재난의 양상과 재난인문학의 필요 -세월호 참사 치유시를 중심으로

조춘희 고려대학교세종캠퍼스 한국학연구소 2025 한국학연구 Vol.92 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the aspects of disasters in this era and to explore the coordinates of disaster humanities. In particular, by diagnosing one possibility of disaster humanities exemplified by the Sewol Ferry Disaster Healing Poem, we attempted to reread the urgency of humanistic thinking about disasters. If the exploration of disasters has been centered on practical studies such as natural science, earth science, and disaster prevention, the need for humanistic reflections on the sustainability of life after disasters is emerging due to the complexity of disaster factors and the long-term nature of trauma. Generally, disasters are divided into natural disasters and social disasters, but the factors of natural disasters in the Anthropocene era are not simply caused by natural disasters. In addition, social disasters caused by complex factors are occurring frequently due to the social structural system reorganized into a capitalist system. In this situation, thinking about disasters is directly related to the issues of human survival and existence. Humanistic reflection on disasters involves critical examination of the factors that caused disasters, as well as healing trauma caused by disasters and restoring damaged human dignity. In addition, building a safety net to properly prepare for disaster situations and organizing active civic solidarity can also be considered as the domain of disaster humanities.

중국의 재해, 재난 연구와 ‘재난인문학’

이석현 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2020 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.59

