『겨울 이야기』에 나타난 로맨스를 구성하는 교환의 법칙과 주체의 재구성

이용은 한국중세근세영문학회 2012 고전·르네상스 영문학 Vol.21 No.2

Exchange does not signify only economic exchange. The law of exchange applies also to human relations. When the exchange relations between characters are balanced, the relations become mutual and equal. Power and hierarchy are mediated through the process of exchange or ‘give and take’ between people. When the relations of exchange are balanced, The Winter’s Tale becomes a romance. But when the relations of exchange are out of balance, then it becomes a tragedy, which means that the law of exchange is an important factor in the degree to which The Winter’s Tale can be read as a romance. The relationship between Leontes and Polixenes is a good example of an imbalance in the relations of exchange between two characters. Leontes is only giving, while Polixenes is only taking. That their relations are hierarchical and not mutual hurts both. Leontes, who is giving all the time, has been negligent about getting, which leads to Leontes’ dissatisfaction and wrong judgement and to Polixenes’ escape. But the relationship between Hermione and Leontes shown at the end of the play is one of balanced exchange. They have undergone changes in their identities, responded to the changes in characteristics of the other party and communicated with each other. Therefore, the play becomes a romance at the end, veering away from tragic aspects which formed the beginning and middle phases. The main reason that the play becomes a romance is that equal, mutual and interactive and exchange relations is constituted between Hermione and Leontes. Furthermore, Hermione and Leontes refashions themselves because their exchange relations cause changes in their characters.

무역교육에서 공유경제를 바탕으로 한 협력적 소비에 대한 사례연구

곽수영,이도형 국제e-비즈니스학회 2019 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.20 No.6

The purpose of this study is to develop a Bartering Exchange Experience program at the last stage of the University's Trade related class in order to explore and experience collaborative consumption experiences related to shared economy services. The development of the Bartering Exchange Experience program was carried out in five stages based on the case. In trade education, the word ‘barter' means ‘barter'. Exchange of goods or services directly without means of exchange, such as money. In collaborative consumption, Barring Exchange shares assets that are not used, allowing multiple people to work together to consume them. However, what they are similar to is that they do not exchange money or other means. By combining the concept of collaborative consumption here with the concept of Barring Exchange in trade, we are going to develop the Bartering Exchange Experience Program for the activation of a non-profit shared economy platform. By developing a bartering exchange experience program to promote a shared economy, this study aims to contribute to providing college students with diverse ideas on the concept of platform business and the value of collaborative consumption that brought about changes in the business ecosystem through the experience of the bartering exchange program in trade education. 본 연구의 목적은 공유경제 서비스와 관련한 협력적 소비 경험을 탐구하고 경험하기 위하여 대학의 무역유관 수업의 마지막 단계에서 바터링 익스체이지(Bartering Exchange) 체험 프로그램을 개발하고자 한다. 바터링익스체인지 체험 프로그램의 개발은 사례를 기반으로 5단계로 진행되었다. 무역교육에서 바터(barter)라는단어의 뜻은 물물교환이다. 재화나 용역을 화폐 등의 교환수단을 거치지 않고 직접 교환하는 것을 의미한다. 협력적 소비의 Bartering Exchange는 사용하지 않는 자산을 공유함으로써 자산을 여러 명이 공동협력하여소비하는 의미로 협력적 소비라고 정의되지만 유사한 점은 화폐 등의 교환수단을 거치지 않고 직접 교환한다는 것이다. 여기의 협력적 소비의 개념과 무역에서의 대금결제방식의 Bartering Exchange의 개념을 결합하여비영리 공유경제 플랫폼의 활성화 방안을 위한 Bartering Exchange 체험 프로그램을 개발하고자 한다. 본연구는 공유경제를 촉진하기 위한 바터링 익스체인지 체험 프로그램을 개발함으로써 대학생들을 대상으로무역교육에서 바터링 익스체인지 프로그램의 체험을 통해서 비즈니스 생태계의 변화를 가져온 플랫폼비즈니스의 개념과 협력적 소비에 대한 가치에 다양한 아이디어를 제공하는데 기여하고자 한다.

