Carnitine과 Caffeine의 투여가 운동수행력과 에너지 대사 및 피로물질에 미치는 영향

김명수,김성희,이신호 한국웰니스학회 2012 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.7 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 장기간의 지구성 운동 전 caffeine과 carnitine의 단독 투여 및 caffeine과 carnitine 혼합 투여시 운동 수행력과 지방(FFA, triglyceride, glycerol)과 탄수화물(glucose, pyruvate)의 에너지 기질 및 운동 수행력에 영향을 주는 피로물질인 lactate의 변화를 관찰하여 장기간의 지구성 운동 수행력의 향상 방안을 제시하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 대상자는 건강한 남자 대학생 5명을 대상으로 하였으며, 비 투여, carnitine, caffeine 및 혼합 투여의 네 가지 실험조건에 따른 최대산소섭취량의 75%에서 운동 테스트를 실시하여 총 4회의 실험에 참가하였다. 투여물질을 달리한 처치 순서는 이중 맹검에 의한 무작위 할당법을 적용하였다. 또한 5명의 피험자들에게 운동 1시간 전에 carnitine, caffeine 및 혼합 투여하였고, 채혈은 안정시, 운동30분, 운동60분, 운동 종료로 총 4회를 실시하여 운동수행력, 에너지 기질 및 피로물질의 변화를 분석하였다. 에너지 보충제 투여 후 운동수행력은 혼합 투여, caffeine 투여, carnitine 투여, 비 투여 순으로 혼합 투여시가 가장 향상되었으며, 통계적으로도 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 지방 대사(FFA, glycerol)는 caffeine과 혼합 투여가 비투여와 carnitine 투여에 비해 탈진 시점에서 높게 나타났고, 탄수화물 대사(pyruvate)는 carnitine, caffeine, 혼합 투여가 비투여에 비해 탈진 시점에서 낮게 나타났으며, 피로물질(lactate)은 carnitine, caffeine, 혼합 투여가 비투여에 비해 탈진 시점에서 낮게 나타났다. 종합하면 carnitine과 caffeine의 단독투여 뿐만 아니라 혼합 투여도 장기간의 운동시 지방 대사를 증가시키고 탄수화물 대사를 감소시키며 피로물질의 생성을 억제함으로써 운동수행력을 향상시키는 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine, carnitine and mix supplements on exercise performing ability, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lactate. Five undergraduate subjects were participated in the study. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, all subjects performed a VO2max exercise test. A resting blood samples was obtained(referred to as ?60 min), and the subject ingested placebo, carnitine, caffeine and mix. Lipid(free fatty acids, triglyceride, glycerol) and carbohydrate(glucose, pyruvate), lactate were analyzed after blood sampling, which was taken four times in before exercise, after 30 min, 60 min of exercise, after finishing exercise performance. The findings of the study showed that 1) Significant difference between groups over time was observed in time to exhaustion(p<0.05). 2) The caffeine and mix group was higher than non-ingestion and carnitine group on lipid(FFA, glycerol) metabolism after exercise. 3) The carnitine, caffeine and mix group was lower than non-ingestion group on carbohydrate(pyruvate) metabolism after exercise. 4) The carnitine, caffeine and mix group was lower than non-ingestion group on lactate level after exercise. In conclusion, the findings of the current study indicate that carnitine, caffeine and mix supplement has a positive effect on exercise performing ability, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lactate.