China is a country with many disasters in its history, and it has had a rich record of disasters since the old period. It is difficult to find such diverse records in the world. The <漢書 五行志> and other disaster records books continued to be compiled. Since the introduction of these rich disaster-related records and modern disciplines, comprehensive disaster research has been formed and rich and fruitful results have been accumulated. Disaster research in the 1920’s was triggered by large-scale disaster. In particular, the early Chinese research was active in the field of historical geography with natural science tendencies. They tracked changes in ancient climate, studied the regularity of earthquakes, the spatial and temporal characteristics of disasters, and so on. In particular, the ancient history books and other display of disaster-related information has been integrated. But according to the production of the main body, the standard was also different. Recently, with the development of information technology, the accumulation of disaster-related records, made the compilation of disaster history maps. The research of disasters in the field of history carried out in two fields: the history of disasters and the history of salvation. The history of disasters also began in the 1920s as a result of large-scale disasters. It is worth mentioning that Deng Yunte's <中国救荒史: History of China's Salvation> has a significant impact on the history of disasters rescue. In history, the proportion of disaster history is not large, and he has been engaged in the research and compilation of data in the natural sciences. After the 1980s, people's concern about the history of disasters rose in full, and appeared in the rescue policy and even in the appearance of a new sub-scientific text of <災荒史>. At present, the field of the history of disaster relief mainly studies the rescue policy of various periods, the thought of warehouse system of the disaster. And the main research stream is changing from the general history study to the single history study, from the macro-research to the micro-study, from the disaster event to the relationship between disaster and society. Although China's disaster history research has been fruitful, but the historical geography and other natural science tendencies of the proportion of research is still very high. In the reflection of this situation, new progress is being made in the study of social history and the study of the disaster history of grass-roots society. Nevertheless, in the study of overall disasters and disasters, the proportion of humanities such as history is not high. It is only recently that many works have appeared, including the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province and other disasters, and literature and other fields focus on people who have experienced disasters in the new human perspective. In addition, researchers need to focus on the literary works reflecting disasters, such as the mass disaster narratives, such as the <流民图>, all of which deserve our attention. Using these diverse disaster narrative records, contain the memory of the people who have experienced disaster. Actively exploring the records of disasters, including literature, observing the daily nature of society at that time, observing the views of the subjects who want to recover and the efforts and hopes of the people is the main method of disaster humanities. 중국은 예로부터 다양한 재해가 많이 발생한 나리이며, 선진시기부터 이미 풍부한 재해 관련 기록이 존재한다. 이런 다양한 기록은 다른 나라에서 찾아보기 힘들며, 한서 오행지 등의 災異 기록 등과 함께 황정서, 구황서 등도 지속적으로 편찬되었다. 이런 풍부한 재해 관련 기록과 함께 근대 학문이 도입된 이래, 본격적인 재해 연구가 이루어졌으며, 다양하고 풍부한 성과가 축적되고 있다. 본격적인 중국의 재해 연구는 1920년대부터 시작되었다. 당시의 재해 연구는 자연과학적 경향성을 지닌 역사지리학 분야에서 활발하였다. 그들은 고대 기후의 변화를 추적했고, 지진 발생의 규율성, 재해의 시공간 특성 등을 연구하였다. 특히 고대 역사서 등에 보이는 재해 관련 자료를 집성하여 데이터베이스를 만들었는데, 제작하는 주체에 따라 기준이 상이하다. 최근에는 정보 기술의 발달로 재해 관련 기록을 축적하고 재해 역사지도 편찬도 함께 이루어지고 있기도 하다. 역사학계에서의 재해사 관련 연구는 크게 재해사와, 구황사 두 분야로 구분할 수 있다. 재해사의 연구도 마찬가지로 1920년대 대규모 재해의 영향으로 시작되었다. 특히 등운특의 중국구황사는 재해사, 구황사 분야에 큰 영향을 끼친 연구 저작이다. 다만 역사학 분야에서 재해사의 비중은 그다지 크지 않았으며, 자연과학 분야의 연구에서 자료를 정리하는 보조적 기능에 종사하기도 하였다. 80년대 이후 본격적으로 재해사 관심이 고조되었고, 災荒史 내지는 災荒學 이라는 새로운 분과학문의 모습으로 나타났다. 현재 구황사 분야는 각 시대별 구황책, 구황 사상 등이 주로 연구되고 있으며, 통사적 연구에서 단대사 연구로, 거시적 연구에서 미시적 연구로, 재해 사건에서 재해와 사회와의 관계에 관한 연구로 전환되고 있다. 이렇듯 중국의 재해사 연구가 이루어지고 있지만, 역사지리학을 비롯한 자연과학적 경향의 연구 비중이 여전히 높은 실정이다. 이런 상황의 반성에서 사회사적인 시각에서 기층사회와 연관된 재해사 연구가 새롭게 이루어지고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 전반적인 재해, 재난의 연구에서 역사학을 비롯한 인문학의 비중은 높지 않은 편이다. 최근에 四川의 汶川대지진을 비롯한 재난을 겪은 후 문학 등 새로운 인문학적 시각에서의 재해 재난을 겪은 사람들을 주목하는 작품들이 나오고 있다. 또한 기존의 역사서, 황정서 뿐만 아니라, 재해를 반영한 문학작품, 流民圖 등과 같은 대중의 재난 서사를 담은 작품 등을 주목할 필요가 있다. 이러한 다양한 재난서사의 기록을 활용하면서 재난을 겪은 대중들의 기억을 고찰하면서, 문학을 비롯한 재난의 기록을 적극적으로 발굴하여 당시 사회의 일상성을 살피고, 그것을 회복하려는 주체와 사람들의 노력과 희망 등을 살펴보는 관점이 재난인문학의 주요한 방법론 중의 하나가 아닐까 한다.

자연재해로 인한 피해의 보상에 관한 법적 검토

구지선(Ku, Ji-Sun) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2013 東亞法學 Vol.- No.58