사회적 교환과 경찰공무원의 안전행동

임운식(Lim Woon Sik) 한국공안행정학회 2007 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.16 No.4

이 연구는 사회적 교환이론에 근거하여 경찰공무원의 안전행동에 대한 가설들을 설정하고, 대구 지역 경찰관들을 대상으로 수집된 자료를 경험적으로 분석하여 그 가설들을 검증했다. 이 연구에서 제시된 사회적 교환이론 변인은 직무만족(업무자체, 업무량, 승진, 급여 및 복리후생), 조직 내 교환관계(지각된 조직지지, 안전관련 지각된 조직지지, 상사-부하간 교환관계, 안전관련 상사-부하간 교환관계, 동료간 교환관계, 안전관련 동료간 교환관계), 의사소통만족(조직 및 상사와의 의사소통, 동료와의 의사소통, 안전의사소통)이다. 다중회귀분석을 통해 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 직무만족 요인들 중 업무량과 승진은 경찰공무원의 안전행동과 무관한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 업무자체 변인과 급여 및 복리후생 변인은 통계적으로 유의미한 효과를 나타내었다. 둘째, 조직 내 교환관계 요인들 중 안전관련 지각된 조직지지, 안전관련 상사-부하간 교환관계, 동료간 교환관계, 안전관련 동료간 교환관계는 안전행동과 통계적으로 유의미한 효과를 나타내었지만 안전과 관련되지 않은 일반적인 지각된 조직지지, 상사-부하간 교환관계는 그 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 의사소통만족 요인들은 모두 안전행동에 유의미한 효과를 나타내었다. 넷째, 통계적으로 유의미한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타난 변인들만 다 같이 포함시킨 최종 모형의 분석 결과 급여 및 복리후생, 의사소통 관련 변인들의 효과는 모두 사라졌고 업무자체, 안전관련 지각된 조직지지, 안전관련 상사-부하간 교환관계, 동료간 교환관계, 안전관련 동료간 교환관계는 여전히 안전행동에 강한 영향을 미쳤다 이상의 결과를 통해 경찰공무원들의 안전행동을 증진하기 위한 정책적 함의를 논의하였다. This study examines police officers' safety behaviors based on social exchange theory. This study conceptualizes three components of social exchange which could be relevant to safety behavior : job satisfaction, exchanges in organization, and communication satisfaction. Specifically, each component of social exchange includes several factors as follow. First, job satisfaction is composed of "satisfaction in work itself", "workload", "promotion", and "salary and benefits." Second, the component of exchanges in organization consists of "perceived organizational support in general", "perceived organizational support on safety", "leader-member exchange", "leader-member exchange regarding safety", "co-worker exchange", and "co-worker exchange regarding safety." Finally, the concept of communication satisfaction is made up of "communication with organization and supervisor", "co-worker communication", and "safety communication." Principal component method is used to see which items cluster together in each factor and to calculate factor scores. Multiple regression analysis identifies several factors which have significant effects on safety behavior. Key findings can be summarized as follow. First, among the factors of job satisfaction, "satisfaction in work itself" and "salary and benefits" have significant effects. Second, "perceived organizational support on safety", "leader-member exchange regarding safety", "co-worker exchange", and "co-worker exchange regarding safety" have significant effects. Third, all the factors of communication satisfaction have significant effects on safety behavior. Finally, when all the variables with significant effects are included in the final model, the effects of "salary and benefits", "communication with organization and supervisor", "co-worker communication", and "safety communication" disappear, while the effects of "satisfaction in work itself", "perceived organizational support on safety", "leader-member exchange regarding safety", "co-worker exchange", and "co-worker exchange regarding safety" remain statistically significant. Based on these findings, this study suggests some policy issues to promote police officers' safety behaviors.

문화교섭의 측면에서 본 三國遺事의 아내 얻기 이야기(得妻談)

