Korean Teachers’ Communication Styles and a Listening Skill as a Key to Their Cross-cultural Teaching

Lee, Soo-In 한국실천신학회 2019 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.65

As a process of exchanging information and feelings, communication plays a significant role in human life. At the same time, communication is the heart of the learning process. Through communication, people are able to teach and learn. However, communication is not free from the influence of culture. Although Korea is in a transitional Western culture, there are unique characteristics in communication patterns in Korean classroom due to the traditional Korean culture. As a high-context and collectivistic culture, Korean culture leads people to communicate in indirect, implicit ways. Also, one-sided communication is pervasive in Korean classrooms according to Confucianism. Furthermore, many Korean teachers employ authoritarian manners in teaching their students according to the Confucian mindset. These cultural characteristics of communication can be a hindrance to effective interaction between teachers and students, particularly in cross-cultural contexts. The first goal of this study is to provide Korean teachers, who will teach in other cultures, with a better understanding of their own culture and communication styles. The second goal of this study is to offer listening skills as the first step for a culturally responsive teaching. Here, the importance of listening skills for cross-cultural teaching was examined and rediscovered. Many Korean teachers exercise a one-way communication in their classrooms. They are not adequately trained for open communication. Therefore, Korean teachers need to enhance their listening skill as the key to developing a successful cross-cultural teaching. In order to learn another culture, one must build a close relationship with students in different cultures, and make a connection to their communities; listening can be the first step.

종교교육에서의 커뮤니케이션 모델에 관한 연구

전영미 한국기독교교육학회 2009 기독교교육논총 Vol.21 No.-

This paper aims to examine religious education from the perspective of communication and to explore alternative communication models for religious education in a global age. Religious education can be understood as communication between teacher and learner. Conveying religious messages effectively and facilitating productive teacher-learner interaction are essential in religious education and are inseparably related to the issues of communication. Thus analyses of communication models used in religious education will provide useful insights for religious educators in improving their teaching process, which is the main purpose of the present paper. More specifically, I first analyze a communication model used in traditional religious education, which is identified as the transmission model in communication. The transmission model is characterized by its one-way linear communication structure. It entails hierarchical and authoritative relationship between teacher and learner. The learner in this model is typically regarded as a passive receiver of the message delivered by the teacher. Religious education based on this transmission model tends to lack concerns for learners’ status, various teaching methods, and educational environments. In order to overcome these limitations, James Michael Lee, Ronald Sarno, and Pierre Babin suggest alternative communication models of religious education. The present paper also reviews each of these alternative models, and suggests some directions for religious educators in selecting and creating communication models which are relevant and appropriate for contemporary learners and their global environment. 커뮤니케이션은 인간의 가장 기본적이고 보편적인 활동 중의 하나이다. 커뮤니케이션에 대한 포괄적인 관점에서 볼 때 종교교육도 인간 커뮤니케이션의 한 현상으로 이해할 수 있다. 커뮤니케이션의 관점에서 종교교육이란 교사와 학생 간에 종교교육적인 내용을 의사소통하는 과정이다. 종교교육의 내용들을 어떻게 하면 보다 효과적으로 전달할 것인가, 교사와 학생 간의 상호작용을 통해 어떻게 의미 있는 결과를 산출해낼 것인가와 관련된 문제들은 모두 커뮤니케이션의 핵심적인 관심사들이다. 이런 면에서 종교교육과 커뮤니케이션은 서로 불가분의 관계에 있으며 종교교육에서 커뮤니케이션에 대한 이해는 교육과정 전반에 걸쳐 근본적이고도 중요한 요소이다. 따라서 교사와 학생 간의 의사소통 스타일을 분석하고, 학습자의 특성과 종교교육의 목적에 부합하는 커뮤니케이션 방식을 선택하고 개발하는 일은 보다 효과적이고 바람직한 종교교육이 이루어지기 위해 필수적인 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 우선 전통적 종교교육에서의 커뮤니케이션 모델을 분석하였다. 전통적 종교교육에서의 지배적인 커뮤니케이션 방식은 전수모델(transmission model)이라고 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 이러한 전수모델에 대한 비판적 성찰과 함께 종교교육 분야에서 이에 대한 대안적 커뮤니케이션 모델들을 제시한 세 가지 연구들을 살펴보았다. 제임스 마이클 리의 종교교수 모델과 로날드 사르노의 총제적 커뮤니케이션, 그리고 피에르 바뱅이 제안한 일체 모델은 공통적으로 전통적 종교교육에서의 의사소통 방식의 한계를 극복하고자 보다 쌍방향적인 커뮤니케이션과 학습자의 적극적인 참여, 다양한 교육 방법과 매체의 활용을 강조하였다. 이러한 연구들을 토대로 필자는 종교교육의 네 가지 주요 요소인 학습자, 교사, 교육내용, 교육환경의 네 가지 측면에서 현대사회의 특성과 종교교육의 본질적 특성에 적합한 커뮤니케이션 모델은 어떤 것인지 그 방향을 제시해보고자 하였다.