Natural disasters kill people and damage the place where people live. There days most of the natural disasters occur because of environmental pollution. And there have been many natural disasters in Korea because of an insecure environment. Besides, the rate in which these disasters are taking place is growing at an alarming rate. Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety, Countermeasures against Natural Disasters Act, Act on the Prevention of and Countermeasures against Agricultural and Fishery Disasters provide that natural disaster management is one of state and local government’s most important duties. So, state and local government provide aid to people who suffered losses in natural disasters. In this situation, all parties will cooperate if they are to react natural disasters. Therefore, A permanent countermeasure against natural disasters needs to be established. Insurance is a guarantee against risk, and loss due to natural disasters is covered by the insurance. A insurance spreads risk of loss, thus reducing the risk to the insurance policy holder. Storm and flood insurance is can be promptly indemnified damages and losses caused to property by storm and floods. But, there are so many issues surrounding storm and flood insurance. Firstly, storm and flood insurance is voluntary insurance. Secondly, the budget for support insurance premium is far from enough. To solve this problem, state must make it mandatory for people to get storm and flood insurance. Furthermore, because natural disasters can cause the large-scale damages, state must perform a role of reinsurance.

삼국 및 통일신라시대 자연재해와 민간의 대응

김영관(Kim Youngkwan) 백산학회 2020 白山學報 Vol.0 No.118

삼국시대와 통일신라시대에 일어난 자연재해는 기상재해와 지질재해, 생물재해로 나누어살펴볼 수 있다. 이 중에서 농경과 관련된 가뭄과 홍수, 서리, 우박과 같은 기상재해와 메뚜기피해나 역병과 같은 생물재해가 백성들의 삶에 나쁜 영향을 끼쳤다. 자연재해에 대한 대책은 지배층의 입장에서는 시혜적인 측면이 강했지만, 백성들의 처지에서는 당장의 생존을 위한 선택이었다. 국가나 사회로부터 어떤 구원의 손길을 기다리는 것도재해 극복의 방법이었지만, 스스로 생존할 수 있는 길을 모색하는 것이 현명한 선택이었다. 국가의 구제를 받지 못하면 다른 나라로 도망하기도 하였고, 식량을 확보하기 위해 도적이되기도 하였다. 산천에 제사를 지내거나 기도를 하기도 했지만, 실질적인 효과는 없었다. 최악의 경우는 인신매매나 유아 살해 등도 자행되었다. 자연재해는 농사를 망치고 흉작으로 이어져백성들이 기근에 시달리고 역병에 걸리는 등 악순환의 원인이 되었다. 그러므로 민간에서자연재해에 대응하는 최종 목표는 기아로부터 벗어나는 것이었다. 이 연구를 통해 자연재해를 해결하기 위해 민간과 국가에서 내놓은 대응책이 일반적으로 어떤 경향성을 갖는지와 보편적인 방안이 무엇이었는지 찾아보았다. 그리고 자연재해의 발생과 해결책을 모색하는 과정에서 일어난 문제 등에 대해서도 살펴봄으로써, 자연재해가 촉발한문제가 당시 사회에 끼친 영향이 무엇이었는지도 대략 밝혀보았다. Natural disasters during the Three Kingdoms Period and the Unified Silla Period can be divided into meteorological, geological, and biological disasters. Among them, agriculture-related weather hazards such as droughts, floods, frosts, and hail, and biological disasters such as grasshopper damage and plague have harmed people s lives. Measures against natural disasters were nothing more than giving from the ruling class s perspective, but they were an essential option for immediate survival for the people. Waiting for a helping hand from the state or society was also a way to overcome the disaster, but it was a wise choice for the people to seek a way to survive independently. Without the state s help, the people fled to other countries and became bandits to secure food. The people sometimes held sacrifices or prayed in the mountains, but they had no practical effect. In the worst cases, they also engaged in human trafficking and infanticide. Natural disasters ruined farming and led to poor harvests, causing a vicious cycle of people suffering from famine and plague. Therefore, the ultimate goal of the people responding to natural disasters was to escape starvation. Through this study, we looked at how the countermeasures put forward by the people and the state to solve natural disasters in ancient Korea generally had a tendency and what general measures were. Besides, by looking at the occurrence of natural disasters and the problems that occurred in seeking solutions, we also briefly outlined the impact that natural disasters had on society at the time.