임재욱 국어교육학회(since1969) 2019 국어교육연구 Vol.- No.69

이 논문은 삼국유사에 수록된, 아내 얻기를 모티프로 하는 이야기(得妻談)를 다양한 기준에 따라 분석하여, 거기에서 드러나는 특징적 양상과 의미를 문화교섭의 측면에서 살핀 글이다. 삼국유사의 수많은 설화 중에서 아내 얻기 이야기에 해당하는 작품은 단군, 주몽, 혁거세, 도화녀 비형랑, 거타지, 경문대왕, 무왕, 수로왕, 조신의 꿈, 원효, 김현감호 이야기로 모두 11편이다. 이러한 이야기들에서 아내를 얻어 결혼을 하게 되는 교섭 주체들은 대개 위대한 업적을 남겼거나 큰 깨달음을 얻은 인물로 나타난다. 이러한 이야기는 교섭의 범위와 대상, 교섭 방식, 교섭 결과, 교섭 주체의 노력 등에 따라 다양한 유형으로 나눌 수 있다. 교섭의 범위와 대상은 異家, 異域, 異國, 異界, 異物 등으로 나타나는데, 異家에서 異界·異物로 나아가면서 교섭의 주체와 대상 사이의 거리는 점점 멀어지고 그 범위도 넓어진다. 그리고 교섭 주체와 대상 사이의 거리가 멀어지고 범위가 넓어질수록 교섭의 결과는 더욱 위대해지는 경향이 나타난다. 아내 얻기 이야기에서의 교섭 방식은 부모와 국인과 같은 제3자의 허락이나 도움을 받는 公認型과 교섭 주체의 자발적 의지에 따라 혼인이 이루어지는 私合型으로 나뉜다. 그런데 사합형에 해당하는 사례들에서는 교섭의 결과가 모두 뚜렷하게 드러나는 것과 달리, 공인형에 해당하는 사례들에서는 교섭의 결과가 나타나는 경우도 있지만 나타나지 않은 경우도 있다. 자발적 의사에 따라 결혼이 이루어지는 사합형에서는 모든 사례에서 교섭의 주체가 아내를 얻기 위해 다양한 노력을 기울이기 때문에 그 결과도 예외 없이 나타나지만, 공인형의 일부 사례에서 신의 계시나 부모에 시혜로 아내가 주어지기 때문에 아내를 얻기 위한 교섭 주체의 의지와 노력이 잘 드러나지 않는 경우에는 그 결과가 제시되지 않은 채로 이야기가 마무리되는 것이다. 이러한 양상을 보이는 삼국유사의 아내 얻기 이야기는 다문화 및 문화교섭과 관련하여, 1) 오늘날 우리 사회가 처한 문화교섭 현상이 기피할 것이 아니라 긍정적으로 받아들이고 또 적극적으로 장려해야 할 것이며, 타문화와의 교섭이 새롭고 위대한 문화 창조의 원천이 될 수 있다는 것, 2) 교섭 주체와 대상은 다르면 다를수록, 주체와 대상 사이의 거리는 멀면 멀수록 성취의 수준이 높아질 수 있다는 것, 3) 주체들의 자발적이고 적극적인 노력이 있을 때 문화교섭의 결과 또한 자연스럽게 산출되는 것이지, 필요한 노력을 기울이지 않고 그것이 저절로 이루어지리라고 기대하기만 해서는 결실 자체가 나타나지 않을 수도 있다는 것, 4) 문화교섭을 통해 더욱 위대하고 창조적인 문화를 이룩하기 위해서는 좋은 문화를 선택할 수 있는 안목을 기르고 그러한 문화를 받아들이기 위한 지혜와 전략을 마련해야 한다는 것, 5) 문화 교섭에서는 상대방 문화의 겉모습보다는 내면과 실리를 중시해야 하고, 우수한 타문화와의 교섭에 성공하고 그것을 통해 새로운 문화를 창달하기 위해서는 현자의 지혜로운 생각을 수용할 수 있는 열린 마음과 유연한 태도가 필요하다는 점 등을 말해준다. This paper analyzes the motif of getting a wife in the stories of Samgukyusa(三國遺事) and examines the characteristics and meanings of the stories in terms of cultural exchange. There are about 11 stories about the topic of getting a wife in Samgukyusa. They are the story of Dangun(檀君), Jumong(朱蒙), Hyeokgeose(赫居世), Dowhaneo and Bihyeongrang(桃花女 鼻荊郞), Geotaji(居陀知), Kyungmun Great King(景文大王), Muwang(武王), Suro(首露), Josin dream(調信夢), Wonhyo(元曉) and Kim Hyun(金現). In these stories, the subject who get married with their wives are generally those who left great achievements or gained great enlightenments. These stories can be divided into various types depending on the scope and counterpart of exchange, the way of exchange, the outcome of exchange, and the efforts of exchanging subjects. The scope and counterpart of the exchange is represented by different families, different regions, different countries, different worlds, different animals and so on. As it move from different families to different worlds and animals, the distance between the subject of the exchange and the counterpart is getting farther away and its scope is widening. And as the distance between the exchanging subject and the counterpart gets wider and the range becomes wider, the result of the exchange tends to become greater. The method of exchange in the story of getting a wife is divided into a private union type in which the marriage is performed according to the voluntary will and an officially authorized type in which the subject receives the permission or help of the third party such as the parents and the citizen. However, in the case of the private union type, the result of the exchange is all clear, whereas in the case of the officially authorized type, the result of the exchange is sometimes seen but not all the case. In some cases of officially authorized type, when the will and effort of the exchanging subject to obtain a wife does not appear because the wives are given to him by God’s revelation or parent’s dispensation, the story ends without the results being presented.

