가정친화제도의 효과성과 직장

박상언(Sang Eon Park),최민오(Min O Choi) 한국경영학회 2013 經營學硏究 Vol.42 No.2

Because of the changing demographics in the workforce such as the rise of female workers and dual earner employees, nowadays more individuals face the challenge of managing work and family responsibilities. And for this reason, the issue of balancing work and family lives becomes receiving more attentions from both academic fields and business domains. In the face of these changing realities, many organizations have now begun to offer family-friendly human resource(HR) policies such as flexible work arrangements, supports for child care, and other benefits that support worker`s personal well-being and career development. Up to date, there have been many researches that investigated the relationships between family-friendly HR policies and their effects on organizational effectiveness. To our knowledge, however, the intervening mechanisms in the relation between family-friendly policies and their consequential effects have not been fully explored. So, in the present study, we focused on the role of work-family interface, especially the role of work-family conflict and work-family enrichment that workers experience in the context of work and family lives. Last and most important, we proposed that work-family conflict and work-family enrichment may be two intervening mechanisms which mediate the effects of family-friendly policies to the psychological effectiveness of organizational members such as their job-related attitude and non-task behavior. Based on these theoretical and logical expectations, we intend to investigate empirically the effectiveness of family-friendly policies. Especially this study examines the relationship between employees` perceptions of the usefulness of family-friendly policies and their effects on the job attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior. In particular, this study also explores whether work-family conflict and work-family enrichment will mediate the relationship. The data are collected by surveying 293 respondents who are working in a manufacturing firm and a series of hierarchical regression analyses are used for the test of hypotheses. Findings are as follows. First, employees` perceptions of the usefulness of family-friendly policies were positively related not only to their job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment, but also to their organizational citizenship behavior as expectedly. In addition, we found that two directions of work-family enrichment (i.e., work-to-family and family-to-work enrichment) partly mediated the effects of family-friendly policies on affective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. In particular, work-to-family enrichment had more larger mediating effects on the job attitude variables such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment, whereas family-to-work enrichment had more mediating effects on the non-task behavior such as organizational citizenship behavior. Although two directions of work-family conflict (i.e., work-to-family and family-to-work conflict) did not mediate the relationships, instead they had direct negative impacts on the job attitudes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment. We think that our research provides both theoretical and practical contributions to the literatures of family-friendly policies and work-family studies. Above all, we proposed and empirically verified that work-family enrichment may be one of the possible intervening mechanism in the relationship between family-friendly HR policies and their effects on the job attitudes and non-task behaviors of employee. In addition, this study answered the call to explore the positive side of work-family interface, which, at present, is underrepresented compared with work-family conflict. According to the present study, the perceived availability and usefulness of familyfriendly HR policies increase the work-family enrichment of organizational members, which in turn, relates not only to their higher job satisfaction