피부미용사의 커뮤니케이션 유형이 커뮤니케이션 만족과 직무성과에 미치는 영향

안태영,최아영,최윤정 한국뷰티경영학회 2017 한국뷰티경영학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Communication is the center of all organizations, and it is important to have effective and efficient communication systems in order to achieve organizational goals. In fact, it is common to see cases where many problems arise due to ineffective communication. Through communication in the organization, communication satisfaction can be improved. And through this, the performance of individuals and organizations can be improved. In this study, first, we investigated how communication type of organization influences on communication satisfaction, and second, how communication type in organization affects job performance. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, in order to increase the satisfaction of the communication within the organization, the communication type should be considered according to the situation. Especially, when the upper level communication and the horizontal level communication were high level, the satisfaction level of the communication level was high. Second, when informal communication was smoothly performed besides official communication, it was found that the level of communication satisfaction was high. Therefore, it will be necessary to promote not only formal communication but also informal communication within the organization. Third, it was found that job performance was also influenced by communication type. When formal communication had a high level of horizontal communication, job performance was high, and informal communication also had to be smoothly performed to achieve high job performance. Fourth, this study can be meaningful in that the communication type of the skin aesthetician verifies the relationship between communication satisfaction and job performance. We think that it can be an important result to help recognize the importance of communication style, communication satisfaction and job performance of skin aestheticians, considering that previous researches were limited to some occupations.

소통의 관점에서 본 현대 패션오브제 분석

윤지영(Jiyoung Youn),김혜연(Heayeon Kim) 한국디자인학회 2014 디자인학연구 Vol.27 No.3

Background In the 21st modern society, various kinds of recognition of communication, a survival mode of human society, and its significance are greatly highlighted along with the development of human history. Recently the concept of communication aims for the pursuit of sensitivity and the formation of sympathy over the importance of simple delivery. Accordingly, an object shown in fashion does not only make its meaning and message clear visually along with the expression of the creator’s personality, but also plays the role of a medium for the positive communication of the creators sensitivity. Therefore, the purpose and significance of this study are to investigate the meaning and characteristics of objects as a creative communication method in fashion by classifying and analyzing the utilization method of the modern fashion object and its meaning from the conceptual perspective of communication. Methods In this study, I examined the characteristics of art and fashion objects by period and their meaning alongside the basic concept of communication. Moreover, I divided the concept of communication into types with objects shown in the fashion collections since 2000 by applying 15 basic concepts of communication for the theoretical background, which Frank Dance, a representative scholar of communication in the 20th century, defined, and then elicited the meaning of each concept. Results Fashion objects were divided into 3 types of communications: first, communication through the delivery of symbolic meaning; second, communication through the interaction of process and behavior; and third, communication through memory and play; and the meanings and characteristics were drawn up accordingly. Conclusion The characteristics of the modern fashion objects in terms of communication were shown as the media of polysemantic communication, the space of sharing recognition and having a healing role. Further, it is my hope that this study may lead to future research on the various communicative approaches of humans and society through fashion along with creative design development through objects.

기호학적으로 접근한 인간커뮤니케이션에 관한 연구

박일재 ( Park Il Jae ),송광철 ( Song Gwang Cheol ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2006 한국디자인포럼 Vol.14 No.-

Semiotics is very important in the design field. While advertisement and visual communication design and the social and cultural importance of the whole design has become maximized, it is very weak to logically research design messages, especially visual messages and images. Human life can be said as communication in signs. Human beings are delivered meaning and communicate through signs. Human`s life itself is a sign and human`s emotion and thought all appear as semiosis. This study examined human communication world consisting of semiosis from the a semiotic angle and divided it into five parts. First, the location of communication and semiotics built in the macroscopic area of human science was illuminated. Second, to examine the semiotic approach of phenomenon of human communication, overview of communication arts, position of semiotics, and basic structure of semiotics, and communication signs in our life were considered. Third, the expression and meaning of signs, messages and codes, and six signs of communication, and sign-communication-literature relationship were investigated. Fourth, the essential difference of semiotic communication from human communication was examined in the process of communication. Finally, the problems of contents, methodology, need of communication were solved in a semiotic angle. A sign plays a medium role of communication in one cultural circle. In other words, the cultural circle can be viewed as a “sign community” where mutual communication can be made using certain kinds of signs. A sign is a means of meaning production of all things existing within one cultural circle such that “what we know, how we know, and how we can know”.