북한 자연재해 자료 구축과 협력 전략

강택구,정기웅,홍윤근,김일기,이준호 한국환경연구원 2021 사업보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Objective □ Rationales ○ According to indicators presented in international institutions’ reports, North Korea has been experiencing increasingly severe damage and impacts of natural disasters every year. ○ In an effort to cope with natural disasters, North Korea has been developing a national response system. The central government launched the State Committee for Emergency and Disaster Management in 2014. However, it is doubtful whether it is fulfilling its obligations. □ Objective ○ Based on the results of past studies, this research reviews natural disaster occurrences over the 30 years from 1991 to 2020 in North Korea and tracks the country’s response efforts to formulate cooperative strategies in preparation for reunification. Ⅱ. North Korea’s Natural Disasters in the Past 30 Years (1991-2020) □ Key statistics (1991-2020) ○ From 1991 to 2020, a total of 272 natural disasters had occurred in North Korea. Among them, 88 events had hit the country simultaneously with other disasters. - Looking at the trend of 10-year average, the number of natural disasters averaged at 5.0 in 1991 to 2000. The figure climbed to 11.0 between 2001 and 2010, and to 11.2 in the 2011-2020 period. - In 2011, North Korea suffered 28 natural disasters, the highest number during the thirty-year period, including typhoons, floods, torrential rains, gales, tidal waves, heavy snowfalls, droughts, earthquakes, yellow dust, cold waves, land collapse/rockslides. Eight occasions took place concurrently with other events. ○ The most frequent disaster was torrential rains, hitting the country 66 times and accounting for 24.2% of the 272 natural disasters that happened during the 30-year period. ○ The analysis of natural disasters from 1991 to 2020 reveals a typical pattern: a heat wave and drought → flooding and landslides from a typhoon → damage to infrastructure and crops → food shortages and the outbreak of infectious diseases. Ⅱ. Legal and Response System Related to Natural Disasters 1. Legal system for natural disaster management □ Kim Jong-un’s directives and on-site instruction assume absolute authority as the principles of government administration and are conveyed as the Party’s policies. Thus, they take priority over any legal and institutional systems. ○ The Preamble of the Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea states that the DPRK Socialist Constitution is a Kim II-sung and Kim Jong-il constitution, which legally embodies the Juche state construction ideology and achievements of Kim II-sung and Kim Jong-il. □ Currently, the Law on Disaster Prevention, Relief and Recovery governs the control of natural and social disasters in North Korea. ○ The Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly enacted the Law on Disaster Prevention, Relief and Recovery based on Decree 76 on June 27, 2014. - Consisting of six Chapters and 63 Articles, the Law is characterized by: ① comprehensive and integrated legal system in accordance with ② the four phases of international disaster management process, ③ differentiation between a disaster management execution entity and the place of responsibility, and ④ classification of disaster levels depending on the affected areas and the extent of damage. ○ Other laws pertaining to natural disaster management include the Law on Fire Fighting, the Law on the Red Cross Society, the Law on Meteorology, Law on the Prevention of Earthquake and Volcano Disasters, laws on storm and wind damage (e.g., the Law on Land, the Law on Forest, the Law on River), and laws on environment protection (e.g., the Law on Environment Protection, the Law on Seawater Pollution Prevention). □ 2019-2030 National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy and VNR ○ North Korea established the 2019-2030 National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy based on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. ○ In June 2021, North Korea submitted its Voluntary National Review (VNR) report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. - Among the National Development Goals North Korea presented in the VNR, Goal 1, Goal 6, Goal 11, Goal 13, and Goal 14 contain disaster-related objectives. 2. Natural disaster response system in North Korea □ Natural disaster response bodies in North Korea include the State Planning Commission, the National Non-Standing Emergency Prevention Committee, non-standing emergency prevention committees by division and province, administrative organizations under the State Affairs Commission and the Cabinet, and the Integrated Command Center for Emergency Rescue and Rehabilitation (the Command Center for Flood Management). ○ On November 13, 2014, the central government launched the National Non-Standing Emergency Prevention Committee under the umbrella of the Cabinet, integrating the Bureau for Disaster Management120) with it, as a control tower for disaster risk management. - As stipulated in the Law on Disaster Prevention, Relief and Recovery, the National Non-Standing Emergency Prevention Committee reviews and approves nation-wide disaster prevention plans, and coordinates the country’s comprehensive disaster safety efforts, including the organization of the Command Center of Central Emergency Rescue and the Integrated Command Center for Emergency Rescue and Rehabilitation. 