저출산ㆍ고령사회에서의 가족정책 : 일-가족 양립지원정책

박보영(Park Bo-Young) 비판과 대안을 위한 사회복지학회 2006 비판사회정책 Vol.- No.22

한국에서 근래에 저출산 문제가 커다란 사회문제로 대두되고 있다. 왜냐하면 저출산으로 인해 인구의 고령화가 너무도 빠르게 진행되고 있어 여러 가지 심각한 문제점들-노동력 규모의 축소로 인한 생산성 저하, 생산연구의 노인부양 부담 가중, 그리고 사회보장의 안정적인 재원조달 불가-이 야기될 것으로 예상되기 때문이다. 이러한 저출산ㆍ고령사회의 문제점을 극복하고 지속가능한 경제발전을 달성하기 위해서는 무엇보다 여성의 노동시장 진출을 활성화하는 것이 요구된다. 그러나 한국사회는 ‘보살핌 노동의 사회화’가 전혀 이루어지지 않은 상태여서 여성들은 가정생활과 일을 병행해야 하는 이중고를 겪을 수밖에 없는 상황이고, 이것은 출산기피 현상으로 이어지고 있다. 우리보다 앞서 이러한 문제를 겪은 유럽의 복지국가들은 ‘일-가족 양립지원정책’ (work-family balance policies)을 통해 이 문제에 적극적으로 대처하고 있다. 일-가족 양립지원정책은 영ㆍ유아자녀 양육지원(휴가제도 및 보육서비스), 유연근무시간제, 개인에 기반한 조세체계 등과 같이 여성의 고용을 촉진하기 위한 일련의 다양한 가족정책을 말한다. 이 같은 유럽의 일-가족 양립지원정책의 핵심은 “출산ㆍ육아에 대한 남성의 참여 및 분담”으로 요약될 수 있다. 즉, 유럽의 복지국가들은 양성평등적인 가족정책을 통해 여성노동력을 동원함으로써, 인구학적인 문제로 인한 경제 활력의 저하를 막고 지속적이며 안정적인 경제성장을 도모하고 있는 것이다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 한국의 저출산의 문제를 되짚어 보고, 그러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대안적 모델로서 유럽의 가족정책을 검토하고 있다. 우선, 한국의 저출산 문제의 결정적인 원인으로 지목되고 있는 ‘출산기피’의 양상을 살펴보고 있다. 다음으로, 이러한 상황을 타개할 수 있는 대안적 모델로서 유럽의 가족정책, 즉 일-가족 양립지원정책을 살펴보고 있다. 끝으로, 유럽의 가족정책이 한국사회에 어떠한 함의를 갖는지를 정리하고 있다. As late as 2000s, low fertility poses a serious problem for Korean society. Because there will be precipitated out of the population ageing by the low fertility. To put it shortly, low fertility is certainly expected to generate a range of social problems-the fall in productivity by reducing the workforce, the increase of the social burden of supporting the elderly, and the fiscal crisis of social security. In order to cope with these social problems in an ageing and low fertile society and to achieve a sustainable economic prosperity, it is required to mobilize the female workforce to begin with. However, as there is not the least socialization of care work yet in Korea, women in Korean society have no choice but to suffer hardships to reconcile their work and family life, and so avoid childbirth. European welfare states that already experience the social problems of low fertility rather than Korean society, actively cope with the low fertility by adopting the work-family life balance policies. The work-family life balance policies are a set of family policies as a means of furthering female employment that include leave schemes, flexible working patterns, individual taxation, and childcare services. The work-family life balance policies of the European welfare states are summed up in the phrase “fathers participate and share in childbirth and childcare”. In rum, European welfare states are intended to control the fall in the rate of economic activity, and to achieve stable and continuous economic growth by mobilizing the female workforce in terms of reconciling work and family life, or family policy as gender equality policy. This paper explores the hallmark of low fertility in Korea and the family policy to alleviate low fertility in Europe in the context of social policy. The first part reviews the crucial aspects of baby strike in Korea, because low fertility in Korea is due entirely to the baby strike. The second part deals with the family policy, or work-family life balance policies, of the European welfare states, because it seems to find a solution to low fertility in Korea. The last part ends with a discussion of the implications of work-family life balance policies in Europe.

