갈천(葛川) 임훈(林薰)의 「등덕유산향적봉기」(登德裕山香積峯記) 연구 - 산지적(山誌的) 성격을 중심으로 -

유정열(Yu, Jeong-yeol) 계명대학교 인문과학연구소 2021 동서인문학 Vol.0 No.60

본고는 덕유산(德裕山)을 본격적으로 조명한 첫 시문으로 추정되는 임훈(林薰)의 「등덕유산향적봉기」(登德裕山香積峯記)를 고찰했다. 덕유산 인근의 안음현(安陰縣) 갈천동(葛川洞) 출신이자 산수 취미를 갖고 있던 임훈은 젊은 시절 덕유산의 사찰들에 머무른 인연으로 인해 불영봉(佛影峯)과 황봉(黃峯)을 유람한 바 있었다. 주봉인 향적봉(香積峯)도 유람하고 싶은 열망을 품고 있었으나 특별한 계기가 없었던 탓에 그 뜻을 이루지 못하고 있었다. 이에 그는 낙향해 있던 1552년 가을 더 이상 늦추다가는 그 열망을 이룰 수 없다는 생각 아래 향적봉 유람을 감행했다. 이 유람 경험을 바탕으로 창작된 것이 「등덕유산향적봉기」이다. 「등덕유산향적봉기」의 가장 주목할 만한 특징으로는 덕유산 관련 정보를 풍부하게 수록하고 있다는 점을 꼽을 수 있다. 불교 유적, 식생, 지명 유래, 지리 등에 대한 정보가 그것이다. 그중 덕유산 지리 정보를 제시한 것이 백미이다. 임훈은 향적봉에 올라 주변을 조망한 부분에서 김종직(金宗直)이 「유두류록」(遊頭流錄)에서 사용한 체계, 즉 내부 정보와 외부 정보를 교직하는 방식을 끌어와 덕유산의 다양한 지리 정보를 체계적으로 제시했다. 한편 거기서 그치지 않고 구체성을 더하는 방식 등을 활용해 기존 체계의 부족한 점을 보완함으로써 「유두류록」보다 한층 섬세하면서도 체계적으로 지리 정보를 제시하려 노력하기도 했다. 그 지리 정보는 신경준(申景濬)의 「산수고」(山水考)와 성해응(成海應)의 동국명산기(東國名山記) 같은 후대 문인들의 저술한 산지(山誌)에 수용되기도 했다. 이는 「등덕유산향적봉기」가 후대 문인들에게 덕유산 관련 긴요한 정보를 수록한 작품으로서 인정받은 사실을 증명해 준다. This paper considers Im Hoon’s ‘Deungdeokyusanhyangjeokbongki,’ which is supposed to be the first literature to illuminate Deogyusan fully. Im Hoon, a native of Galcheondong in Aneumhyeon near Deogyusan, possessed the beauty of mountains, traveled to Bulyeongbong and Hwangbong due to his relationship in the temples of Deogyusan before. Hyangjeokbong, which is the highest peak, also had a desire to tour, but the tour could not do it due to the lack of opportunity. In the fall of 1552, when he went down into the country, he went on a tour of Hyangjeokbong, thinking that he could no longer achieve his aspirations. The ‘Deungdeokyusanhyangjeokbongki’ was created based on this excursion experience. The most notable feature of the ‘Deungdeokyusanhyangjeokbongki’ is that it contains much information related to Deogyusan. It includes information about Buddhist relics, vegetation, the origin of the name of a place, and geography. The geographic information of Deogyusan was the highlight. From the part where Im Hoon climbed Hyangjeokbong and surveyed the mountain, he systematically presented various geographic information of Deogyusan by pulling intersecting internal and external information that is Kim Jongjik used in ‘Youduryurok.’ It also tried to present geographic information more delicately and systematically than ‘Youduryurok’ by improving the existing system’s weaknesses by adding concreteness. Besides, Sanji accepted the geographic information written by later writers, such as ‘Sansugo’ by Shin Kyungjun and ‘Donggukmyungsangi’ by Sung Haeeung. It proves that “Deungdeokyusanhyangjeokbongki” was recognized as a work that contained vital information related to Deungyusan to future literary people.