3. Major characteristics of natural disaster response in North Korea □ Notable changes have been witnessed in North Korea’s disaster response efforts, including a shift in the perception of disaster response by the Supreme Leader, the media’s live broadcast, organizational changes, and efforts to conform to international trends. ○ During Kim Jong-un's first decade in power, North Korea has made some progresses from the past, like the establishment of legal framework and responsible organizations, and a shift in the perception of disaster response by the Supreme Leader. ○ A media outlet now provides the live coverage of disasters. ○ North Korea also created the National Task Force for Sustainable Development (NTF) led by the Vice Premier and Chairman of the State Planning Commission to coordinate nationwide execution of disaster management activities. ○ In an effort to conform to the international community’s initiatives, North Korea created the 2019-2030 National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy based on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and submitted the VNR in 2021. □ Nevertheless, North Korea still faces the difficulties and limitations in its efforts to respond to disasters. ○ Major obstacles are inadequate infrastructure and financial resources, obsolete equipment, excessive dependence on external assistance (i.e., international organizations), and the absolute authority of an individual leader’s directives and on-site instruction prevailing over any systemic responses by organizations. 4. Cooperation with the international community and South Korea □ The international community has supported North Korea’s disaster relief efforts in the ways below. ○ International organizations under the UN and NGOs associated with the EU have taken the lead in international efforts for disaster recovery in North Korea. ○ The UN has focused on four priority areas of importance as agreed in the Strategic Framework for Cooperation Between the United Nations and the DPRK in providing aid for five-year periods. ○ International organizations’ activities are in line with the UN SDGs in that they concentrate on adequate nutrition supply, disaster risk reduction, crisis response, disease prevention, and protection of children and pregnant women. ○ The sanctions on North Korea imposed by the UN Security Council act as a key hurdle in the international community’s support. ○ Even if sanctions are lifted, lack of financial resources should remain a major impediment to humanitarian aids to North Korea. □ Inter-Korean cooperation for disaster relief is characterized as the following. ○ The exchange and cooperation between South and North Korea have a relatively short history. Cooperation for disaster mitigation has been conducted with a primary focus on flood prevention on the Imjin River. However, such efforts have failed to achieve substantial results. Despite the importance of cooperation in disaster management, its progress has been subject to the direct influence from agendas of a higher priority. Accordingly, it remains a daunting task to secure the stability and sustainability of cooperation in this area.. 5. Conclusion and recommendation □ Disaster management and relief efforts in North Korea require the leadership of South Korea and the further sophistication of cooperation measures. The issue also calls for discussions on securing sufficient financial resources. ○ Typically, international financial institutions, namely the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, play a leading role in providing financial assistance to the needed. As for the cases of North Korea, however, financing via these institutions is not feasible as the country has not joined them as a member, □ Principles and directions in inter-Korean cooperation for natural disaster response are as follows: ○ South Korea maintains the principles of preventive, governance, international and stable cooperation. ○ In the short-term, tasks that had been agreed but not been fulfilled shall take priority. A comprehensive approach is required to deal with natural disasters. ○ Over the long-term, inclusive cooperation encompassing the issues of life and safety is desired. - Future tasks shall include the establishment of the “Council for the Life and Safety on the Korean Peninsula (or Inter-Korea Life and Safety Council)” to address the public health and environmental issues and the conclusion of the “Agreement on the Joint Response to Life and Safety on the Korean Peninsula” to promote inter-Korean cooperation for life and safety.