복지국가의 "자녀유무별 여성임금격차(Family gap" 비교연구 : 가족정책과 노동시장구조의 영향을 중심으로

허수연 ( Soo Yeon Huh ) 한국사회복지연구회 2010 사회복지연구 Vol.41 No.2

본 연구는`자녀유무별 여성임금격차(Family gap)`의 국가별 차이를 가져오는 제도적 요인을 탐색하기 위해 OECD 14개국을 대상으로 가족정책, 노동시장 및 사회구조와 Family gap의 관계를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 때 가족정책을 여성의 노동역할을 지원하는`고용지원 가족정책`과 양육역할을 지원하는`양육지원 가족정책`으로 분류하여 각각이 가지는 정책적 지향에 따라 Family gap에 미치는 영향을 구분하였으며 노동시장 및 사회구조를 분석하기 위한 변수로 노동시장 성분절 구조, 임금불평등 구조, 여성의 사회적 지위와 경제적 상황을 모형에 포함하였다. 분석을 위하여 먼저 헤크만 2단계추정법 (Heckman`s two stage estimation)을 통해 국가별 Family gap 크기를 측정한 후 퍼지셋분석(FSQCA)을 통해 어떠한 제도적 조합이 낮은 Family gap을 가져오는지 검증하였다. 분석결과 낮은 Family gap은`고용지원 가족정책`의 발달과`낮은 임금불평등 구조`의 결합 인과관계(conjunctual causation)에 의해 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 분석결과를 통해`자녀가 있는 여성`의 양육으로 인한 불리함을 줄이고 상대적인 임금수준을 높이기 위한 제도적 노력으로 여성의 고용지속 및 양육의 사회화를 지원하고 여성과 남성 모두의 일-가족 양립을 지향하는 가족정책의 확충과 함께 낮은 노동지위에 있는 여성의 임금 및 고용조건의 보호가 우선과제가 된다는 정책적 함의를 제시하였다. This study examines the association between family policies and family gap using data for 14 OECD countries. As family policies have different assumptions about womens roles and include variant sub-policies, this study identify two distinct family policies: `employment support policy` to support women as employed workers and `caregiving support policy` to support women as caregivers. Meanwhile, women`s wage cannot be determined by the effect of `only` family policy. Therefore, analysis model includes variant macro structure supposed to affect women`s labor status and wage, like labor market structure, wage structure(compression), women`s social status and economic status, and examines interaction effects between family policies and these labor market and social structures using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FSQCA). The FSQCA result shows that relatively low family gap is associated with the conjunctual causation of developed `employment support policy` and compressed wage structure.

기업의 가족 친화적 문화와 아버지의 자녀양육 참여: 일-가족 갈등의 매개효과를 중심으로

이숙현,권영인 한국가족학회 2009 가족과 문화 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this study is to understand family friendliness of Korean companies and its direct and indirect influence on paternal involvement in child care. For this purpose, we first explored family-friendly policies of 23 Korean companies reported by 237 fathers as well as the actual usage of those policies. In addition, we prepared path analysis model to examine direct influence of family friendly workplace culture on paternal involvement and mediating effect of work-family conflict on the relationship between family-friendly workplace culture and paternal involvement. Family-friendly workplace culture includes family-friendly polices, family supportive work environment and father's weekly working hours. SAS 9.1 program and M-plus 5.0 program was applied to analyze the data. According to the descriptive analysis, Korean fathers recognized only few family-friendly policies of their companies. Financial support for child rearing, unpaid leave policy, and parental leave policy were the most frequently recognized policies. Although fathers knew about family-friendly policies, they rarely used those policies, and the actual usage rate of family-friendly polices was very low. The result from the path analysis showed that number of family-friendly policies recognized by fathers and fathers' weekly working hours directly influenced paternal involvement in child care. In addition, fathers' work-family conflict was partially mediating the relationship between family supportive work environment and paternal involvement, and between fathers' working hours and paternal involvement. 본 연구는 23개 기업에서 일하는 237명의 아버지들을 대상으로 하여, 기업의 가족 친화적 정책에 대한 인식 및 사용 현황을 알아보았다. 또한, 경로분석 모형을 사용하여 기업의 가족 친화적 문화가 아버지들의 자녀양육 참여에 미치는 직접적인 영향과 일-가족 갈등을 매개로 하는 간접적인 영향을 검증하였다. 기업의 가족 친화적 문화에는 아버지들이 인지하는 가족 친화적 정책의 수, 가족 친화적 조직 분위기, 그리고 아버지들의 주당 근무시간이 포함되었다. 수집된 자료는 SAS 9.1 프로그램과 M-plus 5.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 아버지들은 가족 친화적 정책 중 자녀 성장지원제도, 무급 휴가제도, 그리고 육아휴직제도를 가장 많이 시행되고 있다고 인식하였다. 하지만, 아버지들이 가족 친화적 정책을 인식하고 있더라도 실제 정책을 사용하는 정도는 매우 낮게 나타났다. 아버지들이 느끼는 일-가족 갈등이 가족 친화적 조직 분위기 및 아버지의 주당 근무 시간과 자녀 양육 참여 정도와의 관계를 매개하는지 분석한 결과, 일-가족 갈등이 이들의 관계를 부분적으로 매개하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 아버지들이 근무하는 기업의 조직 분위기가 가족 친화적일수록 아버지들의 일-가족 갈등이 낮아지고, 일-가족 갈등이 낮을수록 자녀 양육에 좀 더 참여하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 아버지들의 근무 시간이 적을수록 그들이 느끼는 일-가족 갈등이 낮아지고, 일-가족 갈등이 낮을수록 자녀 양육에의 참여가 증가하였다.