Caffeine이 지구성 운동 수행능력에 미치는 영향과 억제성 아미노산에 의하여 활성화되는 이온통로의 조절작용

김은경,김영표,천병옥,이계영,김연정,임백빈,조영욱,김창주,김성수 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

To investigate the effect and mechanism of caffeine on endurance exercise, two experiments were performed. First, to test caffeine effect on aerobic exercise, 200-300g Sprague-Dawley rats were used and three groups, control group, low caffeine injection group and high caffeine injection group, were divided. Blood smpling by heart puncture were done at rest, after 30 min treadmill exercise, and after maximal exercise. Blood glucose, free fatty acid concentration were detected and following results were obtained. Glucose concentration showed significant difference between groups(p=0.0305) and also significant changes were exhibited between time(p=0.0004). Free fatty acid concentration had no difference between groups. but had significance between times(p=0.00065). Exercise endurance performance time showed significant difference(p=0.02350 in high caffeine injection group compared to control group. In this experiments, endurance exercise capacity was increased by caffeine injection. Therefore, second experiment was performed to investigate the effect of caffeine on ion current induced inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter. GABA and glycine. Single periaqueductal gray neuron was acutely dissociated and nystatin perforated patch clamp was performed under voltage clamping condition. Caffeine evoked outward current in PAG neuron dose dependent manner. 1mM of caffeine application had no response. but 3mM caffeine evoked about 32.5±8.539pA outward ion current and 10mM caffeine evoked about 215.46±19.4pA outward current. 10^-2mM GABA activated Cl￣current and recorded by inward current. Caffeine inhibited GABA activated Cl￣ current concentration dependent manner. 10^-2mM of caffeine had no effect on 1-^-2mM of GABA response. but 10^-1mM caffeine inhibited GABA activated Cl￣ current about 5.74±2.13%, 1mM caffeine inhibited about 17.25±2.70%, 10mM caffeine inhibited GABA response about 45.31±7.71%. 10^-1mM of glycine activated Cl￣ current and also recorded by inward current. Caffeine inhibited glycine activated Cl￣ current concentration dependent manner. 10^-2mM caffeine decreased glycine activated Cl￣ current about 4.61±1.650%, 10^-1mM caffeine decreased about 6.49±2.24%, 1mM caffeine decreased about 26.82±4.27%, and 10mM caffeine decreased glycine response about 94.47±1.39%. These results suggest that caffeine inhibite inhibitory amino acid, GABA and glycine, this response causes excitation of CNS and this seems to be the basic mechanism of increasing effect to aerobic exercise performance by caffeine.

서울 일부 고등학생의 카페인 함유식품에 대한 인식 및 섭취 실태

정지혜 ( Ji-Hye Cheong ),최경아 ( Kyoung-A Choi ),김유미 ( Yu-Mi Kim ),김명희 ( Myung-Hee Kim ),최미경 ( Mi-Kyeong Choi ) 대한영양사협회 2021 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.27 No.3

The high caffeine intake by adolescents has been a concern. The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness and consumption of caffeine-containing foods among 443 high school students using a questionnaire. An analysis of the spending patterns of the students’ weekly allowance showed that the amounts spent on purchasing caffeine-containing foods were higher for female students than male students (P<0.001). The scoring of the perception of caffeine was 3.1 out of 5, interest in the caffeine content of food was 2.6, consumption of caffeine-containing foods was 2.6, and usefulness of caffeine-containing foods was 2.7. The awareness of caffeine content in food was significantly higher in females (7.3 out of 11) than male students (6.7) (P<0.01). Approximately 59% of students perceived that the relationship between caffeine-containing foods and health, was harmful, and the experience of side effects after taking caffeine was significantly higher in female students than males. These side effects include heartburn (P<0.001), headache or dizziness (P<0.001), irregular heartbeat (P<0.05), and hands and feet shake (P<0.01). Caffeine-containing foods were purchased at convenience stores (62.1%). The factor considered when purchasing caffeine-containing foods was taste (72.2%), and the use of nutrition labeling for caffeine-containing foods scored 2.0 out of 5 points. When assessing the intake of caffeine-containing foods, the foods consumed more than once a week were in the order of coke, chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate pie, and chocolate bars. These results suggest that it is necessary to prepare a caffeine-related nutrition guide improvement by sales management, and strengthen food labeling standards for the desirable recognition of caffeine and its safe intake by adolescents.

The Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats

Kwak, Yoojin,Choi, Hyeonhae,Roh, Jaesook Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2017 Toxicological Research Vol.33 No.2

This study was to evaluate the age-dependent effects of caffeine exposure on the long bones and reproductive organs using male rats. A total of 15 immature male rats and 15 young adult male rats were allocated randomly to three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine with 120 and 180 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exposure to caffeine at either dose significantly reduced body weight gain; a proportional reduction in muscle and fat mass in immature animals, whereas a selective reduction in fat mass with relatively preserved muscle mass in young adult animals. The long bones of immature rats exposed to caffeine were significantly shorter and lighter than those of control animals along with decreased bone minerals. However, there was no difference in the length or weight of the long bones in young adult rats exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine reduced the size and absolute weight of the testes significantly in immature animals in comparison to control animals, but not in young adult animals exposed to caffeine. In contrast, the adrenal glands were significantly heavier in caffeine-fed young adult rats in comparison to control animals, but not in caffeine-fed immature rats. Our results clearly show that the negative effects of caffeine on the long bones and testes in rats are different according to the age of the rat at the time of exposure, and might therefore be caused by changes to organ sensitivity and metabolic rate at different developmental stages. Although the long bones and testes are more susceptible to caffeine during puberty, caffeine has negative effects on body fat, bone minerals and the adrenal glands when exposure occurs during young adulthood. There is a need, therefore, to educate the public the potential dangers of caffeine consumption during puberty and young adulthood.

The Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats

Yoojin Kwak,Hyeonhae Choi,Jaesook Roh 한국독성학회 2017 Toxicological Research Vol.33 No.2

This study was to evaluate the age-dependent effects of caffeine exposure on the long bones and reproductive organs using male rats. A total of 15 immature male rats and 15 young adult male rats were allocated randomly to three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine with 120 and 180 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exposure to caffeine at either dose significantly reduced body weight gain; a proportional reduction in muscle and fat mass in immature animals, whereas a selective reduction in fat mass with relatively preserved muscle mass in young adult animals. The long bones of immature rats exposed to caffeine were significantly shorter and lighter than those of control animals along with decreased bone minerals. However, there was no difference in the length or weight of the long bones in young adult rats exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine reduced the size and absolute weight of the testes significantly in immature animals in comparison to control animals, but not in young adult animals exposed to caffeine. In contrast, the adrenal glands were significantly heavier in caffeine-fed young adult rats in comparison to control animals, but not in caffeine-fed immature rats. Our results clearly show that the negative effects of caffeine on the long bones and testes in rats are different according to the age of the rat at the time of exposure, and might therefore be caused by changes to organ sensitivity and metabolic rate at different developmental stages. Although the long bones and testes are more susceptible to caffeine during puberty, caffeine has negative effects on body fat, bone minerals and the adrenal glands when exposure occurs during young adulthood. There is a need, therefore, to educate the public the potential dangers of caffeine consumption during puberty and young adulthood.

Strategies of Caffeine Loading into Silk Fibroin Film for Weight Loss Patch

Yun, Na Kyong,Lee, Ki Hoon Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2013 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.27 No.2

Caffeine is a thermogenic agent that can be used in weight loss products. In order to achieve a sustained release of caffeine, silk fibroin (SF) film was uses as carrier. It has been shown that the loading method of caffeine into SF film affected the uniform distribution of caffeine in the SF film. When caffeine was added directly into SF solution, gelation has been occurred immediately and prevented the uniform distribution of caffeine. On the other hand, caffeine was dissolved in methanol in order to load the caffeine in SF film and crystallize the SF film at the same time. However, due to the fast evaporation of methanol, caffeine was recrystallized on the surface of SF film rather than penetrating into the film. Finally, caffeine was loaded into pre-crystallized SF film and uniform distribution of caffeine could be achieved. There was an initial burst of caffeine during the first 15 min, but after that a sustained release was achieved.