판소리 연행 동작의 메타의사소통적 활용과 그 의미

이채은(Lee, Chae-Eun) 한국구비문학회 2021 口碑文學硏究 Vol.- No.61

이 글은 소리판에서 창자가 보여주는 연행 동작이 메타의사소통적으로 활용되는 양상을 살펴보고, 창자의 몸을 통해 시도되는 메타의사소통이 청중들이 연행 텍스트를 의미화하는 데에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 메타의사소통이란 다양한 의사소통의 유형 중에서도, 소통 행위의 주체와 대상을 구분하고, 의사소통 자체를 의사소통의 대상으로 삼는 것들을 통칭한다. 메타의사소통은 자기지시성·자기성찰성을 특징으로 하며, 일상적 소통 현장에서는 의사소통 내용을 이해하는 데에 있을 수 있는 혼란을 방지하거나 해결하려는 담화 전략으로서 기능한다. 판소리 연행이라는 특수한 소통 현장에서는 메타의사소통을 통해 창자가 청중들의 텍스트세계 내 몰입의 정도를 통어하거나 연행의 의미를 이해하는 과정을 조력할 수 있다. 소리판에서 벌어지는 메타의사소통은 언어적 층위에서뿐만 아니라 연행 동작을 구성하는 작업을 통해서도 실현될 수 있는데, 이 글에서는 이를 다음과 같은 세 가지 유형으로 나누어 살폈다. 첫 번째, 연행 텍스트에 대한 자기지시적 객관화를 촉발하는 동작이다. 이 유형에 속하는 메타의사소통적 연행 동작은 청중들로 하여금 텍스트세계 내로의 몰입으로부터 벗어나, 텍스트세계를 현실세계와 구분된 하나의 실체로서 반성적으로 바라보게 만든다. 두 번째, 판소리 사설(언어)로는 미처 유표화되지 않은 함축적 의미들을 현실세계에 현존하는 창자의 몸으로 표현해내는 동작이다. 이 유형은 텍스트세계 내적 의미를 현실세계와 연결짓게하여 확장하게 만든다. 세 번째, 연행 현장에서 즉흥적으로 펼쳐지는 몸동작으로, 무대장치나 판소리 참여자, 의상이나 공간 등 연행 현장의 구성요소를 완전히 전경화시키는 유형이다. 세 번째 유형의 동작은 텍스트세계 내적 의미와 현실세계의 의미의 경계를 허물어버린다. 소리판에서 이 세 가지 유형의 신체적 메타의사소통이 시도될 때, 청중들의 추임새가 현격하게 증가한다. 이러한 현상이 빚어지는 이유는 청중들이 연행 대상이 되는 텍스트 자체를 반성적으로 인식할 수 있게 되면서, 이것이 자연스럽게 ‘텍스트에 대한 담론하기’ 활동을 촉발하기 때문이다. 이 점에서 창자가 ‘메시지에 관한 메시지’인 메타의사소통을 시도하는 것은 판소리에 대한 청중들의 역동적인 참여를 끄집어내는 잠재력을 가지는 것이라 볼 수 있다. 이처럼 판소리 연행 동작의 메타의사소통적 활용을 살펴보는 일은 연행 현장에서 판소리의 참여자들이 경험하게 되는 지각의 창발적(emergent) 현상을 이해할 수 있게 해준다. 이러한 관점은 판소리가 아닌 다른 구술서사물의 연행이나 전통 연희의 연행에도 확대 적용해볼 수 있다. 세상에 존재하는 다양한 연행 현장에서는 모두 자기 자신을 소통의 대상으로 발견해 내고, 연행을 연행으로서 틀짓게 만드는 메타의사소통이 필수적으로 요청된다. 연행현장에서 시도되는 메타의사소통의 과정을 분석하는 작업을 통해 우리는 연행 참여자들이 텍스트세계와 현실세계를 어떻게 연관지어 의미를 해석하게 되는지, 또 그 해석의 절차와 과정은 어떠한지를 짚어볼 수 있을 것이다. This study explores the meta-communicative aspects of singers’ performative behaviors in Pansori and how meta-communication conveyed through the singers’ bodily acts can facilitate audiences’ comprehension of the verbal text of the performance. Meta-communication is a type of communication referring to acts that communicate something about communication itself, in which there is a distinction between the subject (speaker) and the object (listener) of communication. It is self-referential and self-reflexive in nature. In the daily communication environment, meta-communication functions as a dialog strategy to prevent or resolve misunderstandings in communication. In the specific circumstance of communication occurring through performative acts in Pansori, meta-communication may help a singer to control the audience’s attention to the verbal text of the performance or to assist with their comprehension of the performance. During a Pansori performance, meta-communication occurs both at the verbal and non-verbal levels. Non-verbal meta-communication in Pansori is achieved through a singers’ bodily performance, which in this study is categorized into three types of meta-communicative performative behaviors, according to how each type of performance behaviors facilitates the audience’s perception of the reality of the verbal text and the extra-textual reality of the performance. The first type of meta-communicative performative behavior consists of bodily actions that are self-referential, enabling the audience to objectively comprehend the verbal text. These action prevent the audience from being immersed in the textual reality, allowing them to reflectively perceive the textual reality as something separated from the extra-textual reality, during the performance. The second type includes performative behaviors that expressively convey the implicative meanings of the verbal text, which are not literally articulated, onto bodily actions in the extra-textual reality. These action assist the audience in expanding the understanding of the implied meanings of the verbal text in linkage with the extra-textual reality. The third type is composed of improvised actions that are made up on the spot during the performance, and that completely foreground the elements that constitute the performance, including spectacles on the stage, participating performers, costumes, and the space of the stage. This type of action results in the disruption of boundaries between the meanings of textual reality and those of extra-textual reality. These three types of meta-communicative performative behaviors noticeably increase audience reactions, during Pansori performances. This is because they help the audience to reflectively perceive the verbal text of the performance and accordingly naturally facilitate the audience’s discursive engagement, on the subject of the verbal text. By conducting these performative behaviors, a singer can promote communication about communication and potentially elicit the audience’s dynamic participation. The examination of how Pansori singers’ performative behaviors achieve meta-communicative purposes helps to explain the emergent aspect of the audience’s perception that occurs during the performance. This approach to analyze the meta-communicative aspects of Pansori performance can be expansively applied to other kinds of performances based on oral narratives or traditional performing arts. Metacommunication, which is self-referential in nature, seems to be an essential element in performing arts. It can be utilized in various types of performing arts to promote communication that self-reflectively discusses performances, by framing themselves as performance.