덕유산 국립공원일대의 자원식물상 연구

박광우,최경,김동갑,권영한,오승환,도재화,태경환,김주환 한국자원식물학회 2005 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.18 No.1

This study aims to investigate the distribution of the useful resources plants and the floraof Deogyusan. The flora of Deogyusan was investigated from April in 2002 to November in2003. Vascular plants of this area consist of total 549 taxa; 9 forma, 64 varieties, 476 species,281 genera, 90 families. It corresponds to 13.5% of totally 4,071 taxa appeared in Korea.Useful plants of this area were investigated 399 taxa. It corresponds to 72.5% of collectedplants in this area under our study. Among the useful plants, there are 205 taxa of ediblesource, 179 taxa of pasture source, 159 taxa of medicinal source, 70 taxa of ornamentalsource, 15 taxa of timber, and 17 taxa of industrial raw materials. Korean endemic plantswere composed 18 families, 23 genera, 19 species, 4 varieties and totaling 25 taxa. 본 조사를 통하여 덕유산의 관속식물과 유용한 자원식물의 분포를 밝히고자 하였다. 덕유산지역에 분포하는 관속식물을 대상으로 2002년 4월부터 2003년 11월까지 조사한 결과 90과 281속 476종 64변종 9품종으로 총 549분류군이 확인되었다. 이는 우리나라 관속식물 4,071 분류군의 13.5%에 해당된다. 유용식물자원은 총 399종류의 자원식물이 분류되었으며, 소산식물의 72.5%에 해당된다. 식용자원은 205종류(51%), 초지자원은 179종류(45%), 약용자원은 159종류(40%), 원예용자원은 70종류(17%), 목재자원은 15종류(4%), 공업용원자재자원은 17종류 (4%)로 나타났다 또한 한국특산 식물은 18과 23속 19종 4변종 등 총 25분류군이 확인되었다.

덕유산국립공원의 관속식물과 기후변화 취약종의 수직분포특성

이용순,장태수,김현진,곽민영,최보경,이지연,소순구 한국자원식물학회 2025 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.38 No.2

덕유산국립공원은 풍부한 생물다양성과 자연자원을 보유한천혜의 자연경관과 녹음이 어우러져 식물의 종 다양성이 높다. 식물상 조사는 2020년 4월부터 10월까지 총 33차례에 걸쳐 진행되었으며, 그 결과 396속 123과에 속하는 748분류군의 식물이 확인되었다. 이 중 쌍떡잎식물이 532분류군(71.1%)으로 덕유산국립공원 식물상 중 종 다양성이 가장 높은 그룹이었고, 외떡잎식물이 154분류군(20.6%), 양치식물 50분류군(6.7%), 겉씨식물 12종(1.6%) 순으로 나타났다. 덕유산국립공원 일대 멸종위기식물은 광릉요강꽃, 복주머니란, 세뿔투구꽃, 날개하늘나리 4종, 국가적색목록 위기(EN)-최소관심(LC)종은 19분류군, 한국특산식물은 31분류군, 식물구계학적 특정 식물은 158분류군(V등급-III등급: 57분류군)이 확인되었다. 기후변화 취약종은 38분류군이며, 이들의 수직적 분포패턴을 제시하였다. 외래식물은 40분류군이 관찰되었으며, 귀화율은 5.3%, 도시화지수는 9.4%로 나타났고, 6종의 생태계교란식물(미국쑥부쟁이, 서양금혼초, 환삼덩굴, 돼지풀, 가시상추, 애기수영)이 확인되었다. 덕유산국립공원의 식물 다양성은 인간의 간섭과 농경지 확산 등 다양한 요인에 의해 감소하고 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 다양성의 보전을 위해서는 기후변화 취약종 중북방계식물을 중심으로 자생지 보전전략의 수립이 요구된다. The Deogyusan National Park has a wide plant diversification with natural beauty and greenery accompanied by rich biodiversity and natural resources. The floristic survey was conducted 33 times in total from April to October 2020, and resulted in the identification of 748 plant taxa belonging to 396 genera and 123 families. Four endangered plants, Cypripedium japonicum (category I), C. macranthos (category II), Aconitum austrokoreense (category II), and Lilium dauricum (category II), were found in the area. While 19 red list plants designed by the National Institute of Biological Resources were found, 31 Korean endemic taxa including Cimicifuga austrokoreana, Fallopia koreana, and Maianthemum bicolor were distributed in the Deogyusan National Park. A total of 57 taxa of floristic regional indicators (V-III grade) were found, including 5 taxa of V, 11 taxa of IV and 41 taxa of III. In this survey, 40 naturalized plants were recorded including 5.3% of naturalization index, 9.4% of urbanization index as well as six ecosystem disturbing plants. Plant diversity in Deogyusan National Park seemed to be decreased and influenced by various factors due to the human interference and agriculture. To conserve biodiversity of Deogyusan National Park, it is essential to establish conservation strategies for native habitats, focusing on northern lineage plants among vulnerable species for climate change.