Caffeine, theophylline 및 adenosine 이 기니 픽 대장 통과 시간에 미치는 효과

문종태 ( Jong Tae Moon ),최은주 ( Eun Ju Choi ),김영균 ( Yung Gyun Kim ),김희선 ( Hee Sun Kim ),박효진 ( Hyo Jin Park ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2006 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.12 No.2

목적: Methylxanthine의 유도체인 caffeine, theophylline은 adenosine 수용체에 대한 대항제이고 PDE 억제제로서 cyclic nucleotide를 증가시켜 평활근의 이완을 유도한다. Adenosine 수용체는 장 근육세포의 이완 또는 수축을 유도한다. 이에 caffeine, theophylline 및 adenosine의 기니 픽 대장 통과 시간에 대한 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 항문연으로부터 약 15 ㎝ 길이의 기니 픽 대장을 적출하여 근위부 10 ㎝을 사용하였다. 채취한 대장을 K-H 용액을 채운 욕조 양측단에 연결하고 기니 픽 대변 형태 및 굳기와 유사하게 만든 인공 배설물을 구측단에 넣은 후, 인공배설물이 항문측으로 이동하는 시간을 측정 후 평균값을 구하여 평균 대장 통과 시간으로 정하였다. 결과: caffeine 단독 사용시에는 10(-7) M와 10(-6) M농도에서 대장 통과 시간의 농도 의존적으로 통계적으로 유의한 지연을 보였으나 theophylline은 유의한 지연을 보이지 않았다. Adenosine은 10(-4) M와 10(-3) M농도에서 통계적으로 유의한 지연이 관찰되었다. Caffeine (10(-6) M) 단독 투여하는 경우와 caffeine (10(-6) M)과의 adenosine (10(-3) M)을 병용하는 경우를(199.1±33.5% vs 298.8±65.8%, p=0.036) 비교시 유의하게 대장 통과 시간의 지연을 보였다. 10(-6) M농도의 theophylline과 10(-6)~10(-3) M농도의 adenosine의 병용 투여군과 adenosine 단독 투여군을 비교했을 때 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 그러나 10(-6) M농도의 caffeine과 10(-6)~10(-3) M농도의 adenosine의 병용 투여군과 adenosine 단독 투여군을 비교했을 때 adenosine 10(-3) M농도(adenosine 단독 투여시 1172.7±168.4%에서 caffeine 전처치시 298.8±65.8%, p=0.021)에서 유의한 차이를 보여 adenosine의 통과 시간 지연을 caffeine의 투여가 억제함을 알 수 있었다. 결론: Caffeine, adenosine은 기니 픽 대장 통과 시간을 지연시켰으며, caffeine은 비특이적 PDE 억제제로서 대장 통과 시간 지연을 일으킨다. Background/Aims: Caffeine and theophylline are adenosine receptor antagonists and they are also non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors. We aimed to estimate the effects of caffeine and theophylline on the colonic activity of guinea pigs, and we investigated whether caffeine or theophylline has an offsetting effect on adenosine. Methods: The colon (approximately 10 ㎝ from the guinea pig`s anus) was extracted; both ends of it were connected to a chamber that contained K-H solution. Artificial feces was inserted into the oral side of the lumen, and it was moved toward the anal side. We observed a total length of 8 ㎝ of the colon and recorded the time taken for the artificial feces to move each 2 ㎝. Results: Caffeine decelerated the transit with a dose dependant pattern, but theophylline had no significant effect on the transit time. Adenosine significantly increased the colonic transit time at only high concentrations. When caffeine (10(-6) M) was administered with adenosine (10(-3) M), the colonic transit time was significantly delayed compared with administering caffeine alone. When caffeine was administered with adenosine, the colonic transit time was significantly shortened compared with administering adenosine alone at 10(-3) M, and this didn` change after theophylline was added. Conclusions: Caffeine or adenosine inhibits colonic transit, but theophylline does not affect colonic motility. Caffeine offsets the inhibitory effect of adenosine. Caffeine probably delays colonic transit as an intrinsic PDE inhibitor. (Kor J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;12:117-121)