지역주민의 가족친화정책 인식에 관한 연구 : 충청남도를 중심으로

모선희(Mo Seon Hee),최은희(Choe Eun Hee) 한국지역사회학회 2011 지역사회연구 Vol.19 No.2

Recently, the family-friendly policy came up with changes in family perception with diverse family, problems with work and family balance, national crisis by the low fertility in Korea. The purpose of this study is to examine the awareness of family-friendly policy among Chungnam residents and to provide basic information for family policy making. The respondents of this study are 633 people living in Chungnam Province. The family-friendly policy is divided into two; work and family balance policy and policy for promoting family-friendly social environment. The major findings were as follows. First, the majority (80%) recognized family as decent group or group loving each other and the level of family healthiness was above the average. Second, 32.5% of the respondents had family members who needed care - mostly their parents and parents-in-law. The burden of housework and child rearing were major difficulties in balancing work and family among working women. Third, the awareness of necessity of two family-friendly policies was higher than the average. Forth, the awareness of family-friendly policies was different by age, sex, monthly family income and living areas of the respondent. In conclusion, we made some suggestions for family-friendly policy making

가족강화(Stronger Families)를 위한 호주의 가족지원(Family Assistance) 정책에 관한 연구

양옥경,박지혜 이화여자대학교 사회복지연구센터 2003 이화사회복지연구 Vol.3 No.-

본 연구는 1998년부터 시작된 호주의 가족강화(stronger families) 전략 중 가족지원(family assistance)정책에 관한 연구이다. 연구 목적은 호주가 가족관련 사회환경 변화에 대응하여 실시하는 가족지원정책을 살펴보고 이를 토대로 급격한 가족구조와 기능의 변화를 겪고 있음에도 변화하는 가족에 대한 대응방향을 설정하지 못하고, 정책 및 서비스의 내용에 대한 아이디어가 부족한 우리나라에 가족정책의 방향을 가족을 강화하는 쪽으로 설정하고 이를 위한 제도화와 프로그램 실행에 대한 아이디어를 제공하기 위함이다. 현재 호주의 가족강화전략은 크게 가족지원(Family Assistance)정책, 청소년과 학생(Youth & Students)정책, 아동지원 (Child Support)정책, 아동보육(Child Care)정책의 4개 부분으로 나뉘어져 있다. 4개 정책 중 본 연구에서 살펴보고자 하는 것은 가족지원정책에 포함된 7개의 소득 및 정서지원 프로그램이다. 호주의 가족강화전략이 우리나라의 가족정책에 시사하는 정책적 함의를 다음 네 가지로 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 미래인력으로써의 자녀양육과 가족관계, 증가하는 노인보호, 그리고 여성의 역할변화 등에 대한 전체적인 고려에 입각하여 가족이 건강히 유지되고 그 안의 가족구성원들이 행복할 수 있도록 가족을 강화하는 방향으로 가족정책의 큰 틀을 형성하여야 한다. 둘째, '과'차원의 가족복지 업무를 '국'차원으로 상향시켜 '가족복지국'을 설치하고, 산발적인 가족정책에 대한 통합적인 방향설정과 시행을 위해 '가족정책위원회' 또는 '가족복지위원회'를 설립하여 가족정책을 제도화해야 한다. 셋째, 가족정책 내에서 아동의 물리적이고 정서적인 발달 도모에 집중해야 한다. 넷째, 가족 전체의 정서와 관계를 증진할 수 있는 서비스를 도입해야 한다. This study is about the Family Assistance policy for Stronger Families Strategy in Australia. The purpose of the study is to review the family assistance policies of adapting socio-environmental changes and to provide some policy implications to the Korean family-related policy and services as a result. In Australia, Commonwealth Department of Family & Community Services(FaCS) which is in charge of federal welfare policies implemented the Stronger Families strategy. The Stronger Families Strategy is consisted of 4 categories: Family Assistance policy; Youth & Students policy; Child Support policy; Child Care policy. This study review only the family assistance policy. Based on Australian stronger families strategy, four family policy implications are presented. One, there should be a blueprint of family policy to enhance family health and functioning consideration of increasing needs for child care and family relationship, elderly care, and women's role change. Two, government should establish a family board or a family policy/family welfare committee to institutionalize and to integrate the scattered family policies. Three, government should focus on child's development in physical and emotional development. Four, adopt a series of services to enhance emotional relationship among family members.