재난 유형 관련 용어의 사용 추이와 사회적 인식의 변화 - 빅카인즈 뉴스 텍스트를 중심으로 -

강희숙 ( Kang Hui-suk ) 배달말학회 2020 배달말 Vol.67 No.-

Today, we live in a time when the whole society and country are more interested in disasters and management In this study, as one of the problems that needs to be solved in these historical situations, we are thinking of examining changes in the use of disaster-type-related terms and social perceptions that are emerging in our society, focusing on the BigKinds news text. According to the research, unlike legal disasters divided into two categories: natural disasters and social disasters, the members of Korean society are divided into four categories: natural disasters, man-made disasters, social disasters, and combined disasters. Based on such categorization of the types of disasters, it can be said that the recognition that natural disasters brought about by natural phenomena are not simply unavoidable force majeure, but can be prevented and prepared as de facto man-made disasters as well as the recognition that the government is strongly required to respond to social disasters caused by defects in social structures and systems. It is also important that there is a widespread awareness of complex disasters, which refer to the occurrence of various disasters in a chain or simultaneous manner. Considering that human history is simply a history of disasters, the BigKinds data shows only a change in the use and perception of disaster-related terms in a short period of only 30 years. However, it can be said that the results of this research are significant in that they allow us to grasp some aspects of actual language use and recognition, which are difficult to grasp in dictionaries and legal definitions and categorizations.

재난 및 안전관리에 관한 법적문제점과 개선방향에 관한 연구

한아름(Ah Reum Han) 한국테러학회 2022 한국테러학회보 Vol.15 No.1

현대를 살아가는 국민들은 경제적 발전과 과학기술의 비약적 발전에서 오는 반대급부로 세월호 여객선 침몰사고 및 강원도 대형산불과 광주 화정동 아파트 붕괴사건 등 대형재난으로 인한 인명 및 재산피해를 발생시켜 국가적으로 커다란 쟁점이 되고 있다. 인권과 행복추구권을 중요시하는 현대인의 삶에서 재난으로부터 생명·신체 및 재산을 국가로부터 보호받고자 하는 권리가 중요시되고 있어 국가는 각종 재난에 신속하게 대응하기 위해 국가와 지방자치단체 및 민관군 등 지원기관의 통합적인 협력과 공동대응을 통해 대형재난을 줄이고자 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 예고없이 찾아오는 재난에 대한 효과적인 대응방법은 제도화된 입법활동을 통해 대비를 하였음에도 끊임없이 재난이 발생한다는 것은 재난에 대한 입법 미비 및 대응방식의 미숙과 국민의 재난에 대한 안전의식의 결여에 있으므로 효과적인 대응방안을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문은 재난과 안전관리를 규정한 헌법·재난 및 안전관리기본법·감염병 예방 및 관리에 관한법·소방기본법·중대재해처벌법 등을 중심으로 재난과 안전에 관한 문제점을 제기한 후 예고 없이 찾아오는 재난에 신속하고 효율적으로 대응하기 위한 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. Despite the rapid development of scientific technology and economic development, the people of modern times went through damages to human life and property by large disasters such as the sinking of Ferry Sewol, the large forest fire in Gangwon-do, and the collapse of an apartment in Hwajeong-dong, Gwangju, which is rising as a huge national issue. The modern people who put emphasis on human rights and a right to pursue their own happiness, regard a right to get protected for their lives, bodies, and properties from disasters by the state. In order to quickly respond to all sorts of disasters, the state is putting much effort to reduce large disasters through the integrated cooperation and joint response of support organizations such as the state, local government, and private/government/military organizations. Despite the preparation for such unexpected disasters through the systematized legislative activities, the disasters continuously occur, which directly means the insufficient legislation of disasters, inexperienced methods of response, and lack of national safety consciousness of disasters. Thus, it would be necessary to establish the effective response measures. This thesis aims to present the improvement measures for quickly and efficiently responding to such unexpected disasters after raising some problems about disasters and safety by focusing on the Constitution that prescribes disasters and safety management, the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety, the Infectious Case Control and Prevention Act, the Framework Act on Firefighting Services, and the Serious Accident Punishment Act.

