Structural stability and electronic properties of multi-functionalized two-dimensional chromium carbides

Je, Minyeong,Lee, Youngbin,Chung, Yong-Chae Elsevier 2016 THIN SOLID FILMS - Vol.619 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The feasibility of designing two-dimensional (2D) materials was investigated using monolayer Cr<SUB>2</SUB>C, a member of the MXene family, with F and OH functional groups on each side of the surface. Interestingly, this study shows that the magnetic and electronic properties of Cr<SUB>2</SUB>C with F and OH functional groups (i.e., Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF(OH), with one functional group on each side) can be predicted using previously known properties of Cr<SUB>2</SUB>C with only one kind of functional group (i.e., either F or OH on both sides). Unlike typical functionalized 2D materials with different functional groups, each functional group of Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF(OH) has a negligible effect on the magnetic and electronic properties of the other side. This unique phenomenon results from the small differences in geometry between the functional groups, such as the coordination number, bond length, and thickness; the properties themselves come from those of Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF<SUB>2</SUB> and Cr<SUB>2</SUB>C(OH)<SUB>2</SUB>, despite having different functional groups. Due to the preserved magnetic moments of the Cr atoms bound with each functional group, Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF(OH) exhibits ferrimagnetism. Likewise, semiconducting characters are present because the atomic contributions of each energy level from Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF<SUB>2</SUB> and Cr<SUB>2</SUB>C(OH)<SUB>2</SUB> are maintained. Thus, the present work demonstrates that a combination of functional groups that shows certain desired properties can be selected when designing Cr<SUB>2</SUB>C-based spintronic and electronic devices.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Investigation on the possibility of expecting the properties of Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF(OH). </LI> <LI> The possible structures of Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF(OH) were confirmed using phonon dispersion curves. </LI> <LI> The Cr<SUB>2</SUB>CF(OH) shows the ferrimagnetism and indirect semiconductor characteristics. </LI> <LI> Each functional group had little effect on the properties of the other side. </LI> </UL> </P>

우리나라 일부지역 연령대별 건강기능식품 이용 실태

정혜경 ( Hye Kyung Chung ),이해영 ( Hae Young Lee ) 대한영양사협회 2011 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.17 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the consumption of health functional foods according to age group. We surveyed 300 subjects with quota sampling aged 10 to 50 and over. The rate of consumption of health functional foods by users was substantial (52.7%). Consumers of health functional foods showed higher scores for interest in health (3.97 vs 3.49, P<0.001) and knowledge of health functional foods (3.79 vs 3.30, P<0.001) than non-consumers of health functional foods. Regarding consumers of health functional foods, the number (P<0.01) and types (P<0.05) of health functional foods, reasons for taking (P<0.05), motivations for buying (P<0.05), periods of taking (P<0.001), cost per month (P<0.01), observance of instruction (P<0.01), and effectiveness (P<0.01) were significantly different according to age group. For non-consumers of health functional foods, reasons for not-taking (P<0.01) and types of health functional foods to be planned (P<0.001) were different according to age group. For consumers and non-consumers, problems (P<0.01) and improvements (P<0.001) for health functional foods showed significant differences according to age group. The majority of subjects (85.4%) answered that heath functional foods had no side-effects. Reported side effects were inappetence (6.6%), constipation (2.6%), and headache (2.0%). In conclusion, differentiated strategies and specialized education programs according to age group might be needed for promoting adequate consumption and preventing side-effects of health functional foods.

기능적 그룹 요리활동이 뇌졸중 환자의 우울 및 대인관계에 미치는 영향: 무작위 배정 실험

송승일,홍현택,김환 대한물리의학회 2022 대한물리의학회지 Vol.17 No.3

PURPOSE: This study examined the impact of functional group cooking activities on the depression and interpersonal relationships of stroke patients with psychological impairments. METHODS: Ten stroke patients were divided into an experimental group and a control group and participated in this study from October 2015 to January 2016. The experimental group and control group each comprised five stroke patients. Traditional occupational therapy was given to the control group and the experimental group undertook the cooking activity. Depression changes were measured using the Beck depression inventory (BDI), and the interpersonal relationships were evaluated using the relationship change scale. RESULTS: The findings indicate that, first, there was a significant difference in the depression changes in both groups before and after the intervention. Second, after the intervention, the interpersonal relationships of the experimental group showed a higher mean change value and were significantly higher than the control (experimental: 22.4, control: 4, p < .05). In contrast, there was no change in the depression status between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Functional group cooking activities appear to be more effective in improving interpersonal relationships than traditional occupational therapy. However, to establish that functional group cooking activities are linked to improvements in the depression status and interpersonal relationships of the participants, further studies would be needed with more extensive group activities and larger sample sizes.

