physical fitness training class college men. To evaluate training effect, resistance and endurance combined exercise was performed by 20 male college students with the mean age 22.45±1.93 training for 12 weeks 3days a week and 90minutes a day. Body composition and physical fitness, cardiopulmonary function at rest and during maximal exercise were carried out before and after 12 weeks of training. Maximal exercise was performed on the treadmill according to Bruce protocol. Pre to Post training differences of physical self-concept were evaluated by korean version of The Physical Self-description questionnaire. The results of study were as follows; 1. After the training, skinfold thickness and total body fat decreased significance while lean body mass increased with significance. 2. Agility, muscle strength and endurance, muscle flexibility were significantly increased also balance and muscle power to present significant. 3. During rest and exercise Heart rate decreased significance and VO2max(㎖/㎏/min) increased significance after the training. maximum ventilation volume(ℓ/min) increased significance. 4. In physical self-concept of psychological aspect showed that statistically significant the sports capability, physical activity, muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, body shape(body fat) except of self-respect, health, appearance. From these results, it may be concluded that 12 week combined exercise reduces body fat% and positive influence on body composition Physical fitness and Cardiopulmonary function. Also, psychological aspect physical self-concept to significantly improvement.

자연과학편 : 연령과 체력수준이 인지, 지각-운동 기능에 미치는 영향

노기택(KiTaekRho),최종환(JongHwanChoi) 한국체육학회 2010 한국체육학회지 Vol.49 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age and level of physical fitness on the cognition and perception-motor function. There were 3 age groups(20s, n=33; 40s, n=27; 60s, n=30). Subjects in each group were compared with 2 fitness conditions(higher, or lower fitness), having tests on cognition(MMSEK), perception-motor function(TMT, CDT). For data analysis, mean and standard deviation scores were calculated, and 2-way ANOVAs(Post-hoc test: Scheff) and Pearson's correlational coefficient were used. The results of this study were as follows: First, cognition was influenced by different age, but not level of physical fitness: 20s' female subjects were best, and 60s' female subjects were worst.. Second, perception-motor function was influenced by age and level of physical fitness: Especially, 60s' female subjects was affected by level of fitness. Third, even though 20s' and 40s' females did not show correlation among cognition, perception-motor function, and fitness, 60s' females had correlation between cognition and %fat, and between perception-motor function and strength, general fitness levels. Therefore, this study may suggest that as aging, keeping proper physical fitness is a important factor for cognition and perception-motor function in the elderly.

The Effect of 12-Weeks of Fitness Program on Physical Fitness Metabolic Risk Factors, and COGNITIVE FUNCTION of Aged Women with Mild Dementia

Gyuho Lee,Kijin Kim J-INSTITUTE 2020 Kinesiology Vol.5 No.2

Purpose: This study analyzed the effects of a Fitness Program, which combines anaerobic and aerobic exercises applied for 12 weeks, on changes in physical fitness, metabolic risk factors, and cognitive function of elderly women aged 65 or older. Method: 20 elderly women aged 65 or older were recruited as the subjects of the study and assigned into 2 groups: the Control Group and the Fitness Program Group, which carried out the exercise. The Fitness Program Group carried out exercises the full-body resistance exercise using a weight machine for the upper and lower extremities, working on from large to small muscles under the supervision of a professional sports instructor, four times a week for 12 weeks. After the resistance exercises were carried out, walking was performed for 30 minutes on a treadmill without slope at a speed of 5.4(km/h). The intensity of the exercise was reset by measuring the RM (repetition maximum) every three weeks. Results: The Fitness Program Group showed a decrease in weight, body fat, and body mass index compared to the Control Group. The Fitness Program Group showed an increase in muscle mass and displayed interactional effects between the group and repeated measurements(p<0.05). In terms of cognitive function, the Fitness Pro-gram Group showed an increase in memory over the Control Group, and both groups showed an increase in treatment at neural reaction speed and displayed statistically significant(p<.05) interactional effects. Both groups showed positive increases in simple and selective reaction times(p<.05). Conclusion: It could be confirmed that systematic and regular exercise in old age has a positive effect on body composition and physical fitness. It is predicted that the nerve reaction time, especially in cognitive function fac-tors, has been improved by nerve stimulation. It would be meaningful if future studies compare various aspects of the study subjects, analyze physical fitness factors related to aging, and evaluate cognitive function factors for the prevention of dementia.