덕유산국립공원의 어류상과 군집구조

윤승운 ( Seung Woon Yun ),박종영 ( Jong Young Park ) 한국어류학회 2021 한국어류학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Fauna of freshwater fish and community structure were investigated at 13 sites in the Deogyusan National Park, Korea from 2014 to 2018. During the period, a total of 8 families, 21 species, and 8,716 individuals of fishes were collected. The number of fish collected over the past five years from 2014 to 2018, were 17 species and 2,280 individuals, 17 species and 1,579 individuals, 17 species 1,905 individuals, 17 species and 1,384 individuals, and 15 species and 1,568 individuals, respectively. There were 13 Korean endemic species including Iksookimia koreensis and Coreoleuciscus splendidus, etc. Only in Wondangcheon Stream, two endangered species were identified, and Hemibarbus mylodon was collected continuously except in 2015, and Pseudopungtungia nigra was observed every year. And two exotic species such as Oncorhynchus masou masou and Oncorhynchus mykiss occurred in Gucheongdongcheon Stream sites. The dominant species was Rhynchocypris oxycephalus and the sub-dominant species was Zacco koreanus and there was no difference by year. The fish community structure of Deogyusan National Park was varied depending on the sites and the year. Most of the survey sites located upper stream where the river structure is Aa river type showed poor community analysis results. On the other hand, the upper-mid stream sites including the Bb type showed better results. As a result, the Wondangcheon Stream sites had the most diverse and stable community structure. Similarity dendrogram was divided into 4 groups, mainly reflecting the characteristics of the habitat. The flagship species of the Deogyusan National Park, Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, was constantly observed during the investigation period. Compared to the previous survey, the number of species increased from 2004 (12 species) and decreased from 2009 (22 species).

덕유산 국립공원 일대의 식물군락 분포에 관한 연구

김창환 ( Chang Hwan Kim ),오장근 ( Jang Geun Oh ),최영은 ( Young Eun Choi ),이남숙 ( Nam Sook Lee ),강은옥 ( Eun Ok Kang ) 한국수생태학회 2013 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.4

The forest vegetation of the Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and riparian forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation in the forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 192 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 3 communities of other vegetation, the total of 195 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 61 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 55 communities of valley forest, 17 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 50 afforestation and 3 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 66.00 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa community takes up 64.40 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 70.40 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Geochilbong in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

한반도 아고산지대내 기후변화 취약식물종의 식물계절성 변화 연구 - 덕유산 정상 지역을 중심으로 -

김혁진,홍정기,김상철,오승환,김주환 한국자원식물학회 2011 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.24 No.5