여성인적자원의 활용을 위한 가족친화적 정책의 적용

정영금 대한가정학회 2002 Family and Environment Research Vol.40 No.11

Many women experience the conflicting demands of work and family life according to the increase of employed women. Their demand for balance of two spheres makes the companies have family friendly policy. Family friendly policy is win-win policy which gives benefits to the employers and the employees by helping the employees to balance of their lives. But this policy has been recognized as the one for women and which only companies have to carry out. This study aims to suggest and extend the applicable field of the family friendly policy, and press that the whole society have to be family friendly. So, this study examined the necessity of family friendly policy in the aspects of company and society. And it showed how the employers, policy makers, general public society and communities support the family by carrying out and applying the policy in USA.

서울시민의 가족정책 인지도 및 관련 요인 탐색

진미정(Meejung Chin),노신애(Shinae Noh),김아영(Ah-Yeong Kim) 한국가족정책학회 2021 가족정책연구 Vol.1 No.1

본 연구는 서울시민 대상으로 가족정책(아동돌봄정책, 가족친화제도, 가족서비스 기관)에 대한 인지도를 알아보고, 인지도와 관련되는 개인적 특성과 정책 특성을 파악하는 것이다. 만 25~74세 서울시민 1,102명을 대상으로 2018년 9월 온라인 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하고, 빈도분석, 로지스틱 회귀분석, 상관관계 분석을 하였다. 분석한 결과 전체적으로 가족친화제도의 인지도가 가장 높았고, 가족서비스 기관에 대한 인지도가 가장 낮았다. 아동돌봄정책 중에서는 국공립어린이집 인지도가 가장 높았으며, 가족친화제도 중에서는 육아휴직 인지도가 가장 높았으며, 가족서비스 기관에 대한 인지도는 다문화가족지원센터가 가장 높았다. 정책 인지도는 정책별로 차이가 있는데 공통으로 여성이 남성보다 높았고, 미혼자보다 기혼자의 인지도가 높았다. 또한, 미취학자녀나 초등자녀가 있는 응답자가 해당 연령과 관련된 정책 인지도가 높았다. 정책 인지도는 도입시기와는 상관성이 없었으며, 예산이 클수록, 서울시 정책이 아니라 전국적으로 적용되는 중앙정부 정책인 경우 더 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 가족정책 인지도는 유형에 따라 차이가 있었고, 일부 정책은 낮은 인지도를 보였다. 정책 활용도를 높이기 위해서는 적극적인 정책 홍보를 통해 인지도를 높이는 것이 선행되어야 한다. This study explores awareness of family policies among Seoul citizens, as well as the effects of related factors. The family policies under examination in this study consist of ten types of childrearing, five types for family-friendly workplaces, and five types for family service delivery. Data were first collected from an online survey of 1,102 adults aged 25-74, and then analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and correlation analysis. The results reveal the proportion of adults who know about each type of family policy and the effect of both individual and policy-related factors on their awareness. The most well-known policies are those for family-friendly workplaces, with participants showing the highest level of awareness for parental leave. However, the least awareness is for family service delivery, among which public childcare and multicultural family support centers are the best known. Awareness levels are related to gender, marital status, and the budget and scope of the policy. Awareness about some types of family policy is lown, suggesting that public advertisements are needed to raise awareness and for consequent use of family policies.