재난 및 안전 관리 법제의 현황과 법정책적 과제

김용섭(Kim Yong-Sup) 행정법이론실무학회 2016 행정법연구 Vol.- No.45

이 논문은 21세기 위험사회의 진전에 따라 우리나라가 직면하고 있는 재난위험에 대처하는 안전법제와 재난법제 전반의 현황을 파악하고, 이에 대하여 효율적으로 대처하기 위한 법정책적 과제를 모색하는데 주안점을 두었다. 그동안 정부는 각종 대형재난이 발생한 후에 국민적 관심이 증대된 시점에서 법률을 제ㆍ개정하거나 재난 및 안전관리 조직을 정비하는 등 신속하게 대처하여 온 것도 사실이다. 이러한 관점에서 2014. 4. 14. 세월호 참사가 있은 후 여러 법률의 개정작업이 있었고, 특히 재난 및 안전관리 기본법도 법률의 개정을 통하여 재난시 적절히 대응하면서 피해확산 방지를 도모하는 차원의 입법적 보완과 개선노력이 이루어졌다. 그러나 이 법률 명칭에서 보는 바와 같이 재난 및 안전관리 기본법으로 되어 있으나, 재난과 연계된 안전관리를 하는데 그치고 있어 안전법제 전반을 아우르는 차원의 기본법으로서의 역할을 제대로 수행하는데 한계가 있다고 보여진다. 재해와 재난은 우리의 삶속에서 불가피한 측면이 없지 않지만 재난 및 안전관리의 핵심은 재난의 발생을 예방ㆍ억제하고 피해를 최소화하는 것이다. 자연재해이든 인적재난 등 사회재난이든 재난을 예방하는데 초점이 맞추어져야 한다. 재난 발생의 예방과 더불어 재난시 초동단계부터 효율적인 대응체계를 마련하여 피해가 확산되지 않도록 신속한 조치를 취할 수 있는 법제를 체계적으로 정비할 필요가 있다. 아울러 재난 및 안전관리 기본법이 대폭 보완되었음에도 미흡한 부분이 적지 않으므로 재난관리법제와 안전관리법제를 분리해서 각각 기본법을 달리 제정하여 안전사회를 위한 위험의 효율적 관리와 재난유형을 고려한 신속한 대응체제를 마련할 필요가 있다. This paper focused on Status of Disasters and Safety Management Legislation and its Legal and Policy Issues to effectively cope with our social environments in which various risks are increasingly expanded in the 21<SUP>st</SUP> century. As a matter of fact, the Korean government has rapidly responded to the nationwide soaring needs for legislation and revision of concerned laws, reorganization of disasters and safety management systems, etc. after experiencing various large disasters. Specifically speaking, since the Sinking of MV Sewol occurred on April 14, 2014, many concerned laws have been modified and in particular, many articles of the Basic Act on Disasters and Safety Management have been revised, and lots of other legislative improvement efforts have been made for properly coping with disasters and preventing expansion of damages. However, as this is a framework act as indicated in its name and manages safety issues only in conjunction with disasters, the Basic Act is considered to have a limit on satisfactorily playing roles in covering all the safety related laws. Accidents and disasters are unavoidable in life to a certain degree. However, the key purpose of disasters and safety management is to prevent and suppress occurrence of disasters and minimize damages. All the social issues including natural disasters and human accidents should be focused on prevention of occurrence. Besides, concerned laws and regulations are required to be systematically modified to efficiently cope with disasters from the beginning and rapidly respond to prevent expansion of damages. In addition, as the Basic Act on Disasters and Safety Management has been substantially supplemented but is still insufficient more or less, it is suggested to be separated into Basic Acts on disasters and safety management, respectively, to more efficiently manage social security and risks and more rapidly respond to various disasters.