We investigated the plant phenology on the threatened species for climate change in the summit area of Mt. Deogyusan which is a representative sub-alpine zone in Korea. We had performed the monitoring survey of plant phenology on 38 species including 20 trees and 18 herbs from May 2009 to November 2010. The investigated phenological charateristics were five dates for leafing, flowering, floral abscission, autumn leaf colors and leaf abscission on each plant species in sub-alpine region. The climate data were measured from November 2009 to December 2010. The range of temperature was from 30.4 to –20.3℃ at Hyangjeokbong to Jungbong region, and the relative humidity was 100% to 3.4%. The leafing dates in 2010 were similar to 2009 or were 6-20 days delayed in most of the investigated species except Veratrum oxysepalum and Sanguisorba hakusanensis which showed 8 days earlier leafing dates in 2010. The biggest difference among phenological characters was found in flowering dates. The flowering dates of early Spring blooming species such as Heloniopsis koreana, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense and Viola orientalis showed 13-20 days earlier in 2010, and the several summer flowering species as Viburnum opulus var. calvescens, Smilacina japonica and Bupleurum longeradiatum showed 6-10 days delay in 2010. The dates for floral abscission and autumn leaf colors in 2010 were delayed about 10-18 days, and leaf abscission dates were similar to 2009. The effects of climate change on the phenology for the threatened species in sub-alpine zones of Korea are occuring especially on flowering, floral abscission and autumn leaf colors. 본 연구는 한반도내 아고산지대인 덕유산 정상지역 일대에 분포하는 기후변화 취약식물종인 목본식물 20종, 초본식물 18종 총 38종을 대상으로 2009년 5월부터 2010년 11월까지 식물계절 변화 모니터링을 실시하였다. 조사식물은 개엽, 개화, 낙화, 단풍, 낙엽 등 5개의 특성으로 구분하여 기후변화에 따른 아고산지대내 기후변화 취약종의 식물계절 변화를 분석하였다. 기상 자료는 2009년 11월 말부터 2010년 12월 초까지 측정되었으며 조사 결과, 기온은 향적봉-중봉 지역에서 최대가 30.4℃, 최소가 –20.3℃로 조사되었으며, 상대습도는 최고 100%, 최소 3.4%로 조사되었다. 덕유산 향적봉과 중봉지역의 개엽시기를 조사한 결과 박새, 산오풀 등을 제외한 대부분의 종들은 비슷하거나 전년도에 비해 6∼20일 정도 늦게 나타났다. 개화시기는 식물계절 변화 중 가장 큰 차이를 보였으며, 이른 봄에 개화하는 처녀치마, 산철쭉, 노랑제비꽃은 2차년도에 13일∼20일 빠른 것으로 관찰되었으며, 늦은 봄과 여름에 개화하는 백당나무, 풀솜대, 개시호 등은 2차년도에 6일∼10일 늦은 것으로 나타났다. 낙화시기와 단풍시기는 전년도에 비해 10일∼18일 늦은 것으로 나타났고, 낙엽시기는 전년도와 유사한 경향성을 보였다. 본 연구결과 기후변화의 영향이 한반도 아고산지대에 분포하는 기후변화 취약종들에게 상당히 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs) of benthic macroinvertebrates in Gucheon stream of Deogyusan National Park

Hui Won Roh,Jong Eun Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2024 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2024 No.04

In the Gucheon stream of Deogyusan National Park, a survey was conducted at three sites (six sites in total) in 2018 and 2021. A total of benthic macroinvertebrates of 107 taxa 46 families 13 orders in 6 classes of 5 phyla were found. According to the analysis of the appearance by year, a total of 87 species were surveyed in 2018, and a total of 89 species were surveyed in 2021. As a results to the functional feeding group analysis, Gathering-Collector (GC) accounted for a high species share (2018: 29.89%, 2021: 25.84%). In the functional habitat group analysis, Clinger (CL) accounted for a high species share (2018: 56.32%, 2021: 57.30%). Average annual community indices analysis, DI 0.38(±0.05), H′ 3.48(±0.19), R′ 3.23(±0.41), and J′ 0.85(±0.04) in 2018, and DI 0.55(±0.09), H′ 2.98(±0.31), R′ 2.91(±0.65), and J′ 0.70(±0.05) in 2021. As a results of the benthic macroinvertebrates index (BMI) analysis, indicating that all sites were classified as very good, with average BMI values of 95.24(±2.84) in 2018 and 96.99(±1.13) in 2021.