복합 운동 참가가 생리적 요인과 신체적 자기개념에 미치는 영향

홍길동 ( Hong Gil Dong ),허정식 ( Heo Jeong Sig ) 한국스포츠심리학회 2003 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.14 No.3

This study was to examine the effects of resistance and endurance combined exercise on physical fitness, body composition, cardiopulmonary function, and physical self-concept and the relationship between these factors. The experimental group were 20 students who participated in combined exercise consisting of 3 days a week and 90 minutes a day exercise program for 12 weeks. The control group consisted of 20 students. Psychological factors were body composition, physical fitness, and cardiopulmunary function. The sub-factors of physical self-concept were appearance, muscle strength, flexibility, health, physical activity, body fat, sports competence, overall body, and self-esteem. Collected data were analyzed by Independent t-test and Pearson`s Correlations(p<.05). The results of this study were as follows: First, there was significant difference not in body weigh but in abdominal skinfold, abdominal strength, balance, agility, muscle endurance, flexibility, sports competence, muscle strength, cardiopuimunary endurance, flexibility, body fat, and overall body(p.<05) except self-estcem, health, and appearance. Third, the Abdominal skinfold had high negative correlation with body fat. The abdominal muscle endurance had positive correlation with muscle endurance, overall body, sports competence, and physical activity. In addition, agility had positive correlation with overall body. Flexibility had positive correlatin with physical activity. Agility had positive correlation with overall body, muscle strength, and body fat. O₂ max had high positive correlation with cardiopulmunary endurance. The results of the study illustrated that participating in combined exercise had positive influence on physiological factors and physical concept. Furthermore, there was significant correlation between physiological factors and physical concept. Therefore, further studies and various program development will be needed to maximize health improvement and the positive effects of physical activities in participants of physical education.

신체활동 교육이 여성 노인의 보행능력과 전도관련기능체력에 미치는 영향

장희승,신윤아,김현수 한국웰니스학회 2017 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical activity education (PAE) on gait ability and fall-related functional fitness (FRFF) in older women. Sixteen older adults (68-84 years) were randomly assigned to a physical activity education group (n=8, EG) or a control group (n=8, CG) and were evaluated before and after physical activity education. PAE included set a steps' goal, calling twice a week and education once per week. The gait steps and physical activity levels were measured by pedometer. Participants were evaluated using validated clinical measures of functional fitness: gait speed (GS), 4 steps (4 S), timed up and go (TUG), chair sit-to-stand (CSS), and the activities-specific balance confidence scale (ABC). At the completion of the physical activity education, significant improvements were observed in 4S (p=.017), TUG (p=.026), and ABC (p=.003). These results suggest that although this physical activity education may not be sufficient to improve gait speed and lower extremity strength in this population, this physical activity education may be useful in decreasing fall risk among older women in the senior community center. 신체활동 교육이 노인의 보행능력과 전도관련기능체력에 미치는 영향. 이 연구의 목적은 신체활동 교육이 여성 노인들의 보행 수 및 전도관련기능체력을 향상시키는데 효과가 있는지를 검토하는 것이었다. 대상자는 65세 이상의 여성 노인 16명(교육 집단:8명, 비교 집단:8명)이었다. 보행능력은 10m 빠른 보행 속도 및 평소 보행속도, 4계단 오르기를 실시하였으며, 전도관련기능체력은 244cm 왕복 걷기, 의자 앉았다 일어서기로, 활동 특이적 균형 자신감(ABC)은 설문지로 각각 평가하였다. 신체활동 증진 교육 내용은 개인별 목표 보행 수 정해주기, 주 2회 전화로 격려하기, 그리고 주 1회 신체활동 교육으로 구성하여 16주 동안 실시하였다. 신체활동 교육 이후 4계단 오르기 (p=.017), 244cm 왕복 걷기 (p=.026), ABC (p=.003)는 유의한 향상을 보였으나 보행 수, 10m 빠른 보행 속도, 의자 앉았다 일어서기의 개선은 유의한 수준이 아니었다. 16주 동안의 신체활동 교육이 경로당을 이용하는 노인의 보행능력과 평형성 및 민첩성을 개선시켜 전도예방에는 도움이 될 것으로 사료되나, 이동능력 및 하지 근력의 분명한 개선을 위해서는 교육 내용에 하지근력 운동을 포함시킬 필요가 있다.