The Effect of Group Exercise Program on Cognitive Function of Elderly people

Kim, Nyeon Jun,Kim, Moo Ki,Moon, Ok Kon,An, Ho Jung,Shin, Hee Joon,Choi, Yoo Rim,Wang, Jung San,Lee, Joon Hee,Park, Joo Hyun,Kim, Soon Hee International Academy of Physical Therapy Research 2014 Journal of International Academy of Physical Ther Vol.5 No.2

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a group exercise program on cognitive function of elderly people. Subjects were chosen to be elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Study was started out by randomly dividing the 16 subjects into two groups, each with 8 people; the group exercise group and the control group. The group exercise group performed 8 weeks of group exercise program and general physiotherapy while the control group only performed general physiotherapy. Cognitive function was measured by Korean version mini-mental state examination. The study group's attention and calculation statistically significantly improved but the control group saw no statistically significant change. The group exercise program affected improvement in cognitive function of elderly people with dementia and in particular, was effective for enhancing their attention and calculation.

Ownership and Governance of Business Groups -Discussions in Germany and Europe-

Jan Lieder 한국비교사법학회 2016 比較私法 Vol.23 No.4

The current debate on corporate groups in Germany and Europe focuses on the protective provisions for the subsidiary s minority shareholders and creditors as well as on the organization and management of a corporate group. After introducing the general principles and reviewing empirical data, this paper discusses the structure and current issues of German corporate group law including groups by contract and de facto groups. In general, this area of law does not cause any special difficulties. However, some weaknesses, such as contractual groups with a GmbH as a subsidiary and the secrecy of the dependency report in de facto groups have remained. They are to be addressed by the law maker. Recent developments on the European level recognize both major problems of group law: The proposed regulation on related party transactions focuses mainly on the protection of outside shareholders interests, whereas the SUP project shall serve the enabling of efficient group structures, although an overriding group interest is not recognized so far. This piecemeal approach of the current EU regulation is second best choice compared to a set of elaborate provisions addressing in‐depth the enabling and protective function of corporate group law.

The Effect of Group Exercise Program on Cognitive Function of Elderly people

Nyeon Jun Kim,Moo Ki Kim,Ok Kon Moon,Ho Jung An,Hee Joon Shin,Yoo Rim Choi,Jung San Wang,Joon Hee Lee,Joo Hyun Park,Soon Hee Kim 국제물리치료학회 2014 Journal of International Academy of Physical Ther Vol.5 No.2

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a group exercise program on cognitive function of elderly people. Subjects were chosen to be elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Study was started out by randomly dividing the 16 subjects into two groups, each with 8 people; the group exercise group and the control group. The group exercise group performed 8 weeks of group exercise program and general physiotherapy while the control group only performed general physiotherapy. Cognitive function was measured by Korean version mini-mental state examination. The study group's attention and calculation statistically significantly improved but the control group saw no statistically significant change. The group exercise program affected improvement in cognitive function of elderly people with dementia and in particular, was effective for enhancing their attention and calculation.

그룹 전산화 인지 재활 프로그램이 인지 손상 환자의 인지 기능에 미치는 효과

신재욱,한혜경,신상화,박재성,박찬효,김혜진,김동인 대한고유수용성신경근촉진법학회 2019 PNF and Movement Vol.17 No.1

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of a group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment. Methods: The subjects of this study comprised 34 patients with cognitive impairment (15 males and 19 females) who were randomized into two groups. The experimental group (n = 17) were trained with the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program, while the control group (n=17) received traditional cognitive therapy. The interventions for both groups were performed for 1 hour per day, once a week for 12 weeks. The cognitive functions of the subjects before and after the experiment were measured using the Korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE), global deterioration scale (GDS), clinical dementia rating (CDR), and Lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA). A paired t-test was conducted to examine the intragroup differences before and after the experiment, and ANCOVA was performed to check intergroup differences. Results: The intragroup comparison results showed that the cognitive function of the group that were trained with the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program improved after the experiment more than for the group that received traditional cognitive therapy. The intergroup comparison results showed significant differences in orientation, visual perception, and visuomotor organization between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program was more effective in improving cognitive function than the traditional cognitive therapy in patients with cognitive impairment. Based on the results of this study, the group computerization cognitive rehabilitation program can be used as an effective intervention method for patients with cognitive impairment.