Appearance of Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) by Altitudes in Deogyusan National Park, Jeollabuk-do, Korea

Lee, Eu-Ddeum,Min, Hong-Ki,Oh, Kwang-Sik,Jeong, Jong-Chul,Cho, Young-Bok National Science Museum of Korea 2012 Journal of Korean nature Vol.5 No.1

Appearance of carrion beetles by altitudes for 3 months from July to September 2011 was investigated in Dongyeopryeong course of Deogyusan National Park, Jeollabuk-do. The vegetation of the survey sites consist of four types, deciduous forest, mixed forest of deciduous and sasa types, and bushes. A total of 1,084 individuals in 6 species of carrion beetles by using bait traps were investigated and among them, Nicrophorus quadripunctatus was the most dominant species with 947 (87.36%). As a result of this survey, Nicrophorus quadripunctatus was appeared in all the altitudes but an alpine species, Silpha perforata was not appeared under 1,300 m altitude. Unlike Silpha perforata, no or few Calosilpha brunneicollis, Nicrophorus maculifrons, Nicrophorus concolor and Ptomascopus morio were appeared over 1,000 m. The analysis of vegetation preference by altitudes of survey areas shows no relevance between carrion beetles and vegetation except Silpha perforate which was appeared only in the bushes over 1,300m, but the more detail researches are required for preference of vegetation type.

덕유산의 생태계 탄소축적량 산정에 관한 연구

정석희,엄지영,장지혜,이재호,조구현,이재석 한국환경생물학회 2015 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Understanding of a carbon storage in a regional scale ecosystem is a very important data for predicting change of global carbon cycle. Therefore, the real data collected in the various ecosystems are a very useful for enhancing accuracy of model prediction. We tried to estimate total accumulated ecosystem carbon in Deogyusan National Park (DNP) with naturally well preserved ecosystem. In DNP, vegetations were classified to four main communities with Quercus mongolica community (12,636.9 ha, 54.8%), Quercus variabilis community (2,987.0 ha, 13.0%), Pinus densiflora community (5,758.0 ha, 25.0%), and Quercus serrata community (402.9 ha,1.7%). Biomass and soil carbons were estimated by the biomass allometric equations based on the DBH and carbon contents of litter and soil (0~30 cm) layers collected in 3 plots (30 cm×30 cm) in each community. The biomass and soil carbons were shown as high value as 1,759,000 tC and 7,776,000 tC, respectively, in Quercus mongolia community in DNP area. In Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora communities, the accumulated ecosystem carbon were shown 9,536,000 tC, 1,405,000 tC, 147,000 tC, 346,000 tC, respectively. Also, the total ecosystem carbon was estimated with 11,434,000 tC in DNP.

덕유산국립공원 지형경관 자원의 평가 및 공원 관리 방안

신재열,류희경,홍영민 국토지리학회 2021 국토지리학회지 Vol.55 No.1

This study reports on the results of a study on the distribution and characteristics of geomorphological landscape resources with high preservation value in Deogyusan National Park. Furthermore, this study analyzes the risk zone of the trail and suggests a suitable and useful management plans for the park. The results showed that, the park area frequently underwent rockslide, has many rocky slopes and frequently damaged trails due to winter exploration activities. For this reason, it is necessary to identify the status of potential risk zone and construct the database, and establish a long-term management plan. In addition, the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned crackdown systems and spatial analysis are required for efficient management of large park areas. It is expected that the supply and installation of useful facilities, such as smart safety shelters and emergency boxes, are necessary for safety.