농촌과 도시 중학생의 카페인 함유 기호식품에 대한 인식 및 섭취실태 비교

김은주,정효숙,Kim, Eun-Ju,Cheong, Hyo-Sook 한국식품조리과학회 2014 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.30 No.5

This study was conducted to identify middle school students' caffeine intake from their favorite foods containing caffeine as well as several factors related to their intake. The objects of the investigation were 369 middle school students in the urban area of Changwon-si and 358 middle school students in the rural area of Haman-gun. The average height was 162.3cm, average weight was 52.3 kg and average BMI was 19.8. The food habit score was generally positive at an average of 3.37. The food habit scores of rural area students were higher than those of urban area students (p<.05). The average stress score was somewhat low at 2.82. The stress index for rural students was lower than that of urban students (p<.01). The recognition of caffeine in favorite foods was 8.12 out of a 12 point scale. The average nutritional knowledge score regarding caffeine was very low at 3.08 out of a 10 point scale. The main reason for selecting favorite foods was 'taste'. The percentage of students who don't check food labels was 49.1%. 'House' was the main location while 'good taste' was the biggest reason for eating caffeine-containing foods. The main side effect of caffeine intake was 'nausea'. The average daily caffeine intake for all subjects was 26.96 mg, with the urban students averaging 27.90 mg and the rural students averaging 25.99 mg. The correlations between several factors and caffeine intake were examined. Food habit showed a negative correlation with stress score and caffeine intake. Nutritional knowledge and recognition of caffeine had positive correlations with caffeine intake. Hence nutritional education about caffeine should be emphasized to improve students' healthy food habits.

The Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats

곽유진,최현혜,노재숙 한국독성학회 2017 Toxicological Research Vol.33 No.2

This study was to evaluate the age-dependent effects of caffeine exposure on the long bones and reproductive organs using male rats. A total of 15 immature male rats and 15 young adult male rats were allocated randomly to three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine with 120 and 180 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exposure to caffeine at either dose significantly reduced body weight gain; a proportional reduction in muscle and fat mass in immature animals, whereas a selective reduction in fat mass with relatively preserved muscle mass in young adult animals. The long bones of immature rats exposed to caffeine were significantly shorter and lighter than those of control animals along with decreased bone minerals. However, there was no difference in the length or weight of the long bones in young adult rats exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine reduced the size and absolute weight of the testes significantly in immature animals in comparison to control animals, but not in young adult animals exposed to caffeine. In contrast, the adrenal glands were significantly heavier in caffeine-fed young adult rats in comparison to control animals, but not in caffeine-fed immature rats. Our results clearly show that the negative effects of caffeine on the long bones and testes in rats are different according to the age of the rat at the time of exposure, and might therefore be caused by changes to organ sensitivity and metabolic rate at different developmental stages. Although the long bones and testes are more susceptible to caffeine during puberty, caffeine has negative effects on body fat, bone minerals and the adrenal glands when exposure occurs during young adulthood. There is a need, therefore, to educate the public the potential dangers of caffeine consumption during puberty and young adulthood.

Strategies of Caffeine Loading into Silk Fibroin Film for Weight Loss Patch

( Na Kyong Yun ),( Ki Hoon Lee ) 한국잠사학회 2013 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.27 No.2

Caffeine is a thermogenic agent that can be used in weight loss products. In order to achieve a sustained release of caffeine, silk fibroin (SF) film was uses as carrier. It has been shown that the loading method of caffeine into SF film affected the uniform distribution of caffeine in the SF film. When caffeine was added directly into SF solution, gelation has been occurred immediately and prevented the uniform distribution of caffeine. On the other hand, caffeine was dissolved in methanol in order to load the caffeine in SF film and crystallize the SF film at the same time. However, due to the fast evaporation of methanol, caffeine was recrystallized on the surface of SF film rather than penetrating into the film. Finally, caffeine was loaded into pre-crystallized SF film and uniform distribution of caffeine could be achieved. There was an initial burst of caffeine during the first 15 min, but after that a sustained release was achieved.