부산지역의 무역 및 해외투자 기업의 환노출 추정과 환위험 헷징연구

이재득 한국경상학회, 한국국민경제학회 2004 경제연구 Vol.22 No.1

1980년대와 1990년대 미국의 달러화와 일본엔화 등에 대해 우리 나라의 원화의 환율이 변동함에 따라 무역업체들은 환노출과 환위험에 직면해 왔지만, 지역의 중소기업들은 환위험에 대한 인식도 미비하고 환위험 관리도 하지 않고 있다. 그리하여 본 연구는 부산지역의 수출과 해외직접투자, 그리고 우리 나라와 미국 그리고 일본 등의 환율 등을 이용하여 수출과 해외직접투자 거래시 환율변동에 의한 헷징유무에 따른 환노출과 환손익을 추정하였다. 본 연구 조사결과 첫째, 부산지역기업들이 환율변동을 예측하지 않고 정태적 기대를 도입하여 현물환으로 수출과 해외직접투자는 상당한 환노출과 환위험에 직면해 왔다. 둘째, 선물환으로 거래를 하면 환노출을 상당히 줄이거나 없앨 수 있었다. 셋째, 지역의 수출기업들이 현물환으로 수출거래를 함으로써 환손익이 발생하였던 많은 기간에서도 환율변동시 선물환으로 수출거래를 함으로써 환손익을 감소시키거나 혹은 환이익을 발생시킬 수 있었다. 그러므로 지역기업들은 이러한 환노출과 환손익을 줄이기 위해서 환위험의 헷징전략을 적극적으로 펼칠 필요가 있다. Since 1980's the Korea's exchange rate has appreciable changed, the trading firms have faced th foreign exchange exposure and risk as the Korea's exchange rate has moved, in particular after the IMF foreign exchange crisis in the end of 1997. This paper examines empirically the foreign exchange exposure and risk of Busan's export using the sample of Busan's monthly export data for the period 1988-2002 and annual foreign direct investment data for period 1980-2002. And then, this paper analyzes the differences of profits and losses which can be generated by hedging strategies whether the trading firms use the hedging strategies such as the forward exchange contract or not. In summary, this paper finds the followings : Firstly, there has been a lot of the foreign exchange exposure of Busan's exports and F야 since 1980's with the transaction of the sport exchange export contracts. Secondly, the foreign exchange exposure of Busan's exports can be decreased with the transaction of the forward export contracts. Thirdly, the profits and losses of Busan's exports are dependent on the hedging strategies such as the forward exchange contract. In many periods the forward exchange contracts may decrease the losses of foreign exchange or increase the profits of foreign exchange.

Physical Modeling of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging

Jahng, Geon-Ho,Oh, Jang-Hoon Korean Society of Medical Physics 2017 의학물리 Vol.28 No.4

Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) imaging is a method to detect solutes based on the chemical exchange of mobile protons with water. The solute protons exchange with three different patterns, which are fast, slow, and intermediate rates. The CEST contrast can be obtained from the exchangeable protons, which are hydroxyl protons, amine protons, and amide protons. The CEST MR imaging is useful to evaluate tumors, strokes, and other diseases. The purpose of this study is to review the mathematical model for CEST imaging and for measurement of the chemical exchange rate, and to measure the chemical exchange rate using a 3T MRI system on several amino acids. We reviewed the mathematical models for the proton exchange. Several physical models are proposed to demonstrate a two-pool, three-pool, and four-pool models. The CEST signals are also evaluated by taking account of the exchange rate, pH and the saturation efficiency. Although researchers have used most commonly in the calculation of CEST asymmetry, a quantitative analysis is also developed by using Lorentzian fitting. The chemical exchange rate was measured in the phantoms made of asparagine (Asn), glutamate (Glu), ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA), glycine (Gly), and myoinositol (MI). The experiment was performed at a 3T human MRI system with three different acidity conditions (pH 5.6, 6.2, and 7.4) at a concentration of 50 mM. To identify the chemical exchange rate, the "lsqcurvefit" built-in function in MATLAB was used to fit the pseudo-first exchange rate model. The pseudo-first exchange rate of Asn and Gly was increased with decreasing acidity. In the case of GABA, the largest result was observed at pH 6.2. For Glu, the results at pH 5.6 and 6.2 did not show a significant difference, and the results at pH 7.4 were almost zero. For MI, there was no significant difference at pH 5.6 or 7.4, however, the results at pH 6.2 were smaller than at the other pH values. For the experiment at 3T, we were only able to apply 1 s as the maximum saturation duration due to the limitations of the MRI system. The measurement of the chemical exchange rate was limited in a clinical 3T MRI system because of a hardware limitation.

익명적 교환: 선물–교환 형식의 분할, 확장, 변형

이길호 한국문화인류학회 2020 韓國文化人類學 Vol.53 No.3

The problem with exchange has long been addressed from the point of view of reciprocity. In particular, the anthropological category of “gift–exchange” has been interpreted as requiring a mediating notion that relates “gift” to “exchange,” with a familiar proposition of “the gift is reciprocal” introduced. The axiom for defining a gift as an exchange demands the identifying discernment of the giver and recipient to ensure the whole realization of the return, according to the equivalence principle it presupposes. If the exchange follows the principle of reciprocity, it also follows the principle of discernibility. In this configuration, the necessary condition for exchange is non–anonymity of the contracting parties. Hence anonymity is retranslated as anti–reciprocity. The perception of the fact that the gift–exchange form is not only different from the gift but not the same as the reciprocal–exchange, however, presents the indiscernible zone between gift and exchange to be discovered in the form of possibility of “anonymous exchange.” This paradoxical category provides a theoretical ground for transforming and extending the current logic in which reciprocity and discernibility are the necessity for exchange. While exploring new patterns of exchange based on cyberspace, the present article approaches the situation from an “anonymous” point of view, stepping out of the framework in which “exchange” and “anonymity” are fixed in inverse relations to each other. To do this, the differentiation and variation between reciprocal–exchange and gift–exchange are reexamined on the side of their multiple operation forms. It is thereby shown that through the copyright/left situations in which the gift and the commodity are entangled, the extensive propagation of “transactional” gift–exchange counter–invents the intensive multiplication of “anonymous” gift–exchange. The dividual and proliferative forms of anonymizing gift–exchange have partial connections with the “form and reason” for anonymous–exchange; the anti/quasi–reciprocal patterns of anonymous gift–exchange, furthermore, make us rethink the category of “sharing,” ambiguously distinct from of exchange. 교환의 문제는 오랫동안 호혜성의 시점에서 다루어져 왔다. 특히 선물–교환이라는 독특한 범주는 선물과 교환을 관계 짓기 위한 매개적 관념을 필요로 하는 것으로 해석됐으며, 따라서 “선물은 호혜적”이라는 익숙한 명제가 도입된다. 선물을 교환으로 보기 위한 공리는 그것이 상정하는 등가성 원리에 따라, 답례의 온전한 실현을 보증하도록 증여자와 수령자의식별을 요구한다. 교환이 호혜성의 원리를 따른다면, 또한 식별의 원리를 따르는 것이 된다. 이 경우 교환의 필수조건은 교환 당사자의 비익명성이며, 익명성은 반호혜적 범주로 배치된다. 그러나 선물–교환의 형식이 선물과 구분될 뿐만 아니라 호혜적 교환과도 같지 않다는사실의 확인은 선물과 교환의 중간적 비식별 지대를 “익명적 교환”의 역설적 형태로 발견되게 한다. 익명의 범주는 호혜성과 식별성이 교환의 조건이라는 기존 논리를 일정 부분 변형하고 확장할 이론적 바탕을 제공한다. 이 글은 사이버–시공간의 새로운 교환양태를 탐구함에 있어, 교환과 익명이 상호 역관계로 배치되는 구도에서 얼마간 비켜난 관점으로 상황에접근한다. 이를 위해 호혜–교환과 선물–교환의 차이와 변형을 작동 형식의 차원에서 검토하고, 선물과 거래가 교합하는 저작권 상황을 통해 ‘거래적’ 선물–교환이 ‘익명적’ 선물–교환을 역발명하고 있음을 보인다. 선물–교환의 이런 분할과 증폭의 형식은 익명–교환의 가능성 형태 및 실천과 부분적 연결을 이루는 한편으로, 익명적 선물–교환이라는 지금의 반(反/半)호혜적 양태를 교환과 미묘하게 구분되는 “공유”의 범주로 재고하게 한다.