Comparative Study on Work Family Balance Policies and Practices for Employed Women in Tanzania and Mozambique

( Ladigracia Epafrasi Lyakurwa ),( Moo Kwon Chung ) 한국행정학회 2016 한국행정학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-

The purpose of this study was to compare work family policies and practices between Tanzania and Mozambique through reviews on work-family balance literatures, labor laws and policies in these countries. Socio-demographic dynamic has changed the traditional family form which complicating welfare provision and care. Family policies and family labor laws such as family leave, maternity benefit, and social security have been developed in Tanzania and Mozambique, However globalization pressures for deregulation hinders the effective enforcement and implementation of family policies. ILO labor standard is the main actor in influencing development of family policy in both countries. The commonalities disparities and limitations of family policies in two countries have been described. Problem for care responsibility is not the same for both sexes across these countries as it is normally known after maternity leave women has to figure out how to provide care for her young bay and perform paid work. Both policy and laws are silent on the issue of child care services and facilities. Family leaves in both countries are biased only to women as a care provider and also too short for women to be ready for work. Mozambique has implemented flexible working arrangement in new labor law which gives wide options for employee, especially mothers to do part time work. The study suggests the governments review family leaves and design incentives to persuade men support in care work. The study also proposes direction for future research on work family policies in Africa.

한국 가족정책과 복지국가의 과제 : 돌봄 정책을 중심으로

장부년 인하대학교 사회과학연구소 2015 인하사회과학논총 Vol.30 No.-

본 연구는 한국 가족정책과 복지국가 역할의 연계성에 초점을 두고, 가족정책과 관련된 주요 개념들과 돌봄으로 대표되는 가족정책을 둘러싼 주요쟁점을 분석했다. 먼저 탈 가족화와 가족화 관련 검토에서 가족정책의 핵심 개념으로 볼 수 있는 탈가족화 개념이 독립적 개념으로 이해되기보다는 복지국가 논의의 핵심 개념인 탈상품화 개념과 연관선상에서 논의되어야 한다는 것을 확인했다. 이러한 개념은 부모 노동력의 탈상품화는 부모 노동력의 가족화와 동반되어 나타나는 것에 주목하고 여기서 가족화란 부모 자신의 노동력을 상품화하지 않고 가족 내에서 자녀를 돌보는 것으로 정의하고 있다. 그러나 아동 돌봄 자유선택의 쟁점에서는 사회적으로 보육서비스가 양적으로나 질적으로 확충되지 않은 가운데 부모들이 할 수 있는 선택은 그들이 처한 사회구조적 제약, 즉 부모의 경제적 지위나 소득수준과 같은 계층지위나 가족구조, 내 부모의 성별 지위에 의하여 선택이 제한될 수 밖에 없는 현실적 격차가 존재하고 있는 것으로 확인했다. 가족정책을 토대로 복지국가 유형화에서는 복지국가의 유형을 탈가족화와 가족화에 대한 정책수준을 통해 4가지로 유형화 했다. 그러나 내용적으로 복지국가의 유형화 논의가 가족정책을 통해 본 복지국가 유형화에는 적합하지 않는다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 근거를 토대로 한국 가족정책의 현실에 대한 이해를 높이는 동시에 복지국가의 역할에 대한 체계적 이해와 과제를 제시했다. 더불어 한국가족정책의 핵심은 구 사회위험의 대응만이 아닌 돌봄과 관련된 새로운 사회위험 (고령화, 노동시장재편, 가족구조 변화 등)에 적극적으로 대응할 수 있는 한국 복지국가의 대응을 사회정책으로 변화해 나가는 것이 중요하다. This study focuses on the link between Korean family policy and a role of welfare state. It analyzes the main issues of family policy as represented as caring and key ideas of family policy. First, it is confirmed that it should be discussed as concept of de-commodification which is the core concept of a welfare state debate. instead of understanding de-family trend concept as independent concept. Such kind of concept is focusing on de-commodification of parents’ labor which shows up accompanied with family trend of parents’ labor. In this paper, family trend is defined as caring for children in their own family without commodification of parents’ labor. About the issue of free choice of child care, under negative expansion of child care service in both quantity and quality, it is confirmed that there is reality gap with limited choice for parents due to social structural constraints such as their income level, social status and family structure of the parent select by a gender status. Based on family policy, the welfare state is typed as four types by de-family trend and policy level of family trend. But it shows that debate of welfare state do not fit to the welfare state types through family policies. This paper proposes a systematic understanding of the role of welfare state as well as better understanding the reality of Korean family policy nowadays. In addition, the core of Korean family policy should be change into social policy which does not just response on old social risks, but actively response to newly appearing social risks related with caring such as aging population, labor market reorganization, the family structure changes and so on.