재난의 연계적 특징을 고려한 복합재난 관리 방안:사회연결망 분석을 중심으로

Jin Young Won,Yu Rim Lee 위기관리 이론과 실천 2021 Crisisonomy Vol.17 No.5

지속적인 기후 및 도시구조의 변화, 기술의 발전 등으로 인해 최근의 재난들은 종래의 전통적 재난유형과 다른 양상으로 발현되고 있으며, 사회 구성요소 간 연결성의 증대로 재난은 더욱 대형화․복잡화된 특징을 띄고 있다. 본 연구에서는 복합재난의 핵심 개념인 재난의 “연계성”을 파악하기 위해, 전문가 조사를 통해 구축한 재난유형별 취약요소 정보를 기반으로 사회연결망 분석을 실시하였다. 네트워크 중심성 분석결과, 풍수해, 미세먼지 등은 모든 종류의 중심성이 높아 재난의 연계성 관점에서 매우 중요한 재난유형이라 할 수 있다. 연결 중심성이 높은 감염병, 정보통신은 사회 전반적인유기적인 대책이 요구되며, 근접 중심성이 높은 사회기반시설 붕괴, 산불의 경우 타 재난으로 연계되는 경로가 짧아 신속한 대응이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 커뮤니티 분석을 통해 재난의 연계성 관점에서 전체 재난유형이 6개의 그룹으로 분류되는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 발생 가능성이 상대적으로높은 복합재난 상황을 가정할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Recent disasters are emerging in different ways from traditional disaster types due to climate change, urban structural changes, and technological advances. Disasters are becoming larger and more complex because of the increased connectivity between social components. In this study, social network analysis was conducted to identify the “connectivity” of disasters based on information of vulnerabilities by type of disaster established through expert surveys. As a result of the analysis of network centrality, storm and flood damage, fine particulate matter etc. are significant types of disasters in terms of disaster linkages since they were highly calculated for all kinds of centrality. Infectious diseases and information and communication accidents with a high degree centrality index require systematic measures across society. Infrastructure collapse and forest fires with high closeness centrality require a prompt response since the path to other disasters is relatively short. Through community analysis, it was confirmed that the all disaster types were classified into six groups in terms of the connection of disasters. This can be used as basic data to assume complex disaster situations with relatively high probability of occurrence.

뉴스데이터를 활용한 국내 복합재난 발생 동향분석

신은혜,김도우,장성록 한국안전학회 2023 한국안전학회지 Vol.38 No.6

As the diversity of disasters continues to increase, the concept of "complex disasters" has gained prominence in various policies and studies related to disaster management. However, there has been a certain limitation in the availability of the systematic statistics or data in advancing policies and research initiatives related to complex disasters. This study aims to analyze the macro-level characteristics of the complex disasters that have occurred domestically utilizing a 30-year span of a news data. Initially, we categorize the complex disasters into the three types: "Natural disaster-Natural disaster", "Natural disaster-Social disaster", and "Social disaster- Social disaster". As a result, the "natural diaster-social disaster" type is the most prevalent. It is noted that "natual disaster-natural disaster" type has increased significantly in recent 10 years (2011-2020). In terms of specific disaster types, "Storm and Flood", "Collapse", "Traffic Accident", "National Infrastructure Paralysis", and "Fire⋅ Explosion" occur the most in conjunction with other disasters in a complex manner. It has been observed that the types of disasters co-ocuuring with others have become more diverse over time. Parcicularly, in recent 10 years (2011-2020), in addition to the aforementioned five types, "Heat Wave", "Heavy Snowfall⋅Cold Wave", "Earthquake", "Chemical Accident", "Infectious Disease", "Forest Fire", "Air Pollution", "Drought", and "Landslide" have been notable for their frequent co-occurrence with other disasters. These findings through the statistical analysis of the complex disasters using long-term news data are expected to serve as crucial data for future policy development and research on complex disaster management.