조선후기 한중 문인 교류 연구의 흐름-교류 기반과 양상을 중심으로-

김창수 전북사학회 2019 전북사학 Vol.0 No.55

Korea-China Exchange In the entire history, literary exchange between Joseon and Qing is very special. The literary exchange of the two countries, which started in the latter half of the 18th century, became more active in the 19th century. This was closer than that of Joseon-Ming relationship. Literary exchange was mediated through Chinese culture ability, and became a channel for the formation of a human exchange network, a space for academic discussion, and a gateway to knowledge media. On the other hand, in recent years, China has been intending to define the relationship between Qing and neighboring countries as being dependent on it in pursuing the ‘Qing History Project.’ On this movement, knowledge exchanges in the late Joseon will play a role in revealing the mutually communicative history that is not unilateral or dependent. In this paper, I will examine the studies related to the bases of literary exchange between Joseon and Qing. Only the envoys allowed by the state were allowed to move between Korea and China. Therefore, the formation and operation of the diplomatic structure surrounding the dispatch of envoys functioned as a long – term basis of literary exchange. At the same time, the political situation of both countries and the changes in the diplomatic system have become factors that regulate the degree of exchange in the short term time. In the concrete aspect of exchanges, we first considered hierarchical characteristics of exchanges. The bureaucrats, attendants, and interpreters were important subjects of literary exchange. The place of exchange was also included in the scope of analysis. There were various interchange spaces inside and outside of Beijing. In the exchange method, I have summarized the studies related to meeting and correspondence. 조선·청 문인 교류는 한중 교류 전체 역사 속에서 매우 특별한 의미를 지닌다. 특히 18세기 후반부터 시작된 양국 지식의 교류는 19세기에 들어서면서 더욱 확장되는 모습을 띠는데, 이는 명대의 그것보다 同文의 세계에 더욱 가까운 형태였다. 한문 능력을 매개로 이루어진 문인 교류는 인적 교류망의 형성, 학술토론의 공간, 지식 매체 왕래의 통로가 되었다. 한편 최근 중국에서는 ‘청사공정’을 추진하면서, 청과 주변국의 관계를 종속적인 것으로 규정하려는 의도가 나타나고 있다. 이러한 움직임에 대해 조선후기 문인 교류는 일방적·종속적이지 않은 상호 소통적 역사상을 드러내는 역할을 할 것이라 판단한다. 본고에서는 주로 2000년 이후에 생산된 연구들을 중심으로 조선·청 문인 교류 기반과 교류 양상을 고찰하고자 한다. 조선과 청의 국가 간 이동은 오직 양국에서 허락한 사신을 통해서만 가능했다. 따라서 사신 파견을 둘러싼 외교 구조의 형성과 작동방식은 문인 교류의 장기적 기반으로 기능하였다. 동시에 양국의 정치적 상황과 외교 제도의 변화는 단기적인 시간 속에서 교류의 정도를 규정하는 요소가 되었다. 교류의 구체적 양상에서는 우선 교류 주체의 계층적 특성을 고려하였다. 사신으로 대표되는 고관, 관직이 없는 수행관, 그리고 역관이 문인 교류의 중요한 주체였다. 교류의 장소도 또한 분석 범위에 넣었다. 크게는 북경과 북경 이외, 북경 내 다양한 교류 공간이 존재하였다. 교류방식의 부분에서는 직접 만나는 방식과 함께 서신 교류와 관련된 연구들도 정리의 대상으로 삼았다.