안경광학과 학생의 의사소통 교육요구도

김세진,이지현 한국안광학회 2022 한국안광학회지 Vol.27 No.1

Purpose: The study attempted to examine communication-related educational needs by identifying the importance of communication and communication skills among ophthalmic optics students. Methods: The study analyzed data from 169 optometry students who responded to an online survey during a two-month period starting from April 2021. The survey consisted of 49 questions regarding interpretation skills, role performance, self-presentation skills, goal-setting skills, and message competence, including the sub-competencies of communication importance and communication skills. Priorities for communication-related educational needs were identified via the IPA matrix and Borich analysis. Results: Regarding communication importance and communication skills, role performance and message competence, were the highest at 3.96 and 3.89, respectively. The communication importance and communication skills of students who perceived their communication skills to be excellent were high. The results of the IPX matrix found that communication-related educational needs were the greatest for role performance and message competence. The Borich needs assessment ranked role performance as number 1, with a score of 3.58. Conclusions: The communication education most necessary to optometry students was role performance. Results from this study may be used to inform communication education, to optimize the communication skills and educational needs of optometry students. 목적: 안경광학과 학생들의 의사소통 중요도와 의사소통능력을 파악하여 의사소통 교육요구도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2021년 4월부터 2개월간 온라인 설문조사에 응답한 안경광학과 학생 169명의 자료를 분석하였다. 의사소 통 중요도와 의사소통능력의 하위역량인 해석능력, 역할수행능력, 자기제시능력, 목표설정능력, 메시지전환능력 49 문항을 설문 조사하였다. 의사소통 교육요구도는 IPA matrix와 Borich 분석으로 의사소통 교육의 우선순위를 확인하였다. 결과: 의사소통 중요도와 의사소통능력은 역할수행능력과 메시지전환능력이 각 3.96점, 3.89점으로 가장 높 았다. 본인이 지각하는 의사소통능력이 우수한 학생의 의사소통 중요도와 의사소통능력이 높았다. IPA matrix 결과, 역할 수행능력, 메시지 전환능력에 대한 의사소통 교육요구도가 가장 높았다. Borich 요구도는 3.58로 역할수행능력이 1 순위로 나타났다. 결론: 안경광학과 학생들에게 우선적으로 필요한 의사소통 교육은 역할수행능력이었다. 본 연구결과를 통해 안경광학과 학생들의 의사소통능력과 교육요구도가 반영된 의사소통 교육의 기초자료로 활용하기를 기대한다.

Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Communication for Construction Projects

Ali Abbas,최민지,서준오,차승현,Heng Li 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.23 No.12

Though computer-mediated communication technologies such as immersive virtual reality (IVR) have recently shown considerablepromise, their effectiveness as methods of communication among the participants in construction projects has yet to be systematically investigated. This study helps fill this gap via a detailed comparison of traditional face-to-face (FtF) discussion of Building Information Modeling (BIM) information displayed on a monitor screen against IVR-based communication with BIM information embedded in the immersive environment. The results of experiments in which groups of participants discussed and chose optimal design options indicated that there is no large statistical difference in IVR-based and FtF communication in terms of discussion quality (level of effectiveness and satisfaction experienced), communication richness (detailed responses and vivid messages), and openness (enjoyableness and open-mindedness) during the communication. However, for the accuracy of communication (information communicated correctly and understood properly), FtF communication was better than IVR-based communication, which is assumed due to weak human-human to interaction in IVR. In addition, the communication appropriateness (behavioral acts such as politeness or social norms), IVR-based communication was significantly less than FtF communication, indicating that communicating with others only seeing virtual avatar could make it difficult to discern participant’ reactions or identify appropriate moments to speak. These results could confirm certain advantages of adopting IVR-based communication while further improvement for real-like interaction between people needs to be made for more effective use of IVR communication.

프랑스 방통융합법제와 그 시사점

박균성(Park Kyun-Seong) 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2008 경제규제와 법 Vol.1 No.1

In France, broadcasting and communication have traditionally been separately regulated, and broadcasting-communication convergence has been regulated by Act on Internet Broadcasting and Broadcasting Services on July 9,2004 (Act No. 2004-669). The legal systems on broadcasting-communication convergence in France have following characteristics: 1) Problems arising from broadcasting-communication convergence has been settled by setting up technological and organic relations between broadcasting and communication, while retaining peculiarity in each realm. 2) Regulatory authorities are different from policy-making authorities. Basically, policies are made by administrative authorities, and independent regulatory authorities are in charge of regulation. Nevertheless, systems are provided for collaboration in policy-making or regulation between such administrative authorities and independent regulatory authorities. 3) Regulatory authorities are independent form the government, and are divided into general regulatory authorities and special regulatory authorities. 4) Following broadcasting-communication convergence, the term, ‘electronic communication’ has emerged from such existing terms as ‘broadcasting’ and ‘communication’. 5) Regulation on network is separated from regulation on contents. The Broadcasting Committee regulates broadcasting programs that air through internet. Nevertheless, the Broadcasting Committee does not have control over contents that are not broadcasting programs (for instance, VOD). On the other hand, the Office of Postal Services and Communication regulates not only communication networks, but also broadcasting networks. 6) Prior to the legislation of Electronic Communication Act in 2004, electronic network business runners and service providers used to need approval from the relevant Minister, however they just need to report their businesses to the Office of Postal Services and Communication, according to this Act.

언어능력과 화법

이지현(Lee Ji Hyun) 영상영어교육학회 2013 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.14 No.1

This study suggests that how to talk should be included in communication strategies. Even though the definition of communication strategies does not lack controversy, one working definition many researchers accept is that communication strategies are used to compensate for deficiencies in the linguistic system. In real life, however, we need very different strategies for communication. We experience difficulties from a deficiency of communication strategies for dealing with people, not only with the language that is emphasized in classrooms or the academic world. In other words, it is scarcity of the art of talk that makes us in trouble in communication. This study examined 11 scenes of episode 3 in season 6 of Friends to find out the communication features of the character Chandler. The results showed that his communication is frequently fruitless. In spite of having good language competence, this ability isn't used effectively in communication. Chandler has linguistic competence, but falls short of the art of speech, resulting in aimless communication. These features have implications in classrooms that emphasize language in communication. If communication activities bring a focus to the relationships between speakers and goal-driven communication, there is no need to worry about producing learners like Chandler.