그룹운동 프로그램이 여자 청소년들의 체력과 정신신경면역계에 미치는 영향

변정은(Byun Jung Eun),구정훈(Koo Jung Hoon) 한국발육발달학회 2018 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.26 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of group exercise on physical fitness and psychoneuroimmunological factors in female adolescents. Thirty-three female adolescents were divided into three groups, control (CON; n = 11), running exercise (RE; n = 11), and group exercise (GX; n = 11) for 12 weeks of the exercise intervention. For all subjects, measurements of body composition, cardiovascular function, psychological factors, and serum neuroimmunological factors were completed before and after the 12-week intervention. First, the changes in mental stress were significantly lower in RE and GX compared with the CON group, and it was significantly decreased following the exercise intervention in RE and GX groups. Although there was no significant difference in the level of change between groups in depression and self-confidence, it was only reduced following GX intervention in GX group. The changes in peak oxygen uptake and exercise time were significantly greater in the RE and GX compared to the CON group, and it was increased after exercise intervention in RE and GX groups. The changes in percentage of body fat(BF%) were significantly lower in the GX compared to the CON group. The changes in lean body mass(LBM) were significantly greater in RE and GX compared to the CON group. Moreover, BF% was decreased whereas LBM was increased in the GX group after the exercise intervention. Finally, the changes in tumor necrosis factor alpha were only reduced in the RE group, resulting in significantly lower changes compared with CON and GX groups. More interestingly, although no significant differences were found between groups, brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) was increased following the exercise intervention in the GX group only. These findings demonstrate that GX will result in decreased BF% and increased LBM, and cardiovascular function. In addition, GX significantly decreases stress, and depression, but increases self-confidence and BDNF. Collectively, this indicates that 12 weeks of GX intervention can have a positive effect on body composition, physical fitness, and neurological function, which may contribute to improvements in psychological factors in female adolescents.

경도 치매노인을 대상으로 한 디지털 집단 회상 프로그램의 효과

이영옥,김건엽 한국농촌의학.지역보건학회 2023 농촌의학·지역보건 Vol.48 No.2

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a digital group reminiscence program on elderly patients with mild dementia who were registered with Day Care Centers. Methods: The study was conducted with elderly patients with mild dementia in Day Care Centers in D city. The patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group and were assessed for cognitive function, depression, and ego integrity using pre-test and post-test designs. A digital group reminiscence program was applied to the experimental group. Data was collected from July 5 to September 17, 2021, using questionnaires in three sessions. Results: The pre-test cognitive function score was 12.00 in the experimental group and 11.09 in the control group. The post-test cognitive function score was 19.20 in the experimental group and 14.42 in the control group. The later cognitive function score was 18.00 in the experimental group and 13.31 in the control group. The pre-test depression score was 8.32 in the experimental group and 9.91 in the control group. The post-test depression score was 6.05 in the experimental group and 8.82 in the control group. The later depression score was 6.94 in the experimental group and 9.02 in the control group. The pre-test ego integrity score was 41.39 in the experimental group and 39.55 in the control group. The post-test ego integrity score was 57.95 in the experimental group and 51.41 in the control group. The later ego integrity score was 55.88 in the experimental group and 42.15 in the control group. Cognitive function, depression, and ego integrity showed significant differences according to group (p<.05), time (p<.001), and interaction between group and time (p<.01). Conclusion: The digital group reminiscence program was found to be effective in improving cognitive function and ego integrity and reducing depression in elderly patients with mild dementia. Further research is needed to explore the effects of repetitive digital group recall programs based on the progress, course, age, and communication level of dementia.

Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid‑treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction

Ji‑Hyun Kim,Sang Youp Hwang,Jung Eun Park,Gi Bbum Lee,Ho Kim,Seokhwi Kim,Bum Ui Hong 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3

To prepare activated carbon with a high specific surface area, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) that can serve as useful electron donors during KOH activation were treated with nitric acid and incorporated into activated carbon. OFGs are incorporated differently according to the surface characteristics of starting materials. Up to 22.46% OFGs are incorporated into wood-based activated carbons (WACs), the C=O, COOH contents was 1.90, 17.05%, respectively. Whereas up to 12.82% OFGs are incorporated into coconut shell-based activated carbons, the C=O, COOH contents was 4.12, 6.15%, respectively. The OFGs used for increasing the specific surface area are the carbonyl group, and as the content of the functional group increases, the carbonyl group spreads to the carboxyl group. The specific surface area of activated carbons increased by 10–68% with an increase in the carbonyl group up to 6% (maximum point of carbonyl group). On the other hand, the specific surface area for WACs increased when the carboxyl group was 10% or below, but decreased by 6–15% when it increased to 10% or excess.