지주회사 설립·전환시 포괄적 주식교환·이전의 실무상 쟁점

윤소연 한국상사법학회 2022 商事法硏究 Vol.41 No.2

Comprehensive share exchange and comprehensive share transfer (a ʻʻShare Exchangeʼʼ) is a useful procedure that helps facilitate the fast and efficient formation of a wholly-owned holding company system. In practice, since the amendment of the Financial Holding Company Act in 2000 and the Korean Commercial Code (the ʻʻKCCʼʼ) in 2001 introduced the Share Exchange procedure, many companies have utilized the Share Exchange procedure in the process of the formation or change of the holding company system (the ʻʻFormation of the Holding Companiesʼʼ). This paper reviews the cases of utilizing a Share Exchange procedure in the process of the Formation of Holding Companies and adding subsidiaries to them, and examine practical issues in the course of a Share Exchange. Firstly, many holding companies, such as Woori Financial Holding Company, Hana Financial Holding Company and Shinhan Financial Holding Company have experienced difficulties in solving the Mutually Owned Stock (defined below) issue. The KCC, in principle, prohibits a subsidiary's acquisition of shares of the parent company (ʻʻMutually Owned Stockʼʼ); provided however, if a subsidiary inevitably acquires Mutual Owned Stock due to a Share Exchange, the subsidiary shall dispose of the Mutually Owned Stock within a grace period of six months. The Financial Holding Company Act prescribed limited exceptions for a financial holding company to which applies an extended grace period of three years. However, the three-year grace period should be applicable to wider exceptions. Besides, according to the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, any company belonging to an enterprise group subject to the limitations of mutual investment shall not acquire or own a Mutual Owned Stock and does not prescribe any exception in the case of a Mutually Owned Stock resulting from the Stock Exchange. However, there should be an exception for Mutually Owned Stock resulting form the Stock Exchange. Secondly, since the most important factor to shareholders in connection with the Stock Exchange is the exchange rate, the most frequent issues raised by shareholders of the company are related to the exchange rate. Some minority shareholders have argued that the provisions of the Capital Market and Financial Investment Business Act regarding the assessment of exchange rates in a Share Exchange involving listed companies were unconstitutional. Minority shareholders further argued that a tender offer should be mandatorily forced during the Share Exchange. However, the current regulations on the exchange rate based on the market price are reasonable, and the introduction of the mandatory tender offer during the Share Exchange is not appropriate since it is in conflict with the purpose of a Share Exchange. Lastly, some argue that the status of the dissenting shareholders who exercised appraisal right during the Stock Exchange procedure is the same as those who exercised the appraisal right during a merger. The prevailing view in South Korea, including the Korean courtʼs opinion, is that the dissenting shareholder shall not lose her status as a shareholder until she receives fair compensation. However, in my opinion, even if there is any dissenting shareholder who has not received the compensation, she should lose her status as a shareholder as of the exchange date. As such, the author argues that additional legislation should be made to clarify the status of the dissenting shareholders.

증권거래소가 행하는 상장결정 및 상장폐지결정의 법적 의미

문일호 ( Il Ho Moon ),신병동 고려대학교 법학연구원 2007 고려법학 Vol.0 No.49

What is the legal nature of the listing decision and the delisting decision that The Korea Exchange("The Exchange") makes? The answer of this question is significant in that the form of lawsuit is determined under it. If the legal nature of the delisting decision comes under "administrative measure" regulated in Administrative Litigation Act 2 ①, companys and investors into such company should initiate administrative lawsuit against The Exchange. If not, they should raise civil lawsuits. So far, there have been several arguments about the legal nature of the delisting decision that The Korea Securities Dealers Association (KSDA) or The Exchange makes. And judical precedents of the Supreme Court and The Constitutional Court were established. Now although the nature of Exchange is changed from membership system into a stock company, it is thought that the previous arguments are also available. The latest lower court decisions follow also the former precedents of the Supreme Court. This writer has come to the conclusion that the legal nature of the delisting decision of Exchange doesn`t come under "administrative measure" as object of an administrative lawsuit, because the Exchange doesn`t fall under "administrative office" as the subject of an "administrative measure". This writer thinks that the delisting decision has the legal nature as declaration of intention that The Exchange terminates the listing contract between itself and the listing company. Up to now, on the contrary, it has not been debated about the legal nature of the Exchange`s listing decision. The reason is seemingly thaught to this writer that the applicant for listing doesn`t engage in controversy against the Exchange about the Exchange`s disapproval of listing. This writer has come to the conclusion that the Exchange`s listing decision has the legal nature as declaration of intention of consent for the applicant`s listing application.